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Roman
Civilization
Chapter 9 Objectives
 Be
able to discuss the cultural achievements
of the Romans and describe the daily lives of
people in Rome.
 Explain why
the Roman Empire fell and
summarize its legacy in law, government,
language, and the arts.
 Describe the
rise and cultural
accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire.
Test Preview - Vocabulary
anatomy
Inflation
Hagia Sophia
Justinian Code
Western
Germanic
Roman Empire
Vault
Visigoths
tribes
Pantheon
Eastern Roman
Empire
Test Preview – Things to know
 What
type of satires did the poet Horace
write?
 What
did the scientist Ptolemy do?
 How
did Romans honor their gods and
goddesses?
 What
happened when the last Severan
emperor died?
 What
did Diocletian do when he took power?
Test Preview – Things to know
When
did Rome fall?
What
happened to the Byzantine Empire
as time went on?
What
did Justinian want to do?
What
happened to the Byzantine Empire
from A.D. 500 to A.D. 1100?
What
did Byzantine writers do?
Test Preview – Essays
Whom did
the Romans force
into slavery? How were the
slaves treated?
Why
did Rome’s power decline?
Section 1 – Life in Ancient
Rome
The Romans learned from the
Greeks but changed what they
borrowed to suit their own
needs. The lives of rich and
poor Romans were very
different.
Life in Ancient Rome
 Romans
admired and studied Greek statues,
buildings, and ideas. They copied the Greeks
but changed things to meet their own needs.
 The
Romans copied the Greek-style statues for
their homes. But where the Greek artists made
the humans in their statues look perfect, the
Roman statues were more realistic and showed
less attractive features.
 The
also used Greek ideas in their buildings but
added features such as arches and domes.
Romans came up with the idea of using a row of
arches to create a vault.
Life in Ancient Rome
 Romans
were the first people to invent and use
concrete, a mixture of volcanic ash, lime, and water.
 Romans
buildings made with concrete still stand
today. They include the Colosseum and the
Pantheon, a temple built to honor Rome’s gods. The
Pantheon’s domed roof was the largest of its time.
 Roman
authors based much of their writing on Greek
works. For example, Virgil drew some of his ideas
from Homer’s Odyssey.
 One
of Romans poets, Horace wrote satires. What is a
satire?
Works that poke fun at human weaknesses.
Life in Ancient Rome
 Rome’s
historians recorded events of their
civilization. The most famous was Livy who wrote
his History of Rome about 10 B.C.
 Like
the Greeks, the Romans enjoyed plays. Roman
plays were often based on Greek tragedies and
comedies.
 The
Roman language, Latin, had a big impact on
future generations. Latin became Europe’s language
for government, trade, and learning until about A.D.
1500. Latin became the basis of many modern
European languages, such as Italian, French, and
Spanish. Many of the English words that we use
today come from Latin as well.
Life in Ancient Rome

The Greek doctor named Galen brought many medical
ideas to Rome. For instance he emphasized the
importance of anatomy. What is anatomy?
The study of body structure.

To learn about inner organs, Galen cut open dead animals
and recorded his findings.

Another important scientist was Ptolemy. He studied the
sky and carefully mapped over 1,000 different stars. He
also studied the motion of plants. However, he did
incorrectly place the Earth at the center of the universe.

Roman engineers built an elaborate system of roads and
bridges. They also used advanced engineering to supply
their cities with water through the use of aqueducts.
Life in Ancient Rome

Rome had become one of the largest cities in the ancient
world with a population of over a million people. Rome
had been carefully planned out as a square with the main
roads crossing at right angles. At its center was the
Forum. This was an open space that served as a
marketplace and public square.

Wealthy Romans lived in large, comfortable houses with a
central courtyard called a atrium.

The city of Rome was crowded, noisy, and dirty. People
tossed garbage into the streets from their apartments.
Most people in the city were poor. They lived in
apartment buildings made of stone and wood. Many
families had only one room.

Apartment buildings often collapsed because of poor
construction. Fire was a danger because people used
torches and lamps for lighting and cooked with oil.
Life in Ancient Rome

To keep the people from rioting, the Roman government
provided “bread and circus”. Romans of all classes
flocked to chariot races or gladiator contests.

Family life was important to the Romans. Their families
were often large and included parents, young children,
married children and their families, other relatives, and
enslaved servants.

The father, called the paterfamilias, was the head of the
household. He had complete control over family
members. He could chose who they would marry.

Some paterfamilias made sure that his children were
educated. Poor Romans could not afford to send their
children to school. Wealthy Romans hired tutors to teach
their young children at home. Older boys went to
schools while older girls studied reading and writing at
home.
Life in Ancient Rome
 Between
the ages of 14 and 16, a Roman boy
celebrated becoming a man. He would burn is toys
as an offering to the household gods. Then he would
start wearing a toga. He might also join his families
business, become a soldier, or begin a career in
government.
 Roman
women did not become adults until they
married. A woman usually wear a long flowing robe
with a cloak called a palla.
 Women
had some rights but were not full citizens.
Women did have some voice in their families.
Wealthy women could own land, run business, and
sell property. They could attend the theater but had
to sit in a separate area from the men.
Life in Ancient Rome
 Slavery
was a part of Roman life from early times.
The use of slave labor grew as the Romans took over
more and more territory. Enslaved people had many
different jobs.
 Many
enslaved Greeks were well educated. They
served as teachers, doctors, and artisans.
 For
most enslaved people, life was miserable. To
escaped their hardships, enslaved people often
rebelled.
 In 73
B.C. as slave revolt broke out in Italy. It was led
by a gladiator named Spartacus. Under Spartacus, a
force of 70,000 enslaved people defeated several
Roman armies. The revolt was finally crushed two
years later. Spartacus and 6,000 of his followers were
crucified.
Life in Ancient Rome
 The
ancient Romans worshiped many gods and
goddesses. They also believed that spirits lived in
natural things like trees and rivers.
 Romans
gave many Greek gods and goddesses new
names. For example, Zeus became Jupiter, and
Aphrodite became Venus.
 Romans
honored their gods and goddesses by
praying and offering food. Every house had an alter
for this purpose.
 As
the empire grew, Romans came into contact with
other religions. These other religions were allowed
as long as they did not threaten the government.
Life in Ancient Rome
Greek and Roman Gods
Greek God
Roman God
Role
Ares
Mars
God of war
Zeus
Jupiter
Chief god
Hera
Juno
Wife of chief god
Aphrodite
Venus
Goddess of love
Artemis
Diana
Goddess of the hunt
Athena
Minerva
Goddess of wisdom
Hermes
Mercury
Messenger god
Hades
Pluto
God of the underworld
Poseidon
Neptune
God of the sea
Hephaestus
Vulcan
God of fire
Section 2 – the Fall of Rome
Rome finally fell when Germanic
invaders swept through the
empire in the A.D. 400’s. Roman
achievements in government,
law, language, and the arts are
still important today.
the Fall of Rome

In A.D. 180 Marcus Aurelius died. His son Commodus
became emperor. Commodus was cruel and wasted
money. In A.D. 192 the emperor’s bodyguard killed him.

After Commodus was killed, a series of emperors called
the Severans ruled Rome. They spent most of their time
putting down revolts and attacks on Rome’s borders.

When the last Severan ruler died in A.D. 235, Rome’s
government became very weak. For the next 50 years the
armies fought each other for control. Rome had 22
different emperors during this time.

Poor leadership was coupled with growing problems of
dishonest government officials and civil unrest.
the Fall of Rome

During the A.D. 200’s, Rome’s economy began to fail. As the
government became weaker, law and order broke down. A
plaque also spread that killed one out of every 10 people in
the empire.

Rome also suffered through a period of inflation when
prices for food and other goods increase rapidly. The
money people had used became useless and people began to
barter instead. Barter is the exchange of goods without
using money.

Meanwhile invaders swept into the empire. In the west,
Germanic tribes invaded Roman farms and towns. In the
east, armies from Persia pushed into Rome’s territory.
the Fall of Rome

In A.D. 284 a general named Diocletian became emperor. He
introduced reforms. Diocletian divided the empire into four
parts and named officials to rule over those areas. He tried other
reforms to help the economy. Diocletian’s reforms failed.

When Diocletian retired in A.D. 305, another general named
Constantine took over. He also introduced several reforms to
help the economy. However, the empire continued to decline in
the west. He decided to build a new capital in the east and built
the city of Constantinople. Today Constantinople is called
Istanbul. It is in Turkey between the Mediterranean and Black
Seas.

When Constantine died in A.D. 337 fighting broke out again until
a new emperor called Theodosius finally gained control.
the Fall of Rome

After the death of Theodosius, the empire was divided into two
separate empires. One was the Western Roman Empire, with its
capital in Rome. The other was the Eastern Roman Empire, with
its capital in Constantinople.

As Rome declined, it was no longer able to hold back the
Germanic tribes on its borders. Many different Germanic groups
existed – Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandels, Angles, and
Saxons. They came from the forests and mashes of northern
Europe.

Most of the tribes were in search of better places to raise their
cattle and farm. Some were fleeing from the Huns, fierce
warriors from Mongolia in Asia.

In the late A.D. 300’s the Huns entered Eastern Europe and
defeated the Ostrogoths. The Visigoths feared they would be
next.
the Fall of Rome

The Visigoths asked to be allowed to settle just inside the borders
of the Eastern Roman Empire. The Romans treated the Visigoths
badly and in A.D. 378 they rebelled against the Romans.

They defeated the Romans in the Battle of Adrianople and forced
Rome to surrender land to the Visigoths. Now the Germanic
tribes knew Rome was weak and they invaded. In A.D. 410 the
Visigoth leader Alaric and his soldiers captured and burned
Rome.

Another group, the Vandals invaded Spain and northern Africa.
Later the too captured Rome and spent 12 days stripping
buildings of everything valuable and burning them. From these
attacks came the English word vandalism, which means “the
willful destruction of property.”
the Fall of Rome

In A.D. 476 a Germanic general named Odoacer took control and
overthrew the last Roman emperor named Romulus Augustulus.
This marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.

By A.D. 550, the Western Roman Empire had faded away. Some
Roman beliefs and practices remained. Europe’s new Germanic
rulers adopted the Latin language, Roman laws, and Christianity.

Although the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist, the Eastern
Roman Empire prospered and became known as the Byzantine
Empire.

Our world would be much different today if the Roman Empire
had never existed. Many words in the English language and
many of our ideas about government come from the Romans.
the Fall of Rome

Roman ideas about law, as first written in the Twelve Tables,
are with us today. We believe that all people are equal
under the law and we consider a person innocent until
proven guilty.

Roman ideas about government and citizenship are also
important today. We believe that a republic is made up of
equal citizens is the best form of government.

Roman influence on our culture is also still felt. Our
alphabet is direct descendant of Latin. Scientists, doctors,
and lawyers still use many Latin phrases. Christianity
became one of the major religions in the world.

Many of our modern buildings reflect Roman style
architecture and use a modern day version of concrete.
Section 3 – the Byzantine Empire
As the Western Roman Empire fell,
the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine,
Empire grew rich and powerful.
The Byzantines developed a
culture based on Roman, Greek,
and Christian ideas.
the Byzantine Empire
 The
Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire reached a
high point in the A.D. 500’s.
 The
Roman Emperor Constantine had moved the
capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to a new
city called Constantinople. This city became the
capital of the Byzantine Empire.
 Constantinople
became one of the world’s richest
cities. This as due in large part to its location. It lay
on the waterways between the Black Sea and the
Aegean Sea.
 Constantinople
also sat at the crossroads of trade
routes between Europe and Asia. The trade that
passed through made the city extremely wealthy.
the Byzantine Empire
 The
Byzantines at first followed Roman ways. Much
of their social and political life was based on Roman
ideas and laws.
 As
time passed, the Byzantine Empire became less
Roman and more Greek. Most Byzantines spoke
Greek and honored their Greek past.
 The
ideas of non-Greek people, like the Egyptians
and the Slavs, also shaped Byzantine live and culture.
 All
of these cultures blended together to form the
Byzantine civilization. Between A.D. 500 and A.D.
1200, they had one of the world’s richest and mostadvanced empires.
the Byzantine Empire
 The
Emperor Justinian ruled the Byzantine Empire
from A.D. 527 until A.D. 565. He was a strong leader.
 Justinian’s
wife, the empress Theodora helped him
run the empire. She was intelligent and strongwilled, and she helped him choose government
officials.
 Justinian
wanted to reunite the Roman Empire and
restore it back to its former glory. During his reign,
the Byzantine military conquered most of Italy and
northern Africa and defeated the Persians in the east.
 However,
Justinian conquered too much too quickly.
After he died, the empire did not have enough
money to maintain an army large enough to hold the
territory in the west.
the Byzantine Empire

Under Justinian’s rule the empire’s laws were reformed
by a group of legal scholars headed by a man named
Tribonian.

The new set of simplified laws became known as the
Justinian Code. Over the years, the Justinian Code has
had a great influence on the laws of almost every country
in Europe.

The Byzantine Empire lasted approximately 1,000 years.
The Byzantines were highly educated and creative. They
preserved and passed on Greek culture and Roman laws
to other people.

They gave the world new methods in the arts. They also
spread Christianity to the people in Eastern Europe.
the Byzantine Empire
 Because Constantinople
was at the center of so many
trade routes, it became very rich. They people of
Constantinople were exposed to many different
cultures. It also became the center of silk production
in the ancient world.
 Byzantine leaders
supported artists and architects.
Constantinople was known for its hundreds of
churches and palaces. One of Justinian’s greatest
achievements was building the huge church called
Hagia Sophia or “Holy Wisdom”.
 Inside Hagia
Sophia, worshipers could see walls of
beautiful marble and mosaics. Mosaics are pictures
made from many bits of colored glass or stone.
the Byzantine Empire
the Byzantine Empire
the Byzantine Empire
the Byzantine Empire
 The
family was the center of social life for most
Byzantines. Religion and the government
stressed the importance of marriage and family
life.
 Byzantine
women were not encouraged to lead
independent lives. However, women did have
some important rights, thanks toe Empress
Theodora.
 Some
women, who were interested in
government and politics served as regents. A
regent is a person who stands in for a ruler who
is too young or too ill to govern.
the Byzantine Empire
 Learning
was highly respected in Byzantine
culture. The government supported higher
education.
 In
Byzantine schools, boys studied religion,
medicine, law, arithmetic, grammar, and other
subjects. Girls did not usually attend school and
were taught at home.
 Most
Byzantine authors wrote about religion.
They stressed the need to obey God and save
one’s soul. Byzantine authors copied and
passed on the writings of the ancient Greeks
and Romans.
The Rise of Rome
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