Download lryJtn cJhrys fM prachce

The development of agriculture
ab
/
changed human society forever.
\lVh.ich part (a or D) of this sentence tells whom or what d1e sentence is
about?
'Which
part (a or &) tells what happened?
Every sentence has a subject and a predicate. The €Gffi?pl€t€ subject is made
up of a noun or pronoun and words that tell about it. The subject tells whom or
- is made up of a verb and
what the sentence is about. The <ernplete Ff,edi<ate
words that tell what the subject is, has, or does.
Prae€Ece
Underline the complete subject in each sentence once. Underline each complete predicate twice.
@
Prehistoric humans were hunter-gatherers for millions of years.
Small groups of people traveled around to the areas with the most plentiful plants and animals.
Earth's climate changed suddenly about eleven thousand years ago.
The familiar foods were ofren not available5.
Some people experimented
with agriculture in the Middle East,
Asia, and Mexico.
6.
O
People in these areas grew plants from wild seeds.
*,rrrnious grains were grown by these farmers.
8.
They kept animals for their milk, wool, and meat.
9.
The new farmers built permanent dwellings near their fields.
@ Some of these farmers lived in an area called the Fertile Crescent.
11.
Humans considered land their property for the first time.
t2. Some qf the arid regions in Egypt and Sumeria had fertile soil.
@
14.
Farmers developed complex irrigation, or watering, systems there.
Irrigation required the labor and cooperation of many people.
15. Extra food was produced
@
L7.
as a result
of irrigation.
Food producdon no longer required every person's effort.
Some people became craftspeople, soldiers, or merchants instead of farmers.
@ The abundant food supply enabled more people to live in villages.
19.
These developments led to the establishment of the first civilizations.
lryJtn cJhrys fM prachce:
Croplands in ancient Egypt
were irrigated with water
from the Nile River.
Name
"llre, crrcled cneslr
brnpEtapplv-x
Underline the complete
to
o. pr"Ji."t._lo
make a sentence.
phrase
Add a subject
"".h
"
in each sentence.
predicate
complete
the
Circle
*ritel
,.rr,"o.. you
20.
hunted bison and mammoth
2I.
agriculrure
@ ,**
23.
@
subject in each
barley and wheat
the worldt earliest civilizations
r".*ofsheep
Reimferce
Cornple;{e
Complete subjects and predicares may be very short.(Dags I barh.) orJe.ry long. Short sentences .
dit""t._Th"y tend to iocus,the relder'.s attention on actions zrnd.
1.i*k pJrr"g" ,".i ,prt
"rrd
"
""11
events. Loni'r.rrt""rr.., ."ri create a smooth f^ow ttttt carries the reader along from idea to idea while
providing ci."r des.rrptive or explanatory information'
:
Notice the differences berween rhese two passages by famous authors. Draw a slash (i) between the complete
subject and the complete predicate in each sentence.
His face was sweary and dirty. The sun shone on his face. The day was very hot.
Hemingway, from In Our Time
-Ernest
The curious things about her were her hands, strange terminations to the flabby white arms splattered
with pale tan spots-long, quivering hands with deep and convex nails.
Parker, from "Big Blonde"
-Dorothy
r, write a paragraph of your own about meeting an unusual or i
On anothei
xHca*es-ireyour sentences Yery short. Then rewrite You!IP+4
making the subjects
and phrases to make rheiubiects""a-iftifr rtsJeeNowcompareg!9o*e@-agraphs.
prefer?
jp9s8em.
rry
ing words
version do you
a. oral
stories of gods and heroes carried the beliefs of a culture from one
generation to the next.
b.
Tell us the story of Gilgamesh.
The complete subject of,sentence ais inboldfaced type. Circle the most important
word in the complete subject. Underline the verb thJt tells what the subleci did.
Can you find a subject at the beginning of sentence
Circle the word below that fits
as
b?
the subject of sentence
Gilgamesh you tell
/.
story
Th.e.sirnple subject is the most important word or words in the complete
subiect. lt is a noun or pronoun
subject.
oronoun and tells whom or what the sentence
sentenrc'i<
ah
is about.
The subject of a request or command (an imperative sentence) is usually not
named. The
n-ame_o.
tne person_oe.tng
be.ing spoKen
spoken to, you, ts
is the understood subject. The
ihe
simpl*q predicate is the most important word or words in the predicate. lt is a
verb. The simple predicate tells what the subject did or what was done to the
subiect. The simple predicate may
subject.
mav also be a form of the verb be.
6e
FrecrEee
f
Connpble
Circlg the simple subject in each sentence.
simple predicate.
l.
(h
\-/
3.
4.
@
6.
7
Cifdd onesf
If
the understood subjectis jtou, write you on the line. Underline the
The people of Sumeria developed a writing sysrem more than 5,000 years ago.
pinathe Euphrates River on a maD.
Ancient Sumeria included the fertile lands near this river.
Some Sumerians owned large quantities of goods.
O record of these goods was often
necess
ary forbusiness purposes.
Sumerians drew marks or symbols on wet clay tablets for their records.
Some people became experts at the use of symbols.
scribes could.d.raw symbols tor objects eas\.
O**.
9. Ideas presented the scribes with a much greater challenge.
[!r,i
Draw
a
symbol for tife or feedom.
11.
Your drawing musr be understandable to other people.
12.
Cuess tl,e
The early symbol tar fish
Su..ri"n r.rib.r'rolution,o thi, probl.*.
changed over time.
13. Ti meant both "arroly'' and "life" in the Sumerian spoken language.
t;
;
@
1{
. 16.;
Q\e-rer sqrrbes rrsed.
a.
gictlrre of
asr
arror*
as
t\e
s.iro.bo\ tot
bot\.orot{s.
Symbols eventually represented sounds such as ri instead of objects
such
People could then write any word
in the Sumerian language.
as
drrow.
=
-I
'-
Name
Applv x +wo
G;K"..'rr...
,'iffiJr"f;".ts
about the invention of writing. You,may.use nouns and verbs from the word bank
or si*ple predicates. Use the unde-rstood subiect you in one of your sentences'
symbols scribe
recorded imagine
invention
represented
draw
Sumerians
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
\
ffieEmforee
bo H ll
I
I
The first one has been done for You.
: c{own t
22. fh. ;|&- + C;:-
Ke1
pulled
" donKetl
a wagon
full of vegetables' donkev
23. My favorite
C. *Y
24. lhe
+ 10 of t}e ship commanded the crew to raise anchor'
25.
Q
One
-F
ff
,
n
is winter.
wiil buy you a gumball.
wrote
arrow
Picture
ideas
as
€ffi-tr
=J=d-d
,F=' m*"8
Clocks and calendars are very important in modern life.
#iF
They wake us up, measure our working hours, and inform us of holidays.
F-*g
===.
=
:==,
-i&_l_
-Write
next to the sentence with two or more simple subjects.
the sentence with two or more simple predicates.
:.,
-:.::::aa'::::::1
-==.:_=:f
=:il
,5
'Write
P next to
A cornpound s**biect is two or more subjects joined by a conjunction (and, or).
A compo*and predicate is two or more verbs joined by a conjunction.
Frec€Fee
XCDhnD
lefl Crrcltd ones*"
eitherl compound subject or a compound predicate. If a sentence has a compound
subject, circle the two or more nouns that are the simple subjects. If a sentence has a compound predicate,
Each sentence below has
qqdedine the two or more vrcrbs that are the simple predicates.
1.
@
The concept of time fascinates and perplexes humans.
nr.hirtoric men and women probably saw time
3.
These early people observed and noted regular changes in the sky.
4.
The sun rose and set every day.
@
Sprirrg, summer, fall, and winter occurred in the same sequence over and over.
6.
People in several regions studied and recorded these yealy cycles.
7.
The Sumerians, Mayas, and Chinese invented calendars independently.
(p
9.
10.
th.r. ."rly
calendars predicted the times for harvests and indicated the days for festivals.
The sun and stars seem ro change their position in the sky over the course ofa year.
moon moves across the sky and seems to change shape.
L2.
Ancient peoples observed and celebrated these celestial eYents.
13.
Many ancient temples and monuments face the dawn or the North Star.
L4.
The sunt yearly cycle and the cycle of the moon are out of step with each other.
_.=\,
'l
\5/
16.
This calendar stone shows
the days of the Aztec month.
Calendar-makers carved marfts in stone or tied knots in string.
@ m.
/
as a circle.
this confused most ancient astronomers and caused
inaccuracies in some calendars.
Modern astronomers and physicists occasionally add leap seconds to ayear for greater accuracy.
Name
SJIJL
Combine each pair of sentences to
for*IE"Ltence
that has either a compound subject or a compound
predicate.
17.
The world's first mechanical clock was made in China. The world's first mechanical clock showed changes
the phases of the moon.
18.
The Buddhist monk l-Hsing designed a mechanical clock. Then he built this clock.
19.
Gears conrrolled the clockt movements. Shafts controlled the clockt movements, too.
20.
'Water
in
a stream
21. A bell announced
turned
a water wheel. This water made
the clock function.
the time. A drum announced the time.
Reinforce bu
e!
*J
predicate in the same seltence.
subject
".o-pouad
both parts of the compound subject must 'together.) However,
be peiG-rming-both actions of the compound predicate. Avoid sentences like tlris one: The yolu:tand
n&AgUqiryd g!Uht[. This sentence might make the reader thrnx- that the frogs howled and the
It
is possible to h".r"
loth a'.oipound
(lhi!ryand fuLsilahed andiuarn
wolves croalied.
On the lines below, rewrite the incorrect sentence
as
two separate sentences.'Write Cbeside the sentence that
uses compound subjects and predicates correcdy.
22.
The sun and moon light up the day and shine at night.
23.
Ice and snow come in winter and make travel
dificult.
in
a.
Early peoples made crude tools and weapons out of stone, wood, and bone.
b.
The invention of bronze brought great changes to the ancient world.
Circle the nouns in sentence a that tell what early peoples made. Circle the noun
in sentence b thattells what the invention of bronze brought.
The direct cbiect is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.
Only action verbs can take a direct object. A compound direct obleet occurs
when more than one noun or pronoun receives the action of the verb. To find
the direct object, say the verb and then ask "What?" or "Whom?" For example,
to find the direct object of sentence b, ask "The invention of bronze brought
what?" Answer: lt brought changes.
Prc#ice
fi
Circle the direct object in each'sentence.
is a direct object.
1.
fues*
ttscld
compound direct object, circle
If
there is a
Craftspeople first produced bronze in about 3800 e.c., in Sumeria.
@m.r.
craftspeople melted copper in a kind of furnace.
3.
They accidentally mixed arsenic and other minerals with the copper.
4.
This combination produced a stronger metal.
6
6.
@
each noun or pronoun that
Eu.rrr,rally, metalworkers combined copper and tin into bronze.
Sumerian metalworkers could form this new metal into dmost any shape.
ar*speople in Egypt and other nearby
areas soon learned the secret
of bronze
production.
8.
G)
People made durable tools, weapons, and statues out of bronze.
F"r*.rs tilled fields with bronze-tipped plows.
10.
They could culdvate larger areas with these efficient plows.
11.
Soon Middle Eastern civilizations needed new sources of tin.
@
13.
@
This stimulated trade with distant regions.
People from widespread cultures exchanged ideas as well as goods.
*.
expansion of trade also encouraged the expansion of empires.
L5. Nations conquered other nations for their tin.
16. Over time, however, the Iron Age overcame the Bronze Age.
@
Iron replaced tin
as the
main metal.
Tools like this bronze-tipped
sickle made life a little easier
for ancient farmers.
1r
Name
slgp'lyNRll
f; ;"
.write
.
, ,,---
r,-^--.^n^,,^..,G
an affow from the verb to the direct
word bank to complete each senrence. Draw
a direct object
object.
model
18.
trick
horse
bronze
civilization
storles
Thojans
Age in
for weapons and sculptures during the Bronze
The MYcenaeans used
Greece.
their
In about 1200 g.c., some disastrous event destroyed
of their
about the heroic deeds and amazingpalaces
20. Greeks in later times told
19.
Bronze Age ancestors.
on their enemies, the Tiojans'
a clever
21. In one of these legends, the Greeks played
of a horse, and some soldiers hid inside'
7)
built a huge wooden
They
23. The Thojans brought the
inside their walled citY.
and
soldiers climbed out of their hiding place
24. In the middle of the night, the Greek
defeated the
ReEae€eree
b. Rll
action verb without a direct object
An action verb that gkes- a direct objec tis a fiansitiueverb'An
or
;;y b. ;ither transitive (Mr. Garla rur!.s the store')
is an intransitiaeverfii;il;b";;;b,
learn
will
You
ob;ect'
direct
a
*" used'with
intransitive (Marh W:fryi) d"p"rrdirrg o;iJ.;4?
in Lesson 38'
more about tr"rrritioT-"id iot'""iitit" vErbs
intransitiae uerb
uerbon the line if there is a &rect object"W'rite
In the following sentences, wfite transiti.ue
there is no direct object.
25.
Sculptors work very hard'
26. Sculptors work soft clay into figures'
1'7
They make molds from the clay figures'
28. Molten bronze Pours
easilY'
mold'
29. The sculptor Pours molten bronze into the
model of the sculpture'
30. This material hardens to make a Permanent
if
In todays sociery people give clerks money in exchange for food and
other necessities.
Vhich boldfaced noun
tells what people give?
\7'lrich boldfaced noun tells to uhom they give it?
An indirect obi*d is a person or thing to whom something is given, told, or
taught. The indirect object is a noun or pronoun, and it comes before the direct
object. To test whether a word is an indirect object, move it after the direct object
and put the word to or for in front of it. Example: People give money to clerks.
Pre<tiee
X Cornplef
0rroleC Cnes>t-
First underline the direct object in each sentence. Then circle the indirect object.
@t"
ancient times, farmers traded others their crops in exchange for different foods or useful things.
,,
For example, a farmer might have offered a neighbor some beans.
:t.
The neighbor might have offered the farmer some plums from her garden in exchange.
@
n,r, what if
a
plum gave the farmer a stomachache?
5.
The farmer rqight have traded a cousin the other plums for some cucumbers.
6.
Then the farmer might have traded a friend some cucumbers in exchange for a chicken.
O
**
complicated system caused people problems.
China probably brought the world the first monetary system.
Money provided people a convenient method of exchange.
@
11.
n*ore give money its value.
Merchants will trade you goods for money.
12. Paper money gives the public
a
lightweight medium of exchange.
@ Enough money will buy you almost any product.
14.
The earliest coins were
History teaches us lessons about how the value of money can change.
15. In times of economic disaster, people have given merchants
6
wheelbarrows full of paper money in exchange for a few days' food.
Many people today give cashiers
a plastic card
to complete
a purchase.
shaped like small tools.
I
s€p:s
Cl-nme{l^CI
underlined
.".h s.nt.nce,
changing the
Rewrite
17. Maryt
phrase into an indirect object'
grandfather showed his collection of old and rare money to us.
of rice
as money
18.
He told
19.
He showed a playing card that was used
a story about the use
20. I made a thank-you card with drawings
ReEse€cree bo
as
in seventeenth-centuryJapan to Mary'
money in colonial Canada to.me.
of coins on it for him.
Rtl
\frite aword from the word bank to give eachHntence
an indlrect object.
Th.n use the numbered letters to
form the mysteryword.
zt.
Mary's grandfather gave
22.
I traded
him
the idea of starting my own coin collection.
4
23. Maryt
24.
her
Mary
colns
grandfather taught
He never osives the
One year later I showed
Mvsterv word:
a summer of yard
work for some old coins.
his methods for coin collecting.
a scrub or a polish.
the coin collection her grandfather had inspired.
H
Movable rype is a method of printing with letter stamps.
Each letter is separate.
Circle the boldfaced noun that tells more about who or what the subject is.
Underline the boldfaced adjective that tells what the subject is like.
A predicate noun follows a linking verb and tells more about who or what the
subject is. A predEeate adjective follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
Fractiee
X
CDrnDle+e Ci rcirct Ones
Xr
Draw a box around the linking Lrb in each sentence. Circle each boldfaced word that is a predicate noun.
Underline each boldfaced word that is a predicate adjective.
1.
First develop ed
@ n
in
1045, rnovable type was a Chinese invention.
rinvenror was Bi Sheng.
This rype of printing was not practical in China at the dme, however.
4.
Chinese characters were too numerous.
5.
Movable type.was more usefrrl in Europe.
@ U.ar. the development of movable type, most European books were handmade copies of manuscripts.
7 . Scribes were the experienced writers of these books.
Handwritten books were unique works of art.
G
9.
@
11.
The pages were beautifiil, with elaborate decorations in the margins.
at*"rtunately,
these books were expensive and scarce.
The first European printer was Johannes Gutenberg.
12. 1456 was the year of his innovation.
13. The Roman alphabet is
@
*.
a set
of 26 characters.
model for Gutenbergs printing press was
a press
for grapes or
15. Its output was 300 copies per day.
t6.
Soon books and pamphlets were available to many more people.
New ideas became the property of everyone, not just the rich.
cheese.
The printing press helped spread
new ideas across the world.
Name
Appty
W'rite
A
ey
Ores\V
X' Ccnnplute 0reeled
to
a predicate
noun or
My favorite book
a predicate adjective
complete each sentence.
is
19. The main character in the book is
20. This charactert personality
seems
21.
The setting for that mystery book is
22.
The mood of the story seems
23. Even the illustrations appear
24. The villain changes in the story and becomes
@ *."ever
I
read this book,
I
feel
26. The author of this new adventure story has become
27. The most important problem in the novelt plot is
@
*.n
@
of
I
saw the cover of the book,
I thought it looked
all the books Ive read, this one remains
Reimforee
W hnrplde"
Dnts xurcltd
written word. But
sometimes words are mistyped. Circle
In the modern world, word processors help spread the
the predicate noun in each sentence below. Unscramble that word to find a word that makes sense.
30. His best feature was his slime.
@
Manuela's tasty pies prole that she is a fine brake.
32. My favorite fowers are
@
34.
@
sores.
A distance of 5,280 feet is a lime.
Of all our field rrips, my favorite place
- was the diary.
He ran
as hard as he
could, and his last jump was his greatest peal.
(wrlu dck- vrlhen ive'.)