Download Mr. Carpenter`s Biology Biochemistry Name Pd ____

Mr. Carpenter’s Biology
Biochemistry
Name ________________
Pd ____
Chapter 2 Vocabulary
Atom
Element
Compound
Molecule
Ion
Cohesion
Adhesion
Solution
Acid
Base
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Lipid
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
ATP
Energy
Activation energy
Enzyme
Substrate
Active site
Chapter 2 Section 1 Notes
•
What is an atom?_________________________________________________
o An atom is very ____________________ !
Consists of:
• ____________________ – center of the atom
• Protons (p+): subatomic particles with a
____________________ (+) charge.
• Neutrons (no): subatomic particles with
____________________ charge –
____________________.
• Both have about the same ____________________ = 1
atomic mass unit (1 amu)
____________________ ____________________ – outside the
nucleus.
• Electrons (e-): subatomic particles with a
____________________ (-) charge.
• Electrons move in pathways called
____________________ or ____________________.
• Mass of an electron is ____________________.
Key difference between atoms of different elements is the number
of ____________________ and ____________________ they
contain.
Atoms have ____________________ numbers of protons and
electrons, so atoms are electrically ____________________.
o Opposites Attract
The (+) charge of the ____________________ attracts and holds
the negatively charged ____________________ in their orbitals.
•
What is an element?
o A chemical ____________________ is a substance that cannot be broken
down into any other substance.
o The ____________________ unit of a chemical element is a particle
called the ____________________.
____________________ naturally occurring elements.
20 elements have been ____________________ produced in labs.
____________________ elements total to date
The ____________________ of most elements link up with each other in
different arrangements and combinations – these links are called
____________________ bonds.
When chemicals bond they form substances called chemical
____________________.
Atoms form bonds in an attempt to become more ____________________ which
means they seek to have a ____________________ out shell.
•
•
•
•
Ionic Bonds
o One must remember that with ____________________ bonds that
elements are constantly trying to make their outer shells
____________________!!!
Atoms on the left side of the periodic table tend to
____________________ or ____________________ electrons.
Atoms on the right side of the periodic table tend to
____________________ or ____________________ electrons
o When an atom gains or loses an electron, the result is an
____________________.
A ____________________ ion has gained 1 or more electrons.
A ____________________ ion has lost 1 or more electrons.
o The strong attraction between ____________________
____________________ ions is called an ionic bond.
•
Covalent Bonds
o When electrons are ____________________ between atoms a
____________________ bond is formed.
o The ____________________ electrons in the covalent bond, the more
strongly the 2 atoms are joined.
Types:
• Single bond – share ____________________ electrons
• Double bond – share ____________________ electrons
• Triple bond – share ____________________ electrons
Not easy to ____________________.
A group of atoms united by covalent bonds typically acts as a
single unit called a ____________________.
A ____________________ can contain from 2 to millions of
atoms!
Chemical formula
Shorthand ____________________ to describe a chemical compound.
Indicates the ____________________ that form the compound and the
____________________ in which they combine.
•
•
•
Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules
• Although cells are ______________________ water, the rest consists mostly of
______________________ -based compounds.
• Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form _______________,
___________________, and diverse molecules.
• ______________________, ______________________,
______________________, ______________________, and other molecules that
distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds.
• __________________ compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones.
o Most organic compounds contain ______________________ atoms in
addition to ______________________ atoms
• Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to _________ other atoms.
o Electron ______________________ is the key to an atom’s
characteristics.
o Electron configuration determines the kinds and number of
______________________ an atom will form with other atoms.
• The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
o With four ______________________ electrons, carbon can form four
______________________ bonds with a variety of atoms.
o This _____________________ makes large, complex molecules possible.
o In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other
atoms has a ______________________ shape.
o However, when two carbon atoms are joined by a
______________________ bond, the molecule has a
______________________ shape.
o The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with
many different ______________________.
o The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners
(_____________________, ______________________, and
______________________) are the “building code” that governs the
architecture of living molecules
• Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation
o Carbon chains form the __________________ of most organic molecules.
o Carbon chains vary in ___________________ and __________________.
o Carbon atoms can partner with atoms other than hydrogen; for example:
Carbon dioxide: ______________________
Urea: ______________________
• Hydrocarbons
o Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only
______________________ and ______________________.
Many organic molecules, such as ______________________, have
hydrocarbon components.
Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of
______________________.
• Functional groups are the parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions.
o Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend not only on the
____________ skeleton but also on the ______________________
components attached to it.
o Certain groups of ______________________ are often attached to
skeletons of organic molecules.
______________ groups are the components of organic molecules
that are most commonly involved in chemical ________________.
The ______________________ and ______________________ of
functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
The four functional groups that are most important in the chemistry
of life:
• Hydroxyl group - _______________________________
• Carbonyl group - _______________________________
• Amino group - _________________________________
• Phosphate group - _______________________________
Glucose
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carbonyl
ATP
ATP
Amino
Chapter 2 Section 2: Water
•
A water molecule (_____________), is made up of three atoms --- one
_________________ and two _________________.
Draw water molecule:
•
Water is Polar
o In each water molecule, the _________________ atom attracts more than
its "fair share" of _________________.
The oxygen end “acts” _________________
The hydrogen end “acts” _________________
• Causes the water to be _________________
Hydrogen Bonds Exist Between Water Molecules
o Formed between a highly _________________________ oxygen atom of
a polar molecule and a _________________________ hydrogen atom.
o One hydrogen bond is _________________, but many hydrogen bonds are
_________________.
What are the Properties of Water?
o ____________________________________________________________
o ____________________________________________________________
o ____________________________________________________________
o ____________________________________________________________
o ____________________________________________________________
•
•
o Cohesion
_________________between particles of the ______________
substance ( why water is attracted to itself)
Results in _________________ _________________ (a measure
of the strength of water’s surface)
Produces a surface __________________ on water that allows
insects to walk on the surface of water
o Adhesion
Attraction between two _________________substances.
Water will make _________________bonds with other surfaces
such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton.
__________________________________-water molecules will
“_________” each other along when in a thin glass tube.
Example: transpiration process which _________________and
trees remove water from the soil, and paper towels ____________
up water.
o High Specific Heat
At sea level, pure water boils at ________ °C and freezes at
______ °C.
The _________________ temperature of water
_________________at higher elevations (lower atmospheric
pressure).
For this reason, an egg will take _________________ to boil at
higher altitudes
Water _________________temperature change, both for heating
and cooling.
• To determine ____________________________, it is the
amount of heat needed to raise or lower ___ g of a
substance ____° C.
• Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat energy
with _________________ change in actual temperature.
o High Heat of Vaporization
Heat of vaporization is determined by the amount of
_________________ to convert 1g or a substance from a liquid to
a gas.
In order for water to evaporate, hydrogen bonds must be _______
Water's heat of vaporization is _________________ cal/g.
In order for water to evaporate, each gram must
_________________ 540 calories (temperature doesn’t change --100oC).
As water evaporates, it removes a lot of _________________ with
it (cooling effect).
Water vapor forms a kind of global ‘‘___________________”
which helps to keep the Earth _________________.
Heat _________________ from the sun warmed surface of the
earth is absorbed and held by the _________________.
o Water Density
Ice is less dense as a _________________ than as a liquid
(_________________ _________________ )
Liquid water has hydrogen bonds that are constantly being
_________________ and _________________ .
Frozen water forms a crystal-like lattice whereby molecules are set
at _________________ distances.
o Homeostasis
Ability to maintain a _________________ state despite changing
_________________ conditions
Water is important to this process because:
• Makes a good _________________
• _________________ temperature change
• Universal _________________
• _________________
•
Ice protects against temperature _________________
(insulates frozen lakes)
o Solutions & Suspensions
Water is usually part of a _________________ .
There are two types of mixtures:
• _________________
• _________________
o Solution - _________________ compounds
disperse as _________________ in water
Evenly _________________
_________________ - Substance that is
being dissolved
_________________ - Substance into which
the solute dissolves
o _________________ - Substances that
_________________ dissolve but separate into tiny
pieces.
Water keeps the pieces _________________
so they don’t settle out.
o Acids, Bases and pH
One water molecule in 550 million naturally dissociates into a
Hydrogen Ion (___ ) and a Hydroxide Ion (___ )
Water Equation:
The pH Scale - Indicates the _________________ of ______ ions
• Ranges from _________________
• pH of 7 is _________________
• pH 0 up to 7 is _________________ … increased _____
• pH above 7 – 14 is _________________… increased ____
• Each pH unit represents a factor of _____ change in
concentration
• For Example: pH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (__________) stronger
than a pH of 6
• Acids
o Strong Acids have a pH of __________
o Produce lots of _______________
• Bases
o Strong Bases have a pH of _______________
o Contain lots of OH-ions and fewer ______________
• Buffers
o Weak _______________or _______________ that
react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp,
sudden changes in pH (______________________).
o Produced naturally by the body to maintain
__________________________________
Chapter 2.3: The Compounds of Life
Macromolecules
Monomers, meaning ___________________ units, are ___________________
molecules.
Polymers, meaning ___________________ units, are assembled by combining
monomers to form ___________________ molecules.
Macromolecules, meaning ___________________ molecules, are
___________________ polymers.
Carbohydrates
Include ___________________ and ___________________
Composed of C, H, and O.
Generally contain ___________________ atoms for every O atom.
___________________ term storage of ___________________ and structural
components of some cells.
Monosaccharides –simple sugars (one unit).
___________________ - found in milk.
___________________ – found in fruit.
___________________ – found in the cells of every organism.
They are ___________________ - All have the ___________________
formula C6H12O6, but each has a slightly different
___________________ of its atoms.
Disaccharides – _____ simple sugars bonded together.
___________________ – table sugar
___________________ – milk sugar
___________________ – malt sugar
The above are isomers of each other.
___________________
Polysaccharides - many ___________________ bonded together.
___________________ – storage form of energy for plants.
___________________ – storage form of energy for animals.
___________________ – structural component of plant cells.
___________________ – structural component of exoskeletons and
fungi.
Lipids
Made from C, O and H.
_____________, _____________ or ____________ compounds.
Long-term ___________________ of energy.
Oils and fats:
Composed of fatty acid chains and a glycerol backbone.
Act as ___________________ and ___________________.
Waxes:
Different backbone than oils and fats.
Act as ___________________ materials for plants and animals.
Phospholipids
Composed of fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone and a phosphate
group.
Forms the structural basis of ______________________________.
Sterols
Series of carbon rings.
Important role in building ___________________ and carrying
___________________ in the body.
___________________ and steroid hormones.
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids (________ common amino acids).
Amino acids are composed of:
Central carbon atom
Hydrogen atom
Amino group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
An R group
The R group is what makes each amino acid ___________________.
Amino acids join between the amino and carboxyl groups to form a
___________________.
Chain of amino acids = ___________________.
Principal components of ___________________, skin and
___________________.
Help chemical reactions to proceed (___________________).
Pump small molecules _______________________of cells.
Nucleic Acids
___________________ carrying molecules.
___________________ and ___________________
Assembled from ___________________.
Nucleotides consist of:
___________________ group
___________________ base
5-C sugar either ___________________ (DNA) or
___________________ (RNA).
_____ different nucleotides in both DNA and RNA.
___________________ of the nucleotides determines the
___________________ that the nucleic acid contains.
ATP
___________________ energy storage in cells
Composed of ___________________
Chapter 2 Section 4: Energy and Enzymes
Energy for Life Processes
•
•
•
____________________ is the ability to move or change matter.
Energy exists in many forms – including ___________, __________,
_________________ energy, ___________________ energy, and
_________________ energy – and it can be converted from one form to
another.
Energy can be _________________ or _________________ by chemical
reactions.
Energy in Chemical Reactions
• In chemical reactions, energy is absorbed or released when
_________________ _________________ are broken and new ones are
formed.
• _________________ is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions
that occur within an organism.
Activation Energy
•
•
•
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called
___________________________.
Activation energy is simply a _______________ “____________” that starts a
chemical reaction.
Even in a chemical reaction that _____________ energy, activation energy
must be supplied before the reaction can _______________.
Enzymes
•
•
•
•
__________________ are substances that ________________ the
___________ of chemical reactions
Most enzymes are ________________.
Enzymes are ______________, which are substances that __________ the
activation energy of a chemical reaction.
An _____________ increases the speed of a chemical reaction by reducing the
_____________________ of the reaction.
Enzyme Specificity
•
•
A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction is called
_______________.
Enzymes act only on ______________ substrates.
•
•
An enzyme’s __________________ determines its activity. Typically an
enzyme is a large ____________ with one or more deep _________ on its
surface. These folds form pockets called _______________ ___________.
An enzyme acts only on a specific substrate because:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Factors in Enzyme Activity
•
•
•
Any factor that changes the __________ of an enzyme can affect the
enzyme’s _________________.
_________________ and __________________ can alter an enzyme’s
effectiveness.
The ______________ that are active at any one time in a cell determine what
happens in that cell.
Chapter 1 Section 1
1. What are the three parts of the atom? What is the charge of each part?
a. Part:
Charge:
b. Part:
Charge:
c. Part:
Charge:
2. How are elements represented?
3. If the element carbon (C) has 6 protons, how many electrons does it have? ______
4. Carbon 14 is an isotope. What does it mean to be an isotope?
5. What holds atoms together in compounds?
6. What are chemical formulas used for?
7. What is a covalent bond?
8. Circle true or false. The closer the electrons are to the nucleus the more energy
they contain.
9. When does an atom become stable?
10. What happens to an atom that does not have a full outer electron shell?
11. What are poles?
12. What are polar molecules?
13. What type of bond holds water molecules together? ________________________
14. Why do ions have an electrical charge?
15. How does an ion become negatively charged?
16. How does an ion become positively charged?
Chapter 2 Section 2
1. What percentage of the human body is water? __________
2. Identify how each of the following properties of water are important to organisms:
a. Storage of energy:
b. Cohesion:
c. Adhesion:
3. Why is it important for substances within the body to dissolve in water?
4. What enables substances to dissolve in water?
Chapter 2 Section 3
1. What are organic compounds?
2. What is the function of carbohydrates?
3. Where are carbohydrates found in food?
4. Explain the structure of each of the following carbohydrates and an example of
each:
a. Monosaccharide:
b. Disaccharide:
c. Polysaccharide:
5. What are the functions of each of the following four types of lipids?
a. Fats
b. Phosopholipids
c. Steroids
6. What are the seven different sources of proteins in the body?
a. .
b. .
c. .
d. .
e. .
f. .
7. .How many different amino acids exist?
8. What are the building blocks of proteins?
9. What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
10. What are the two types of nucleic acids?
a. .
b. .
11. What is ATP used for?
Chapter 2 Section 4
1. What are 5 different forms of energy?
a. .
b. .
c. .
d. .
e. .
2. What happens when bonds are broken or formed?
3. Does cold water take or give energy?
4. What are catalysts?
5. What is the function of enzymes?
6. What 2 factors affect enzyme activity?
a. .
b. .