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Summary Sheet Roman Gods The romans had many gods the main three most powerful were: Jupiter: the king of Gods and the God of the Skies and he controlled the weather, especially thunder and lightning. The oak tree and all places struck by lightning were considered sacred to him. Juno was also Jupiter's wife and the queen of the gods. (Greek name Zeus) Neptune: God of the sea and Earthquakes, he was originally the god of freshwater. The planet is also named Neptune. Neptune's wife, Salacia, may originally have been the goddess of spring water. (Greek name Poseidon) Pluto: God of the Underworld. Greeks named the Underworld god Hades. His title Pluto, or Pluton means “the Wealthy One,” or “the Giver of Wealth”. The other main Gods were: Juno: She was the wife of Jupiter, the goddess of women and Family. Her symbols were a pomegranate and a peacock. Mars: He was the god of war, the strongest and most fearsome god, except for Jupiter. Venus: She was the goddess of love and beauty. Minerva: She was the goddess of wisdom, learning, art crafts and industry. Her symbol was the owl. Ceres: She was the goddess of the harvest, always pictured carrying a bundle of grain. Vulcan: He was the blacksmith of the gods. If he stoked his Furness too hard volcano's might erupt. He was the god of blacksmiths, volcano’s and fire. Diana: She was the goddess of hunting and a goddess of the moon. Bacchus: He was the god of wine and partying. Naturally, he was one of Rome's most popular gods. Mercury: He was the messenger of the gods. the wings on his helmet and sandals allowed him to travel very quickly to wherever a god might send him. He was the god of travellers and tradesmen. Vesta: She was the goddess of the hearth and home. She was very important to Romans. In her temple a flame was always kept burning, as in the 'hearth of Rome' the flame should never go out. Every Household in Rome would have a shrine dedicated to their Patron god. A patron god was like a special god who would help them more if they prayed to them instead of another god. Every morning and evening the Household would pray to their patron god that they would have good luck. The woman of the house was in charge of keeping the shrine clean. FESTIVALS Terminalia is the festival that marks the end of the roman new year. 23rd December, according to the romans, was the last day of the year. This festival was celebrated in honor of the god, Terminus, who presided over boundaries. As the festival was celebrated on the last day of the year, it was named Terminalia, which is the root word for terminate in English. In this festival the bones, ashes, and blood of a sacrifice, along with crops, honeycombs and also wine were all placed into a hole (the hole would be at a spiritual place) and a sanctified stone would be driven on top. At home neighbouring families would decorate and make sacrifices at an altar. Veneralia: was celebrated on April the 1st. It was celebrated in honor of Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. The goddess of fortune, Fortuna, was also worshiped on this day. It was celebrated because women thought on this particular day all their relationship problems with men would be solved, as the goddess Venus is the goddess of love. In this festival the women would celebrate. They would do this by taking out the jewelry on the statue and wash it. They would then place flowers on it. After that the women would also bath in public baths wearing wreaths of myrtle on their heads. This was a day for women to seek help with their relationships. Mercuralia is also known as the ‘festival of mercury’ because it is in honor of the god Mercury. This festival was celebrated on May 15th. Merchants mostly only celebrated it because mercury was the god of merchants and commerce. Merchants believed that his festival would bring them good luck. The Roman merchants thought that sprinkling their merchandise; their ships and their hair with water from a fountain would bring them good luck. They prayed to Mercury (who legend has it was a bit of a thief) for profit, and for the continued ability to cheat customers! After that the merchants and traders would feast and drink to finish the festival. Neptunalia was a 2-day celebration (July 23rd to 25th) in honor of the sea god, Neptune. It is celebrated because it was believed that Neptune would help solve political matters on these days. The Romans celebrated Neptune's festival, called the Neptunalia in the heat of summer when water was scarcest. They played games during this festival. Not much is known about the ways they celebrated however we do know that they built huts in which they feasted, drank and amused themselves. The appropriate sacrifice to Neptune is a bull, so the evening meal will be beef loin cooked over a campfire. This festival was originally celebrated in honor of the king of gods, Jupiter, but was later dedicated to Meditrina. This festival marked the end of the vine harvest (October 11th) and the starting of making new wine (October 12th). This was important because wine was practically as common as water to the Romans. This festival is connected with the cultivation of the vineyards. On this day people taste their new wine, and to offer libations of it to the gods. When they drank the wine they would say this: "vetus novum vinum bibo, novo veteri morbo medeor.” Later in Roman times… Foreigners could pray to their own gods as long as they also worshipped the Emperor of Rome. However many Christians only believed in one god. The emperors did not like this and normally punished them. They would punish them by putting them in the Coliseum to be eaten by Lions. Slowly more and more of them came to believe the Christian religion. Even the emperors came to believe Christ. Soon the Christians lived freely in Rome. Interesting ways of Celebration There were also many other interesting ways the romans celebrated. For the Ancient Greeks dance was an important part of religious ceremonies as well as everyday life. This type of celebration was eventually used in some Ancient Roman Festivals. The Romans worshipped their gods in a temple. They made sacrifices of animals and precious items to their gods. When eating they would even eat until they threw up. Once they have to vomit they go into a special room and vomit and come back out and eat more. They would do that 7-9 times in one night. Big fights happened on festival days. Bibliography http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210200/ancient _rome/facts.htm Myths and legends edited by Paul Francis and gill Murray Ancient Roman Empire. Written by James Mason. The Romans. Written by David Jay http://www.romanempire.net/religion/religion.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_did_Roman s_celebrate http://www.historyonthenet.com/Romans/r eligion.htm http://www.ancient-rome.com/festivals.htm http://lonestar.texas.net/~robison/mercurali a.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_(god ) http://www.somewhereintheworldtoday.com /15th-may-mercuralia/ http://lonestar.texas.net/~robison/neptunali a.html http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Ro man/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Meditrinalia .html http//purplehell.com/riddletools/rfestival.ht m- via yahoo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_(myt hology) Britanica OnlineSearch- Roman God Jupiter Roman God Neptune Roman Festivals Pluto