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The development of agriculture ab / changed human society forever. \lVh.ich part (a or D) of this sentence tells whom or what d1e sentence is about? 'Which part (a or &) tells what happened? Every sentence has a subject and a predicate. The €Gffi?pl€t€ subject is made up of a noun or pronoun and words that tell about it. The subject tells whom or - is made up of a verb and what the sentence is about. The <ernplete Ff,edi<ate words that tell what the subject is, has, or does. Prae€Ece Underline the complete subject in each sentence once. Underline each complete predicate twice. @ Prehistoric humans were hunter-gatherers for millions of years. Small groups of people traveled around to the areas with the most plentiful plants and animals. Earth's climate changed suddenly about eleven thousand years ago. The familiar foods were ofren not available5. Some people experimented with agriculture in the Middle East, Asia, and Mexico. 6. O People in these areas grew plants from wild seeds. *,rrrnious grains were grown by these farmers. 8. They kept animals for their milk, wool, and meat. 9. The new farmers built permanent dwellings near their fields. @ Some of these farmers lived in an area called the Fertile Crescent. 11. Humans considered land their property for the first time. t2. Some qf the arid regions in Egypt and Sumeria had fertile soil. @ 14. Farmers developed complex irrigation, or watering, systems there. Irrigation required the labor and cooperation of many people. 15. Extra food was produced @ L7. as a result of irrigation. Food producdon no longer required every person's effort. Some people became craftspeople, soldiers, or merchants instead of farmers. @ The abundant food supply enabled more people to live in villages. 19. These developments led to the establishment of the first civilizations. lryJtn cJhrys fM prachce: Croplands in ancient Egypt were irrigated with water from the Nile River. Name "llre, crrcled cneslr brnpEtapplv-x Underline the complete to o. pr"Ji."t._lo make a sentence. phrase Add a subject "".h " in each sentence. predicate complete the Circle *ritel ,.rr,"o.. you 20. hunted bison and mammoth 2I. agriculrure @ ,** 23. @ subject in each barley and wheat the worldt earliest civilizations r".*ofsheep Reimferce Cornple;{e Complete subjects and predicares may be very short.(Dags I barh.) orJe.ry long. Short sentences . dit""t._Th"y tend to iocus,the relder'.s attention on actions zrnd. 1.i*k pJrr"g" ,".i ,prt "rrd " ""11 events. Loni'r.rrt""rr.., ."ri create a smooth f^ow ttttt carries the reader along from idea to idea while providing ci."r des.rrptive or explanatory information' : Notice the differences berween rhese two passages by famous authors. Draw a slash (i) between the complete subject and the complete predicate in each sentence. His face was sweary and dirty. The sun shone on his face. The day was very hot. Hemingway, from In Our Time -Ernest The curious things about her were her hands, strange terminations to the flabby white arms splattered with pale tan spots-long, quivering hands with deep and convex nails. Parker, from "Big Blonde" -Dorothy r, write a paragraph of your own about meeting an unusual or i On anothei xHca*es-ireyour sentences Yery short. Then rewrite You!IP+4 making the subjects and phrases to make rheiubiects""a-iftifr rtsJeeNowcompareg!9o*e@-agraphs. prefer? jp9s8em. rry ing words version do you a. oral stories of gods and heroes carried the beliefs of a culture from one generation to the next. b. Tell us the story of Gilgamesh. The complete subject of,sentence ais inboldfaced type. Circle the most important word in the complete subject. Underline the verb thJt tells what the subleci did. Can you find a subject at the beginning of sentence Circle the word below that fits as b? the subject of sentence Gilgamesh you tell /. story Th.e.sirnple subject is the most important word or words in the complete subiect. lt is a noun or pronoun subject. oronoun and tells whom or what the sentence sentenrc'i< ah is about. The subject of a request or command (an imperative sentence) is usually not named. The n-ame_o. tne person_oe.tng be.ing spoKen spoken to, you, ts is the understood subject. The ihe simpl*q predicate is the most important word or words in the predicate. lt is a verb. The simple predicate tells what the subject did or what was done to the subiect. The simple predicate may subject. mav also be a form of the verb be. 6e FrecrEee f Connpble Circlg the simple subject in each sentence. simple predicate. l. (h \-/ 3. 4. @ 6. 7 Cifdd onesf If the understood subjectis jtou, write you on the line. Underline the The people of Sumeria developed a writing sysrem more than 5,000 years ago. pinathe Euphrates River on a maD. Ancient Sumeria included the fertile lands near this river. Some Sumerians owned large quantities of goods. O record of these goods was often necess ary forbusiness purposes. Sumerians drew marks or symbols on wet clay tablets for their records. Some people became experts at the use of symbols. scribes could.d.raw symbols tor objects eas\. O**. 9. Ideas presented the scribes with a much greater challenge. [!r,i Draw a symbol for tife or feedom. 11. Your drawing musr be understandable to other people. 12. Cuess tl,e The early symbol tar fish Su..ri"n r.rib.r'rolution,o thi, probl.*. changed over time. 13. Ti meant both "arroly'' and "life" in the Sumerian spoken language. t; ; @ 1{ . 16.; Q\e-rer sqrrbes rrsed. a. gictlrre of asr arror* as t\e s.iro.bo\ tot bot\.orot{s. Symbols eventually represented sounds such as ri instead of objects such People could then write any word in the Sumerian language. as drrow. = -I '- Name Applv x +wo G;K"..'rr... ,'iffiJr"f;".ts about the invention of writing. You,may.use nouns and verbs from the word bank or si*ple predicates. Use the unde-rstood subiect you in one of your sentences' symbols scribe recorded imagine invention represented draw Sumerians 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. \ ffieEmforee bo H ll I I The first one has been done for You. : c{own t 22. fh. ;|&- + C;:- Ke1 pulled " donKetl a wagon full of vegetables' donkev 23. My favorite C. *Y 24. lhe + 10 of t}e ship commanded the crew to raise anchor' 25. Q One -F ff , n is winter. wiil buy you a gumball. wrote arrow Picture ideas as €ffi-tr =J=d-d ,F=' m*"8 Clocks and calendars are very important in modern life. #iF They wake us up, measure our working hours, and inform us of holidays. F-*g ===. = :==, -i&_l_ -Write next to the sentence with two or more simple subjects. the sentence with two or more simple predicates. :., -:.::::aa'::::::1 -==.:_=:f =:il ,5 'Write P next to A cornpound s**biect is two or more subjects joined by a conjunction (and, or). A compo*and predicate is two or more verbs joined by a conjunction. Frec€Fee XCDhnD lefl Crrcltd ones*" eitherl compound subject or a compound predicate. If a sentence has a compound subject, circle the two or more nouns that are the simple subjects. If a sentence has a compound predicate, Each sentence below has qqdedine the two or more vrcrbs that are the simple predicates. 1. @ The concept of time fascinates and perplexes humans. nr.hirtoric men and women probably saw time 3. These early people observed and noted regular changes in the sky. 4. The sun rose and set every day. @ Sprirrg, summer, fall, and winter occurred in the same sequence over and over. 6. People in several regions studied and recorded these yealy cycles. 7. The Sumerians, Mayas, and Chinese invented calendars independently. (p 9. 10. th.r. ."rly calendars predicted the times for harvests and indicated the days for festivals. The sun and stars seem ro change their position in the sky over the course ofa year. moon moves across the sky and seems to change shape. L2. Ancient peoples observed and celebrated these celestial eYents. 13. Many ancient temples and monuments face the dawn or the North Star. L4. The sunt yearly cycle and the cycle of the moon are out of step with each other. _.=\, 'l \5/ 16. This calendar stone shows the days of the Aztec month. Calendar-makers carved marfts in stone or tied knots in string. @ m. / as a circle. this confused most ancient astronomers and caused inaccuracies in some calendars. Modern astronomers and physicists occasionally add leap seconds to ayear for greater accuracy. Name SJIJL Combine each pair of sentences to for*IE"Ltence that has either a compound subject or a compound predicate. 17. The world's first mechanical clock was made in China. The world's first mechanical clock showed changes the phases of the moon. 18. The Buddhist monk l-Hsing designed a mechanical clock. Then he built this clock. 19. Gears conrrolled the clockt movements. Shafts controlled the clockt movements, too. 20. 'Water in a stream 21. A bell announced turned a water wheel. This water made the clock function. the time. A drum announced the time. Reinforce bu e! *J predicate in the same seltence. subject ".o-pouad both parts of the compound subject must 'together.) However, be peiG-rming-both actions of the compound predicate. Avoid sentences like tlris one: The yolu:tand n&AgUqiryd g!Uht[. This sentence might make the reader thrnx- that the frogs howled and the It is possible to h".r" loth a'.oipound (lhi!ryand fuLsilahed andiuarn wolves croalied. On the lines below, rewrite the incorrect sentence as two separate sentences.'Write Cbeside the sentence that uses compound subjects and predicates correcdy. 22. The sun and moon light up the day and shine at night. 23. Ice and snow come in winter and make travel dificult. in a. Early peoples made crude tools and weapons out of stone, wood, and bone. b. The invention of bronze brought great changes to the ancient world. Circle the nouns in sentence a that tell what early peoples made. Circle the noun in sentence b thattells what the invention of bronze brought. The direct cbiect is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. Only action verbs can take a direct object. A compound direct obleet occurs when more than one noun or pronoun receives the action of the verb. To find the direct object, say the verb and then ask "What?" or "Whom?" For example, to find the direct object of sentence b, ask "The invention of bronze brought what?" Answer: lt brought changes. Prc#ice fi Circle the direct object in each'sentence. is a direct object. 1. fues* ttscld compound direct object, circle If there is a Craftspeople first produced bronze in about 3800 e.c., in Sumeria. @m.r. craftspeople melted copper in a kind of furnace. 3. They accidentally mixed arsenic and other minerals with the copper. 4. This combination produced a stronger metal. 6 6. @ each noun or pronoun that Eu.rrr,rally, metalworkers combined copper and tin into bronze. Sumerian metalworkers could form this new metal into dmost any shape. ar*speople in Egypt and other nearby areas soon learned the secret of bronze production. 8. G) People made durable tools, weapons, and statues out of bronze. F"r*.rs tilled fields with bronze-tipped plows. 10. They could culdvate larger areas with these efficient plows. 11. Soon Middle Eastern civilizations needed new sources of tin. @ 13. @ This stimulated trade with distant regions. People from widespread cultures exchanged ideas as well as goods. *. expansion of trade also encouraged the expansion of empires. L5. Nations conquered other nations for their tin. 16. Over time, however, the Iron Age overcame the Bronze Age. @ Iron replaced tin as the main metal. Tools like this bronze-tipped sickle made life a little easier for ancient farmers. 1r Name slgp'lyNRll f; ;" .write . , ,,--- r,-^--.^n^,,^..,G an affow from the verb to the direct word bank to complete each senrence. Draw a direct object object. model 18. trick horse bronze civilization storles Thojans Age in for weapons and sculptures during the Bronze The MYcenaeans used Greece. their In about 1200 g.c., some disastrous event destroyed of their about the heroic deeds and amazingpalaces 20. Greeks in later times told 19. Bronze Age ancestors. on their enemies, the Tiojans' a clever 21. In one of these legends, the Greeks played of a horse, and some soldiers hid inside' 7) built a huge wooden They 23. The Thojans brought the inside their walled citY. and soldiers climbed out of their hiding place 24. In the middle of the night, the Greek defeated the ReEae€eree b. Rll action verb without a direct object An action verb that gkes- a direct objec tis a fiansitiueverb'An or ;;y b. ;ither transitive (Mr. Garla rur!.s the store') is an intransitiaeverfii;il;b";;;b, learn will You ob;ect' direct a *" used'with intransitive (Marh W:fryi) d"p"rrdirrg o;iJ.;4? in Lesson 38' more about tr"rrritioT-"id iot'""iitit" vErbs intransitiae uerb uerbon the line if there is a &rect object"W'rite In the following sentences, wfite transiti.ue there is no direct object. 25. Sculptors work very hard' 26. Sculptors work soft clay into figures' 1'7 They make molds from the clay figures' 28. Molten bronze Pours easilY' mold' 29. The sculptor Pours molten bronze into the model of the sculpture' 30. This material hardens to make a Permanent if In todays sociery people give clerks money in exchange for food and other necessities. Vhich boldfaced noun tells what people give? \7'lrich boldfaced noun tells to uhom they give it? An indirect obi*d is a person or thing to whom something is given, told, or taught. The indirect object is a noun or pronoun, and it comes before the direct object. To test whether a word is an indirect object, move it after the direct object and put the word to or for in front of it. Example: People give money to clerks. Pre<tiee X Cornplef 0rroleC Cnes>t- First underline the direct object in each sentence. Then circle the indirect object. @t" ancient times, farmers traded others their crops in exchange for different foods or useful things. ,, For example, a farmer might have offered a neighbor some beans. :t. The neighbor might have offered the farmer some plums from her garden in exchange. @ n,r, what if a plum gave the farmer a stomachache? 5. The farmer rqight have traded a cousin the other plums for some cucumbers. 6. Then the farmer might have traded a friend some cucumbers in exchange for a chicken. O ** complicated system caused people problems. China probably brought the world the first monetary system. Money provided people a convenient method of exchange. @ 11. n*ore give money its value. Merchants will trade you goods for money. 12. Paper money gives the public a lightweight medium of exchange. @ Enough money will buy you almost any product. 14. The earliest coins were History teaches us lessons about how the value of money can change. 15. In times of economic disaster, people have given merchants 6 wheelbarrows full of paper money in exchange for a few days' food. Many people today give cashiers a plastic card to complete a purchase. shaped like small tools. I s€p:s Cl-nme{l^CI underlined .".h s.nt.nce, changing the Rewrite 17. Maryt phrase into an indirect object' grandfather showed his collection of old and rare money to us. of rice as money 18. He told 19. He showed a playing card that was used a story about the use 20. I made a thank-you card with drawings ReEse€cree bo as in seventeenth-centuryJapan to Mary' money in colonial Canada to.me. of coins on it for him. Rtl \frite aword from the word bank to give eachHntence an indlrect object. Th.n use the numbered letters to form the mysteryword. zt. Mary's grandfather gave 22. I traded him the idea of starting my own coin collection. 4 23. Maryt 24. her Mary colns grandfather taught He never osives the One year later I showed Mvsterv word: a summer of yard work for some old coins. his methods for coin collecting. a scrub or a polish. the coin collection her grandfather had inspired. H Movable rype is a method of printing with letter stamps. Each letter is separate. Circle the boldfaced noun that tells more about who or what the subject is. Underline the boldfaced adjective that tells what the subject is like. A predicate noun follows a linking verb and tells more about who or what the subject is. A predEeate adjective follows a linking verb and describes the subject. Fractiee X CDrnDle+e Ci rcirct Ones Xr Draw a box around the linking Lrb in each sentence. Circle each boldfaced word that is a predicate noun. Underline each boldfaced word that is a predicate adjective. 1. First develop ed @ n in 1045, rnovable type was a Chinese invention. rinvenror was Bi Sheng. This rype of printing was not practical in China at the dme, however. 4. Chinese characters were too numerous. 5. Movable type.was more usefrrl in Europe. @ U.ar. the development of movable type, most European books were handmade copies of manuscripts. 7 . Scribes were the experienced writers of these books. Handwritten books were unique works of art. G 9. @ 11. The pages were beautifiil, with elaborate decorations in the margins. at*"rtunately, these books were expensive and scarce. The first European printer was Johannes Gutenberg. 12. 1456 was the year of his innovation. 13. The Roman alphabet is @ *. a set of 26 characters. model for Gutenbergs printing press was a press for grapes or 15. Its output was 300 copies per day. t6. Soon books and pamphlets were available to many more people. New ideas became the property of everyone, not just the rich. cheese. The printing press helped spread new ideas across the world. Name Appty W'rite A ey Ores\V X' Ccnnplute 0reeled to a predicate noun or My favorite book a predicate adjective complete each sentence. is 19. The main character in the book is 20. This charactert personality seems 21. The setting for that mystery book is 22. The mood of the story seems 23. Even the illustrations appear 24. The villain changes in the story and becomes @ *."ever I read this book, I feel 26. The author of this new adventure story has become 27. The most important problem in the novelt plot is @ *.n @ of I saw the cover of the book, I thought it looked all the books Ive read, this one remains Reimforee W hnrplde" Dnts xurcltd written word. But sometimes words are mistyped. Circle In the modern world, word processors help spread the the predicate noun in each sentence below. Unscramble that word to find a word that makes sense. 30. His best feature was his slime. @ Manuela's tasty pies prole that she is a fine brake. 32. My favorite fowers are @ 34. @ sores. A distance of 5,280 feet is a lime. Of all our field rrips, my favorite place - was the diary. He ran as hard as he could, and his last jump was his greatest peal. (wrlu dck- vrlhen ive'.)