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TCOM 4887 THEORIES AND CRITICISM OF TELECOMMUNICATION PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES/LOGICAL FALLICIES Name PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES Definition Example Bandwagon Implies something is right because everyone is doing it An important or famous person endorses a product Good feelings, looks, or ideas transferred to the person for whom the product is intended The product name or keyword or phrase is repeated several times Everyone loves the great taste of Mrs. Miller's broccoli Jello. Arnold Palmer endorses Pennzoil, Testimonial Transfer Repetition Emotional Words Name Calling Faulty Cause and Effect Compare and Contrast Words such as luxury, beautiful, paradise, and economical are used to evoke positive feelings in the audience Negative words are used to create an unfavorable opinion of the competition in the viewer’s mind Use of a product is creating a positive result The audience is lead to believe that one product is better than another although no real proof is offered Brand X Dog Food will show your that you are a loving, compassionate person, since it uses Grade A Beef Brand X sunglasses are the very best on the market. Brand X uses only costly materials and Brand X is your best value in Sunglasses. The Luxurious new Footmobile is economical and shows your exquisite taste in transportation and your keen sense of style. Ordinary pain relievers don’t show your family you care like using Brand X quality pain relievers Subway sandwiches caused Bobby to loose 40 pounds Value Cola is preferred by cola gourmets over other leading colas LOGICAL FALLACIES Alleged Certainty Presents something as certain that is open to debate Generalization from inadequate evidence Asserts the same point in different terms Where the conclusion does not follow from the premise Because two events are related in time, the first caused the second. It is obvious that Brand X is the better value in lawn chairs. OSU is the best medical school in the State since it is the largest in the state.. Deceitful because it is dishonest Self-Contradiction Two premises can’t be simultaneously true Only when nuclear weapons have destroyed all of us will we be convinced of the need to control them Red herring Sidetracking the issue by raising a second unrelated issue Ad Hominem Attacking the person instead of dealing with the merits of the argument Why should we worry about earthquake victims when there are potholes here in the United States? We might take his side in the argument if she were not so arrogant False Authority Citing the opinion of an “expert” who has no expertise about the subject at hand Hasty Generalization Circular Argument, Begging the Question Non-sequitur False Cause John likes dogs so he will do well in medicine After drinking milk for 20 years, Sue became addicted to drugs. Therefore milk causes drug addiction. Richard Petty for a particular brand of gasoline. (He is an expert in driving not the additives in gasoline) Propaganda Techniques, Logical Fallacies HTM Page 1 Name Definition Example Either/or False Dilemma Offers only 2 alternatives when more exist Posses question to which any answer results in unproven assumptions Asserts that the first step leads inevitably to a second step Diverts argument by pointing to another unrelated wrong Either complete a college degree or be homeless Are you still beating your wife? Complex or loaded question Slippery Slope Two Wrongs Appeal to ignorance Assumes something is true simply because it has not been proven false Appeal to pity Attempt to arouse pity and divert attention Banning assault weapons is the first step to banning handguns Women should be allowed in combat because men shouldn’t be the only ones to face danger and death Flying saucers must exist because no scientific study has proven that they cannot exist. He did embezzle a lot of money from his company, but his wife just died and his child needs surgery. Web Resources (Be sure to look at these for additional information) Center Media and Democracy; “Sourcewatch, Propaganda Techniques” Available online at: (http://www.sourcewatch.org/wiki.phtml?title=Propaganda_technique) Delwiche Aaron; “Propaganda Critic”; Available online at (http://www.propagandacritic.com/) Media Awareness Network, “Student Handout” Available online at: (http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/educational/handouts/online_hate/logical_fallacies_handout.cfm) Propaganda Techniques, Logical Fallacies HTM Page 2