Download Katie Witt FR 202 E-Portfolio Grammaire Chapitre 1

Katie Witt FR 202 E-Portfolio
Grammaire
Chapitre 1

Indicative
o Verbs with –er endings
o
o
o

o
Pronominal verbes
o
o
o

Je parle
Nous parlons
Tu parles
Vous parlez
Il/elle parle
Ils/elles parlent
Stem Change Exceptions
 If there is a “g” before the –er, add a ”e” after the g in the nous form.
 Manger, partager
 If there is a “y” before the –er, change the y to a “I” for the je, tu, il/elle, ils/elles
forms.
 payer
 If there is a “c” before the –er, change the c to a “ç” for the nous form.
 Commencer
 For some verbs, if there is a consonant before the –er, double the consonant for
the je, tu, il/elle, ils/elles forms.
 Appeler, jeter
Verbs with –re endings
Je rends
Nous rendons
Tu rends
Vous rendez
Il/elle rend
Ils/ells rendent
Verbs with –ir endings
Je choisis
Nous choisissons
Tu choisis
Vous choisissez
Il/elle choisit
Ils/ells choisissent
Je m’amuse
Nous nous amusons
Tu t’amuses
Vous vous amusez
Il/elle s’amuse
Ils/elles s’amusent
Reciprocal verbs are being done between two or more people.
 Se parler, s’aider
Reflexive verbs are being done to the subject by the subject
 Se reveiller, s’amuser
Some verbs are pronominal without any reason.
 Se souvenir, s’occuper
Infinitif
o The verb following a conjugated verb is an infinitive.
 If putting a pronominal infinitive after a conjugated verb, the pronoun agrees
with the subject.
o
o
o

The verb following a preposition is an infinitive except for en and après
An infinitive can be the subject of a sentence.
Present Infinitive
 The regular unconjugated form of the verb
o Past Infinitive
 Avoir or être + the past infinitive of the main verb
 If using être, the past infinitive must agree with the subject
o For negative phrases, put them before the infinitive
Imperatif
o Used to give commands or orders.
Tu
Vous
Nous

Informal singular
Formal singular/plural
Including oneself with
one or more person
o For –er verbs, drop the s in the tu form
 Ne parle pas!
o For tu form, if it is followed by en or y, keep the s
 Vas-y!
o For pronominal verbs, change te to toi and me to moi.
Faire Causatif
o When the subject has something done(and is not doing it themselves)
o Faire + infinitive
Chapitre 2

Adjectives
o General Rules
 Masculine singular + s = masculine plural
 Masculine singular + e = feminine singular
 Masculine singular + es = feminine plural
Masculine
Feminine
Heureux
heureuse
Faux
fausse
Doux
douce
Roux
rousse
Vienx
vielle
Premier
première
Actif
Active
Trompeur
Trompeuse
Meilleur
Meilleure
Conservateur
Conservatrice
Bon
Bonne
Discret
Discrète
Blanc
Blanche
Favori
Favorite





Long
Longue
Public
Publique
Sec
Sèche
Marron
Marron
Generally, adjectives follow the noun they modify
Exceptions: BAGS adjective
o Beauty, Age, Good, Size
Some adjectives change meaning based on where they are located
Mon ancienne maison
My former home
Une maison ancienne
An old house
Mon cher ami
My dear friend
Un blouson cher
An expensive jacket
Le dernier train
The last train
La semaine derniere
Last week
Un grand homme
A great man
Un homme grand
A tall man
Le meme jour
The same day
Le jour meme
The very day
Le pauvre homme
The poor man(to be
pitied)
L’homme pauvre
The poor man(not rich)
Sa propre chambre
His own room
Des draps propres
Clean sheets
Comparative et Superlative
o Equality
 Aussi + adjective + que
o Superiority
 Plus + adjective + que
o Inferiority
 Moins + adjective + que
o Most
 Le/la/les plus + adjective (+de)
o Least
 Le/la/les moins + adjective (+de)
Tout
o Adjective
o
Masculine Singular
Feminine Singular
Masculine Plural
Feminine Plural
Pronoun
Masculine Singular
Feminine Singular
Tout
Toute
Tous
Toutes
Tout
-
Masculine Plural
Feminine Plural


Tous
Toutes
Interrogatives
o Forms
 Est-ce que sujet + verbe ?
 Verbe - sujet ?
 Ne verbe – sujet pas ?
 Auxilary verbe - sujet participle ?
 Sujet verbe, n’est-ce pas ?
 Intonation
o Interrogative Words
Combien
How much/many ?
Comment
How
Où
Where
Pourquoi
Why
Quand
When
o Interrogative Adjectives
 Quel, quelle, quels, quelles
 Which/What
 Followed by être or a noun
o Interrogative Pronouns
 Que, qui, quoi
 What, who, what
Il est vs. C’est
o Il est is generally followed by an adjective
o C’est is generally followed by a noun
Chapitre 3

Passe Composé
o Avoir or être (present tense) + past participle
o Happened in the past; specific events
o Etre verbs
 Aller
 Arriver
 Entrer
 Descendre*
 Devenir
 Monter*
 Mourir
 Naitre
 Partir
 Passer*
 Rentrer*



 Rester
 Retourner*
 Revenir
 Sortir*
 Tomber
 Venir
 The verbs with the asterisks can be used with avoir but with different meanings
o Past Participle
 Verbs with –er usually replace the –er with a –é. Ex: Parler, parlé
 Verbs with – re usually replace the -re with a - u. Ex: Vendre, vendu
 Verbs with – ir usually replace the – ir with a - i. Ex. Finir, fini
o For a negative expression, put the expression around the auxiliary verb not the past
participle.
Imparfait
o Happened in the past over an extended period of time(possibly still ongoing) or is a
condition or description
o To form l’imparfait take the nous form of the present tense and subtract –ons and add
these endings:
Je parlais
Nous parlions
Tu parlais
Vous parliez
Il/elle parlait
Ils/elles parlaient
o Stem exceptions
 Etre uses the stem étPlus-que-parfait
o Used when speaking in the past of an action preceding the current past.
o Avoir or etre (imparfait) + Past participle
o Same verbs for passé compsé use être instead of avoir.
Past Infinitif
o Infinitif used after a preposition in the past
o Après + past infinitive = après avoir/etre + past participle
Chapitre 4

Articles
M. Singular
F. Singular
Plural
Definite
Le (l’)
La (l’)
les
Indefinite
un
une
des
Partitive
Du (de l’)
De la (de l’)
o Definite articles are the equivalent of “the.” They are used for:
 A specific noun
 Nouns in a general sense
 Abstract nouns
 Names of the seasons
 Days of the week
 Nationalities, countries, regions, famous buildings or monuments

 Disciplines and languages
o Indefinite articles are the equivalent of “a”
 Used when referring to indeterminate people or places
o Partitive articles are the equivalent of “some”
 Used when referring to part of something or an unspecified amount or things
that cannot be counted.
 De is used after an expression of quantity like beaucoup
Object Pronouns
o Direct Object pronouns are nouns that are effected directly by the verb in a sentence.
me
Nous
te
Vous
Le/la
Les
o
Indirect object pronouns are nouns which re acted upon by the verbe, often seen with a
“à”
me
Nous
te
Vous
Lui
Leur

Y


Used to describe a location or anything with a “à” except people
En

o
Used to describe some or a quantity or anything with “de” except
people
The order of pronouns if multiple are used is the same in which they are presented
above.
Chapitre 5

Prepositions for Locations
o For cities or islands that are not countries or provinces :
 À for “to” or “in”
 De for “from”
o For singular feminine names of countries, states, and provinces, the names of all the
continents, and the masculine singular names of states and countries beginning with a
vowel sound:
 En for “to” or “in”
 De for “from”
o For masculine singular names of countries, provinces, and states:
 À for “to” or “in”
 De for “from”
 Exceptions: Le Mexique, Le Zimbabwe, Le Mozambique, and le Cambodge end in
e and use the feminine rules.
o For all plural names of geographical area:
 Aux for “to” or “in”

 Des for “from”
Futur Simple
o Used for what will happen in the future
o Formed by taking the infinitive and adding on the endings below:
Je parlerai
Nous parlerons
Tu parleras
Vous parlerez
Il/elle parlera
Ils/elles parleront
o




Exceptions :
Aller
IrEnvoyer
EnverrDevenir
DeviendrCourir
Courrêtre
SerFaire
FerAvoir
AurSavoir
SaurDevoir
DevrValoir
VaudrFalloir
FaudrVoir
VerrPouvoir
PourrVouloir
Voudr For re- verbs, leave off the e before adding the endings
Conditionnel Present
o Used to say what could, might, or would happen if a certain contain existed
o Used for politeness as a suggestion
o Used for indirect speech
o Formed by taking the infinitive and adding on the endings below:
Je parlerais
Nous parlerions
Tu parlerais
Vous parleriez
Il/elle parlerait
Ils/elles parleraient
o Exceptions : Same as le futur simple.
Futur Antérieur
o Used for an action in the future that will have happened before another event in the
future.
o Avoir or être (future simple) + past participle
Conditionnel Passé
o Used for « what-if » clauses
o Avoir or être (conditionnel present) + past participle
Le Si de Condition
o Si + présent + présent or futur
o Si + imparfait + présent conditionnel (the result is still possible)
o
Si + plus que parfait + conditionnel passé (The time frame is the past, the result cannot
be changed)
Chapitre 6


Negative Expressions
Ne…Pas
Not
Ne…Jamais
Never
Ne…plus
No longer
Ne…personne
No one
Ne…rien
Nothing
Ne…ni…ni
Neither nor
Ne…aucun(e)
Not any
Ne…que
Only
o The affirmative response to a negative question is “si”
Relative Pronouns
o Qui
 Functions as a subject, means who. A verb should follow
o Que
 Functions as a direct object. A noun should follow
o Ce qui/que
 Used when antecedent(subject of the second clause) is not clearly stated,
means what
o Dont
 Replaces de + object in clause
o Lequel
 Clause has a preposition other than de and using qui.
 Other forms: Laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
o Où
 Used to express time or place