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Environment Degradation Cause by Urbanization in Pakistan: A Review
Muhammad Qasim a,  , Malik Muhammad Anees a, Muhammad Usman Ghani a,
Jahanzaib Malik a, Moeen Khalid a, Aroj Bashir b
a
b
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
Department of Geo Sciences & Geography University of Gujrat, Pakistan
Abstract
Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas. Urbanization is serious worldwide
problems. Urbanization and environmental problems are the recent developmental issues in
Pakistan. The study was used Secondary data and information was collected from various
publications such as books, journals, magazines, published and unpublished dissertations,
newspapers, and internet as well as institutions related to urbanization and Environment.
These harms are very composite and their connections are hard to describe. The present
study would find out the urbanization effect on environment. Influences of urbanization on
our natural environment, that is, Air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise
pollution, deforestation, climate change etc. This study may help in the formulation of
appropriate strategies and policies related to environment and urbanization.
Keywords: Urbanization, Environment, Degradation
JEL Classifications: O18
I. Introduction
Urbanization is the expansion of urban regions as a consequence of global change. Urbanization is
movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth associated to urban
migration. The United Nations estimated that half of the world’s population would survive in
urban areas at the end of 2008. Urbanization is narrowly linked to transformation, industrialization,
and the sociological procedure of explanation. Urbanization can explain a detailed state at a set
time, that. The percentage of total population or region in cities, or the term can describe the
enhancement of this part over time. So it can stand for the time at which the urban proportion is
increasing (Bibi, [1]). The sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural
forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as
of danger and damage. Environmental issues are any such issues created due to human activities
and cause harm to the environment. Environmental pollution means any solid, liquid or gaseous
substance present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be, injurious to the environment (The
Free Dictionary [2]).
Urbanization and Environment
Environment is everything that affects an organism during its life in turn all organism including
people affects many components in their environment. The human population has increased the
natural ecosystem of the earth has been stress. Urbanization growth is contributing in environment
problem current population growth had led to famine areas where food production cannot keep
pace with increasing number of people. Political interest in are with great disparities in the
availability of resources (job, managed agricultural ecosystem and destruction effect of
exploitation of natural resources good, food) environment degradation (erosion, desertification)
water pollution by human and industrial waste. Air pollution caused by the human need to use
energy for personal and industrial application, extinctions caused by people converting natural

Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Online ISSN: 2310-9823. Publisher: The Economics and Social Development Organization
- 62 Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
ecosystem (strip mining, oil spills, ground water mining) several factors interact to determine the
impact of an urbanization in the resources of its country. These include the land and other natural
resources of available the size of population the amount of resources consumed by using resources.
The equation is often used as a short land way of stating these relationship I=P× A×T (Impact=
Population × Affluence × Damage due to technology) as the population of a country increase, it
pots a great demand on its resources some country have abundant natural resources such as good
agricultural land, energy resources or mineral resources other are resources poor. Thus some
countries can sustain high population while other cannot (Eldon and Bradley [3]) Urbanization and
environmental dangers and local managements in developing nations have no ability to decrease
the climate change caused dangers that those within their authority will handle. Many local
governments can decrease the risk care for water before it is spread, decrease breeding potential
for infection vectors, decrease physical threats through improved quality construction and
transportation, traffic organization and decrease exposure to unsafe chemicals through pollution
manage and occupational health and safety. But hazard decline from climate change in low- and
middle income nations depends on major changes in lifestyles and utilization patterns among
middle along with upper income groups, most of who live in high income nations. There is a vital
need to address edition in urban areas in low and middle-income states as these states have the
majority of the world’s urban population, most of the high threat urban sites and the largest lack in
adaptive ability. Urban areas in low- and middle-income state are also projected to residence
almost all of the world’s inhabitants enhance in the next two decades (United Nations, [4]).
Pakistan and Urbanization
Pakistan’s present population is about 1/3 urban. Though, that outline will increase to nearly 50%
by 2025. This short studies the drivers of Pakistan’s urbanization, and highlights together the
positive and negative inference of the country’s change to an additional urban position. Much of
Pakistan’s urbanization is determined by migration. In past decades, Indian Muslims and Afghans
escaped to Pakistani metropolis to escape conflict back home. These days, rural Pakistanis are
inflowing cities to escape war, uncertainty and natural ruin, and also to found new occupation and
better essential services. The large natural raise in Pakistan’s total population also give details the
country’s rising urban peoples (Kugelman [5]).
Figure-1. Urban Population Growth (Annual %) In Pakistan
SOURCE : WORLD BANK INDICATORS - PAKISTAN - D ENSITY & URBANIZATION
The rate of urbanization and its assistant influence change in areas across the globe. Asia holds
almost half the world’s big cities and continues to urbanize quickly. Given its present annual
growth rate, Asia’s urban population is nearly to double in less than 20 years. Urbanizations reveal
- 63 Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
more than demographic change. It is both driven by and extremely influences the context and
development. It uses both direct and indirect compensation in the effort towards worldwide
sustainability and individual development. The start of much global environmental harm
associated to air and water pollution are located in urban areas (Alam [6]). Urban way of life is
aspect contributing to water contamination. Though, much of the sewage in urban region goes
unprocessed and is deserted into rivers and lakes. As outcome, surface water and ground water
have been more and more polluted due to industrial and household wastewater and also
agricultural overflow. In addition, pollution in urban extend to rural areas water effluence in urban
areas can have an effect on water quality in rural areas. Therefore, water pollution in urban cities is
harms in Pakistan (Zhang [7]). Joint worldwide land and ocean surface temperature for January
2010 on the normal was 0.60°C (1.08°F) above the 20th century average of 12.0°C (53.6°F) and
the average worldwide temperature for January 2010 at the exterior air was recorded 0.83°C
(1.49°F) above the 20th century average of 2.8°C (37.0°F). Global warming is partially resulting of
high nighttime temperature and somewhat due to fast urbanization. Other issue accumulation
towards global warming is the incessantly changing irrigation systems, desertification and
difference in the use of local ground. Global warming has been problem of great discuss in the last
and present century. Many international organizations and local institution are continually perusing
hard work to decrease the level of global warming and to defend humankind from the dangerous
effect of rising global temperature during the last some decades (National Climate data Center [8]).
Statement of Problem
The most rising problem are climate changes, freshwater scarcity, deforestation, and fresh water
pollution. These harms are very composite and their connections are hard to describe. It is very
significant to look at problems. Even the interconnections between environmental troubles are now
improved known, we still lack of knowledge on how the issues are connected, on what degree they
interrelate and what are the most effective actions. Urbanization and environmental problems are
the recent developmental issues in Pakistan. It is now becoming very essential to reduce
urbanization and environmental problems, for which heavy investment will be needed Improved
health, use of saved time and energy will in turn have direct positive effects in growing the
country’s productivity, and hence towards poverty alleviation. One problem is to put together land
and water use planning to provide food and water security.
Significant of Study
The present study would find out the urbanization effect on environment. The study is in a new
dimension as not many researches were conducted on the topic. There is many study bout
urbanization and environment but it is about to examine influence on million development goals.
This paper defines urbanization as a major driver of land use change, which causes environmental
problems. There is infinite information of urbanization induced environmental harms of many
levels and issues of air and water quality at the local level and the subject of global warming and
climate change at the global level. It focal point on the instant and obvious Influences of
urbanization on our natural environment, that is, air pollution, water pollution, land pollution,
noise pollution, deforestation, climate change etc. the study help to policy maker to take new step
to achieve MDGs and reduce environmental pollution. This study may help in the formulation of
appropriate strategies and policies related to environment and urbanization. It could also be useful
to researchers, students and persons interested in this sector. Through caring out this research
researcher will be able to give many recommendations for future studies of community
characteristics to other researchers working in this field. The research also presents and
summarizes a relatively large amount of literature on the subject. This study will also be a practical
implementation of the knowledge which researcher gained through the academic studies at the
university. It may also be a part of the university library and helpful in the future researches.
- 64 Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Objectives of Study
 To study the effects of urbanization on Environment
 To find out the causes of environment degradation
 To review environment degradation effect on human lives
II. Review literature
Antharvedi [9] argues in his article in relation to the ecological sustainable development and
describe the factors that guide to the ecological degradation in the circumstance of urbanization.
Population growth is the major factor for the environmental urban pollution. Rapid urbanization is
causing the cost of the ecology causing noise pollution, air pollution etc. Urban transportation is
also the key factor for the environment pollution. The inference of sustainable development can be
efficiently addressed only during international cooperation in developing, approach and diffusing
proper knowledge and technology, mainly for developing countries. Through intellectual benefit
human settlement, creating environmental knowledge in the citizens, accomplishment of included
planning and management we can progress the sustainability of the environment. International cooperation to develop suitable technologies for sustainable development should start with the
identification of local needs. The defensive approach is to be useful by states according to their
capabilities for the substantiating the environment for the current and the future generations.
III. Methodology
III.I Research Design
For the present research qualitative design was used qualitative and also descriptive. It was
describing the relationship between urbanization and environment as well as its effects on
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
III.II Data Collection
The required secondary data and information was collected from various publications such as
books, journals, magazines, published and unpublished dissertations, newspapers, and internet as
well as institutions related to urbanization and environment.
III.III Data Analysis
Data will be analysis after the study the secondary data. In this study, a descriptive method was
used to analyze the data and information. Presentation of produced data was used in tables and
necessary maps and diagrams were used whenever appropriate. After analyzing and interpreting
the data and information, a conclusion was drawn and recommendations were made. Then get the
conclusion about effect of urbanization that how it is hurdle to achieve MDGs.
III.IV. Urbanization Impact on Environment in Pakistan
Urbanization and urban wheel is the physical growth of urban areas. Resultantly vary approach in
the urban areas that may be poverty, environmental degradation. Urbanization is serious
worldwide problems. As the growth takes place from agricultural to an industrial sector, large
scale urbanization takes place. Throughout this procedure the increase rate of urban areas is
naturally double the pace of in general population increase (Manzoor et al. [10]).
III.V. Urbanization and Air Pollution
Air pollution is one of the important environmental issues emergent quickly in Pakistan due to
rapid urbanization and industrialization. The characteristic of air is worsening due to release of
main air pollutants flow freely by diesel powered vehicles and the burning of organic compounds
in factories and industries. As result of rapid urbanization and industrialization, air pollutants
such as: effective particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), sulfur oxide (SO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), lead, and other heavy metals
- 65 Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
are extensively produced in major cities of Pakistan within certain levels of concentration. Some of
the new surveys agreed outing the country using mobile unit expose the existence of very high
levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in major cities. For example, in Lahore,
Rawalpindi and Karachi found the high concentration levels of CO, NOx, and SO. It is an
extremely significant environment problem since every person has spent time at atmosphere. There
good air quality is essential for every human being (Qasim et al. [11]).
Nevertheless, this condition warrants constant monitoring because transport and energy sector
contributes nearly one-half of the NO, two-thirds of CO2 and about one-half of hydrocarbon
emissions as described by a WB (Qadir [12]). In reality, these gases are emitted due to burning of
fossil fuels, transportation and the power generation plants, which are necessary for the country’s
development. However, extraordinary attentions should be paid towards the sustainability of
ecological system and the rising pollution; if not these air pollutants would affect the public’s
health According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
information, “pollution in future become a prime cause of early death and killing a probable 3.6
million people a year by 2050. Urban air pollution is place to become the major environmental
cause of premature death in the coming decades, overtaking even such mass killers as poor
sanitation and a water borne” (Qadir [12]). Measurement of NO2 concentration in different cities of
Pakistan using Diffusion samplers (Karachi, Islamabad, Peshawar, Lahore and Quetta), PakEPA/JICA
Figure-2. Air Pollution in Different Cites of Pakistan
Note: Measurement of NO2 concentration in different cities of Pakistan using Diffusion samplers
(Karachi, Islamabad, Peshawar, Lahore and Quetta), April 2006, Pak-EPA/JICA
III.VI. Urbanization and Water Pollution
Pesticides are chemicals and biological substances projected to manage pests, like as insects,
weeds, bacteria, and algae. Pesticides are greatly used at farmland, but in urban areas, the major
usage is on residential and commercial properties. When storms strike, the runoff from residential
and roadsides take pesticides into local streams, where they may damage aquatic life and enter in
drinking-water supply intakes. Results of National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA)
studies demonstrate that pesticides are extensive in streams and ground water sampled within
agricultural and urban areas of the nation. As probable, the mainly heavily used compounds are
found most often, occurring in geographic and seasonal patterns that mainly correspond to
distributions of land use and associated pesticide use. The frequency of pesticide pollution,
however, is greater than probable. Furthermore, individual pesticides rarely were found alone
approximately every water and fish sample from streams and about one-half of samples from wells
with a detected pesticide contained two or more pesticides. For individual pesticides in drinking
water, NAWQA results are generally good news relative to current water quality standards and
guidelines. Average amount in streams and wells hardly exceeded standards and guidelines
recognized to protect human health. For aquatic life and wildlife, though, NAWQA results show a
high possible for problems in a lot of streams, mainly in urban areas, where amount of more than
- 66 Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
one pesticide frequently exceeded recognized water-quality guidelines. In urban areas, the wise
practice of pesticides is the key to reducing pesticide problems that are more and more occurring in
our drinking water. Pesticides must only be applied when essential and as recommended by the
product labels. Persons applying pesticides should avoid scattering the product onto pavements,
gutters, curbs, and storm drains (Howard [13]). The pressure on water resources of the country is
from several sources. Speedy urbanization increased industrial movement and dependence of the
agricultural zone on chemicals and fertilizers have escort to water pollution (Qasim et al. [14]). A
further human action that causes water pollution and strengthens economic development is
agriculture. The core causes of water pollution from agriculture are pesticides, chemical
fertilizers, rigorous farming in certain areas, and livestock compost which goes into
underground water or extra into rivers or surface water. This problem is severe in both
developed and developing countries, principally in the countries where the population is
noticeably increasing. There is an inclination to use vast amounts of chemical fertilizers, in
order to make sufficient food for the population. These chemical fertilizers have chemical
substances which are injurious to human body if found in sources of drinking water. The
higher fertilizer use might raise the level of water pollution. Moreover, fertilizer plants are
traditional “dirty” sector industries. Furthermore, upper fertilizer consumption might raise
the agricultural output that can increase the level of economic growth (Rogers [15]).
Freshwater resources have a serious risk of Pollution and waste because of industrial
exploitation and overpopulation (Amany [16]).
Figure-3. Population Growth and Water Resources in Pakistan
Source: Stabilization, a Priority for Development, UNFPA/Ministry of Population Welfare
III.VII. Urbanization and Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is a major issue of environmental problems in many Urbanized and Industrialized
towns. Industrialization has known direct impact on natural ecosystem, the most harmful impact of
industrialization is on contents of air, water, soil and noise. The health hazards in humans due to
noise pollution are of varied types. The significance of this work is to provide an insight into
various facts of urbanization and important industrial pollution to estimate the level of the major
environmental factor like noise problem. The study has exposed the noise level in the residential
area, noise level generated by personal vehicles, community noise, the noise pressures caused by
much traffic density of these urbanized and industrialized cities. The noise level recorded from
different measures were found higher and far exceed noise the public stand the risk increase of
their health physically, psychologically and socially (Basavaraj et al. [17]).
- 67 Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Industrialization, urbanization and modern civilization are the major sources of noise pollution in
Pakistan. The most important source of noise pollution is the vehicular traffic, mainly in the big
cities. Motors, buses, cars, motorbikes, trucks and rickshaws with their exhaust and horns produce
high intensity noise in the society. Yet a silent sounding train produces 120db noise which is
unbearable as human ears are sensitive to sounds in surplus to 85db. This high level noise not only
troubles the people on the roads but also agitates the neighboring communities Noise pollution
causes a number of health hazards. Doctors have accomplished that noise pollution is the prime
cause of numerous diseases. This can damage individual’s ear drums leading to listening problems.
It causes hypertension, high blood pressure, pain and stress. Though government and citizens
jointly, must take plan to control this problem. Unneeded use of loud horns must be banned. An
effort should be made to increase up roadside plantation on instant basis as trees are very helpful in
dropping the pollution because they are good quality absorber of noise. Therefore in such
conditions we need to take steps on individual basis and try to reduce it from our society.
III.VIII. Urbanization and Climate Change
In Pakistan, demographic changes demonstrate that the country’s population has been fast
urbanizing, with an average annual rate of urbanization increasing 4 % since 1951. It is expected
that by the year 2030, Pakistan will be largely urban with 45.6 per cent of its population living in
urban areas and about 12 cities housing more than one million peoples. The urban population
recorded in the 1998 Census was reached nearly 43 million and is currently year 2010 recorded at
63.1 million. The urban population is expected to exceed 121 million by the year 2030. The level
of urbanization of 45.6 percent would then be the highest among South East Asian countries.
Urban development challenges in Pakistan are difficult and the way development is going on is
more in the nature of mal-adaptation rather than meeting the requirements of variation if
significance is drawn to the climate change situation. In this observe it is a matter of some alarm
that in efforts to tackle the climate change challenge (Farhan [18]).
Figure-4. Green House Gases Emissions of Pakistan
Source: National Economic and Environmental Development Study, 2011
III.IX. Urbanization and Deforestation
The forest and agricultural lands are a very important resource of Pakistan, which is being ruined
with time. The loss of a forest cover from a sharp slope frequently leads to accelerated surface
erosion, and severely increases the chances of landslides as well as surface runoff. The
consequences of deforestation comprise raised riverbeds owed to increased channel siltation,
which finally leads to more flooding in low-lying areas; damage of aquatic habitat and decline the
quality of water. Increase in population leads to urbanization and change of agricultural land into
developed land, as well as forest land into agricultural/developed land, etc. Complete information
on the spatial and of time sharing of land use/land cover is necessary for planning, use and better
management of land resources, particularly for developing countries. Monitoring of land use/land
- 68 Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
cover is valuable to plan development activities, such as major schemes for community
requirements and sustainable watershed management (IUCN, [19]).
III.X. Urbanization and Land Pollution
Urbanization can raise the susceptibility of soils to different types of contamination. Increased
contamination of urban soils by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) could relate to enlarged
number of petrol pump stations and mechanical workshops phenomenon that needs to be
continually monitored. Pakistan is not a wealthy country and it doesn’t have sufficient money to
expend on waste disposal systems. Therefore most of the home waste and other kinds of wastage is
frequently thrown away on empty plots next to the houses and is then burned which may be
damaging to the people living in the area. Only less than 5% of the waste is recycled and the
majority of it is disposed directly on the ground. There are only a few trash cans along the roads so
people living far away have to dispose off their waste somewhere else. This attracts flies which
then spread diseases. Apart from this, the rubbish thrown would disintegrate in a 1000 years from
now. Therefore an increase in land pollution may in turn slowly destroy our natural environment
which is already at risk (Mahmood [20]). Solid waste removal cause a greater difficulty because it
leads to ground pollution if openly dumped, water pollution if deserted in low lands and air
pollution if burnt. Urban areas are facing serious environmental poverty and public health threat
due to uncollected removal of waste on streets and other public areas, stopped up drainage system
by haphazardly dumped wastes and by contamination of water property near uncontrolled
discarding sites. Solid waste in Pakistan ranges among 0.283 to 0.612 kg/capita/day and the waste
growth rate is 2.4% per year. Solid household waste is normally dumped on low false land. This
ground could be used for more creative purposes and potentially important recyclable materials are
lost (Environment Protection Department [21]).
Figure-5. Land Covers Classification of Pakistan
Source: Land Cover Assessment: 1992-93
IV. Concluding Remarks
Our health is greatly affected by the environment in which we live. Our lives are at a great risk by
the number of factor like poor quality air that many people breathe at household, workplace,
outdoor and transportation environments Apart from Air, the hazards related to unsafe water, poor
sanitation and hygiene. It is concluded that the challenge of environment problem due to
urbanization is common and given the nature and scale of the challenges it posses, no region,
nation or tribe can insulate itself from these challenges. Hence, tackling the global challenge of
Environment problem which is majorly caused by the emissions as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide,
- 69 Citation: Qasim, M., Anees, M.M, Ghani, M.U, Malik, J., Khalid, M and Bashir A, (2014).
Environment Degradation Cause By Urbanization in Pakistan (A review Paper). Bulletin of
Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
Qasim et al. / Bulletin of Energy Economics, 2(3), 62-71.
methane, halocarbons etc requires worldwide outlines that assurance international collaboration
with utmost promise.
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