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Microorganisms
Name: _______________________
Microorganisms
A Riddle:

As each clue is given, write down your guess for the answer.

Answers will vary
Clue #1: _____________________________________________________

Clue #2: _____________________________________________________

Clue #3: _____________________________________________________

Clue #4: _____________________________________________________

Getting sick
Answer: _____________________________________________________
A Definition:

microorganism
living
A _______________
is a _______________
thing that can only be
_______________
with the aid of _______________,
specifically a
seen
magnification
microscope
_______________.

living
organisms
All microorganisms are _______________
things or _______________.

unicellular
Some microorganisms are _______________,
or single-celled. These are the
smallest
life
_______________
unit of _______________.

multi-cellular
Other microorganisms are ___________________________,
or many-celled.
Their Needs:

What do you require to live?
Answers will vary
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Microorganisms have requirements to live too:
food
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
air
water
3. _________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________
Ways to dispose waste
An environment in which they can live
5. _________________________________________________________

Some
microorganisms
are
producers
_______________.
This
means
they
can
make
food
_______________
their own _______________
from simple substances
sunlight
photosynthesis
usually using _______________
like plants do (_______________________.)

Some
microorganisms
are
consumers
_______________.
This
means
they
eat
organisms
food
_______________
other _______________
to get their _______________.
Where They Live:

all
around
Microorganisms live _______________
_______________
us. They are in
air
the _______________
we breathe.
water
They live in _______________,
in
springs
ice
soil
hot
_______________,
in _________
_______________,
in _______________,
ocean
atmosphere
deep on the _______________
floor, and high in the _______________.
They
are
on
everything
we
_______________.
touch
skin
clothes
_______________
and _______________.
They
are
on
our
inside
Many live _______________
everywhere
our _______________.
They are _______________!
body

While
microorganisms
can
grow
and
live
_______________,
everywhere
they
prefer
warm
dark
_______________
to grow in a _______________,
_______________,
_______________
place.
moist
What They Do:

helpful
harmful
Microorganisms can be both _______________
and _______________.

Some
microorganisms
are
harmful
_______________.
They
can
cause
disease
sick
_______________
and make us _______________,
but most do not.

benefit
Many microorganisms are _______________,
and we _______________
from
helpful
them every day.
foods
They are in the _______________
we eat, are in the
products
digest
_______________
we use, help us _______________
our food, and
decompose
_______________
waste on Earth.
Groups of Microorganisms:

kinds
There are many different _______________
of microorganisms. Scientists
classify
observe
_______________
and _______________
microorganisms just as they do
plants and animals. These classifications are determined by:
Shape and structure
1. _________________________________________________________
How they get food
2. _________________________________________________________
Where they live
3. _________________________________________________________
How they move
4. _________________________________________________________

The four groups of microorganisms we will be studying in this unit are:
bacteria
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
protists
fungi
3. _________________________________________________________
viruses
4. _________________________________________________________
Egg Lab
An Egg:
shell
yolk
albumen
membrane
A Cell:
cell wall
organelles
nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
Bread Experiment
Which part of our classroom is the dirtiest?
Question:______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Procedure:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
Variable 4: _________________________________________________
Hypothesis:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Data and Observations:
1.
Date: ___________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
Variable 4: _________________________________________________
2. Date: ___________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
Variable 4: _________________________________________________
3. Date: ___________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
Variable 4: _________________________________________________
4. Date: ___________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
Variable 4: _________________________________________________
Conclusion: _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What I Learned:_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Ideas for Future Research:
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
Potato Experiment
Question:______________________________________________________
What will make your hands the cleanest?
______________________________________________________________
Procedure:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
Hypothesis:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Data and Observations:
5.
Date: ___________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
6. Date: ___________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
7. Date: ___________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
8. Date: ___________________
Control: ___________________________________________________
Variable 1: _________________________________________________
Variable 2: _________________________________________________
Variable 3: _________________________________________________
Conclusion: _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What I Learned:_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Ideas for Future Research:
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
Bacteria
Bacteria:

microscopic
single
celled
Bacteria are _______________,
____________
______________
organisms
around
inside
that exist all _______________
you and _______________
you.

Unlike
_______________
other single celled organisms, bacteria do not have a
nucleus
organelles
_______________
or _______________.
Hereditary Material
Cytoplasm

Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
If a bacterium does not have a nucleus or organelles, is it larger or smaller than
smaller
other single-celled organisms? ______________________________
Bacterial Shapes:

Bacteria have three basic shapes:
Spirilla (spiral)
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
Bacillus (rod shaped)
Coccus (round)
3. _________________________________________________________

Bacteria
can
occur
alone
_______________,
in
pairs
_______________,
in
clumps
_______________,
or in _______________.
chains

Let’s look more closely at these basic shapes and use them to classify a set of
bacteria.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Use the guide on the next page to classify each bacterium.
Classify the Bacterium


Follow the instructions to classify each bacterium.
Write the number of the bacterium on the correct blank.
Start Here
If each cell is round, go to Section 1.
If each cell is rod-shaped, go to Section 2.
If each cell is spiral, go to Section 3.
Section 1
If the cells are in pairs, go to A.
If the cells are in chains, go to B.
If the cells are in clumps, go to C.
A. If the cells have a heavy capsule, go to 1.
If the cells have small, hair-like extensions, go to 2.
1. Dipoloccocus pneumonia #4
2. Diplococcus gonorrhoeae #2
B. If the cells are small, go to 3.
If the cells are large, go to 4.
3. Streptococcus lactis #7
4. Streptococcus pyogenes #9
C. Staphloycoccus aureus #3
Section 2
If the cells are in chains, with heavy capsules and bulges, go to D.
If the cells are in pairs, go to E.
If only one cell, with a bulge at the end, go to F.
D. Bacillus anthracis #8
E. Bacillus lactis #1
F. Bacillus tentani #5
Section 3
If the cell is hooked at the end, go to G.
If the cell is not hooked at the end, go to H.
G. Leptospira grippotyphosa
H. Spirillum minus #6
#10
Where Bacteria Live:

Bacteria
live
everywhere
_______________.
food
_______________,
on
the
In
your
body
_______________,
surfaces
_______________
you
in
our
touch,
in
hot springs
ice
_______________________,
on _______________,
etc.

capsule
On the outside of a bacterium is a _______________.
This capsule:
1. Prevents the cell from _______________
_______________.
drying
out
2. Helps
the
cell
_______________
stick
to
other
things
(they
cannot
move
own
_______________
on their _______________).
3. Helps it _______________
in a variety of ________________________.
survive
environments

Bacteria need _______________,
_______________and
_______________
warmth
moisture
food
body
temperature
to survive. They grow best at _______________
_____________________.

If
adverse
_______________
endospore
_______________.
conditions
arise,
the
bacterium
forms
an
protects
This covering _______________
the hereditary
improve
material until conditions _______________.
What Bacteria Eat:

food
Bacteria need _______________
for _______________.
energy
1. Autotrophs: ______________________________________________
Make their own food through photosynthesis
2. Heterotrops: ______________________________________________
Find and consume food

Bacteria break down their food through a process called _______________
respiration
with oxygen
1. Aerobic Respiration: ________________________________________
without oxygen
2. Anaerobic Respiration: _______________________________________

Some bacteria are _______________.
decomposers
They consume the remains of dead
_______________
and _______________
down the _______________
organisms
break
organic
matter.

decomposers
harmful
Some people consider _______________
to be _______________,
but
remains
every
consider if the _______________
of _______________
living thing
lived
insects
(_______________,
animals, plants, etc.) that ever _______________
were
Earth
Bacteria
still on the _______________
today. _______________
break down these
remains
_______________
and turn them back into their _______________
chemicals
original
which are carried into the _______________
ground
where they nourish new
plant
_______________
growth. That is very _______________.
helpful
How Bacteria Reproduce:

Binary
Fission
Bacteria reproduce through _______________
_______________.
This
split
copy
means they _______________
in half and create a perfect _______________
temperature
of themselves. The frequency of fission depends on the _______________.
Bacteria Double Every…
½ hour at 90oF
90
1 hour at 70oF
70
2 hours at 60oF
60
6 hours at 40oF
40
20 hours at 32oF
60 hours at 28oF
32
28

doubling
30
If bacteria are capable of _______________
every ___________
minutes,
how many bacteria can be formed in a half day from just one starting bacterium?
Let’s find out.
Time
Illustrated Bacteria
12:00 noon
1
12:30 pm
°°
2
1:00 pm
°°°°
4
1:30 pm
°°°°°°°°
8
2:00 pm
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
16
2:30 pm
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
32
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
3:00 pm
3:30 pm

Number of Bacteria
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
64
128
This is the growth pattern for _______________
one
bacterium during the course
one
of _______________
afternoon. How many bacteria are on Earth?


On average there are:
-
40 million
_______________________
bacteria cells in a gram of soil.
-
1 million
_______________________
bacteria cells in a milliliter of fresh water.
five nonillion
It is estimated there are approximately _______________
bacteria on Earth!
Bacteria are Helpful and Harmful:

harmful
helpful
Bacteria are both _______________
and _______________.

Helpful:
_________________________________________________________
Sewage treatment
_________________________________________________________
Digest food
Nitrogen for plants
_________________________________________________________
Make some foods: yogurt, buttermilk, cheese, sour cream, etc.
_________________________________________________________

Harmful:
Disease: strep throat, food poisoning, plague, etc.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Infection

Ways to Protect Yourself from Harmful Bacteria:
Wash your body with soap and warm water
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Wash your clothes
Brush your teeth
_________________________________________________________
Keep the house clean
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Wash and put antiseptic on cuts
Super Scientist! Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Organism:
What He Accomplished:
Typhoid bacillus
Pasteurization
In milk
heat
Caused Typhoid Fever
Anthrax
Vaccinations for
Chicken cholera
animals and humans
Rabies
Protists
Protists:

single
celled
Protists are _______________
_______________microscopic
organisms that
water
usually live in _______________.

hard
Protists are very _______________
to _______________.
classify

Consider the following example.
Classify the following shapes.
Be sure to
identify and label categories you choose to use.
(Categories will vary)
______________________________________________________________
Example: circles, patterned, quadrilaterals, shaded, solids,
______________________________________________________________
astronomical, polygons, arrows, irregular, etc.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Now share and compare your categories with a partner. Did you have the same
lists? Do you agree on the same way to categorize the items? Why or why not?

Scientists
problems
_______________
have the same _______________
when they try to classify
protists
_______________.
categories
They don’t fit easily into _______________,
and
agree
placed
scientists don’t always _____________
where they should be _____________.

size
shape
Scientists consider the protist’s _______________
and _______________,
food
moves
how it gets _______________
how it _______________,
and more.
Protists on the Move:

Unlike bacteria, most protists can move by one of three methods.

Define and illustrate these methods of movement.

If
Flagella
Cilia
Pseudopod
Whip-like tail
Small, hair-like extensions
False foot
a
protist
does
_______________
organelles
_______________,
is
it
larger
larger
_____________________________
have
or
a
smaller
nucleus
_______________
than
other
and
bacteria?
Groups of Protists:

Most protists can be placed in three categories:
Animal-like
1. _________________________________________________________
Plant-like
2. _________________________________________________________
Fungus-like
3. _________________________________________________________
Animal-like Protists:

Animal-like
protists
are
single
_______________
celled
_______________
or
colonial
protozoans
_______________
organisms called _______________.

They
can
live
in
both
fresh
and
salt
water
_______________,
in
the
soil
bodies
_______________,
and in the _______________
of other organisms.

food
environments
All protozoans get their _______________
from the _______________,
just
animals
like _______________.

nutrients
Some absorb _______________
through their cell membranes, others
engulf
particles
_______________
larger _______________
of food.
Animal-like Protist
Paramecium
Characteristics
Cilia, oblong shaped, found in fresh water, eat bacteria, have two
nuclei
Amoebas
Pseudopod, do not have a definite shape, move in a flowing motion,
surround their food to eat
Flagellates
Flagellum, live inside other organisms
Plasmodium
Giardia
Do not move, causes Malaria
Flagella, causes Giardia
Plant-like Protists:

algae
Plant-like protists, commonly called _______________,
make their own
food
plants
_______________through
photosynthesis like _______________.
Some are
single-celled
multicellular
_______________while
other are _______________organisms.
Plant-like Protist
Characteristics
Euglena
1-2 flagella, found in fresh water, contains chlorophyll – green, uses an
eye spot to find light
Brown Algae
Commonly known as kelp or seaweed, can grow up to 200 feet long,
found in ice cream
Red Algae
Wrapped around sushi, used in cosmetics and paint
Diatoms
Have a hard shell made of silica, used in toothpaste, produce oxygen,
main food source for whales
Fungus-like Protists:

Fungus-like
protists
are
similar
to
fungi
_______________.
They
have
_______________
producing bodies and act as _______________.
spore
decomposers
Fungus-like Protist
Slime Mold
Characteristics
Pseudopod, eat bacteria, live in forests in the leaf litter and on rotting
logs
Protists are Helpful and Harmful:

harmful
Protists are both _______________
helpful
and _______________.

Helpful:
Primary food source for many ocean animals, used in food such as ice cream and sushi,
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
used in items such as paint, cosmetics, toothpaste, and makes oxygen decomposers
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Harmful:
Disease – Malaria and Giardia
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Super Scientist! Charles Laveran (1845-1922)
Organism:
What He Accomplished:
Found protozoan that caused Malaria
Malaria
1907 Nobel Prize
Super Scientist! Sir Ronal Ross (1857-1932)
Organism:
Malaria
What He Accomplished:
Life cycle of malarial parasite
1902 Nobel Prize
Parts of a Microscope
Label the following parts of the microscope:
Foot
Tube
Body
Illuminator
Stage Clips
Ocular
Nosepeice
Objectives
Stage
Coarse-Adjustment Knob
Fine-Adjustment Knob
ocular
tube
Coarse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
nosepiece
objectives
body
Stage clips
Stage
illuminator
Foot
Microscope Observations
Label and Draw a Picture of Each Slide You Observe:
Label
Illustration of Observations
Super Scientist! Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Organism:
“animalculues” which cause disease
What He Accomplished:
Made the first microscope
Fungi
Fungi:

simple
plant
Fungi are _______________
organisms that are neither _______________
nor _______________,
yet have characteristics of both and absorb
animal
food
organic
_______________
from whatever _______________
source on which they
are growing.

absorb
organic
Since they _______________
and absorb anything _______________,
fungi
decomposers
are _______________.

There are three common groups of fungi:
mold
1. _________________________________________________________
mushrooms
2. _________________________________________________________
yeast
3. _________________________________________________________

How do fungi compare in terms of size to bacteria and protists?
larger
________________________________________________________
Mold:

Have you ever seen mold?

Mold
is
found
in
many
_______________
places
and
grows
under
a
variety
air
conditions
_______________
of _______________
where _______________
and
_______________
are present.
moisture

The
mold
we
_______________
see
with
the
naked
eye
is
actually
a
colony
millions
_______________
of _______________
of mold cells growing together.

appearance
Molds vary in _______________.
fluffy
Some are _______________
and
glossy
slimy
filament-like, some are moist and ____________,
and some are ____________.

food
The mold absorbs _______________
from the item on which it is
growing
cells
_______________
to live and _______________
new _______________.
produce

Molds
reproduce
through
spores
_______________
which
are
carried
by
_______________
_______________and
deposited to start new mold
air
currents
colonies
conditions
_______________
when _______________
are right.

Molds are _______________
in producing _______________.
helpful
foods
They add
cheese
soy sauce
flavor and color to _______________
and make _______________________.
They also make _______________
like citric and lactic acid and many enzymes.
chemicals

harmful
spoiling
Molds are _______________
in _______________
food. Since mold spores
are abundant in the _______________,
any food allowed to stand in the open
air
contaminated
soon becomes __________________
with mold. Some types of mold can also
grow in _______________
temperatures, so mold can grow on foods in the
cool
refrigerator
poisons
______________.
Some molds produce ______________
called mycotoxins.
Browning Apples Experiment
What will prevent apples from browning?
Question:______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Procedure:______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Hypothesis:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Data and Observations:
Time:
Conclusion: _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What I Learned:_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Ideas for Future Research:
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
Mushrooms:

Mushrooms
club
fungi
______________
are part of a group called ____________
_____________.

Label
the
parts
of
a
mushroom.
cap
stalk
mycelium

gills
hyphae
above
The fruiting body of a mushroom that we see _______________
ground is made
cap
gills
of a _______________
with _______________
underneath and attached to a
stalk
_______________.

roots
Under the ground the _______________
of a mushroom are really
_______________
which grow in very fertile soil or other organic matter. The
mycelium
grow
years
mycelium may slowly _______________
underground for _______________
waiting for the right _______________
under which to produce the fruiting
conditions
mushroom
hyphae
body or _______________.
Mycelium is composed of _______________.

The _______________
are formed by the _______________
located under
spores
gills
cap
release
the _______________.
When time is right, the gills _______________
the
air
currents
spores which are carried by _______________
_______________and
new
deposited to start _______________
growth.

poisonous
Mushrooms should never be eaten in the wild, since they may be ____________.

rust
smuts
Club Fungi also includes _______________
and _______________.

Rusts
harmful
_______________
produce rust-colored spores which are _______________
wheat
oats
to _______________,
barley, _______________,
and other crops. Each year
damage
they cause millions of dollars of _______________
to crops.

Smuts
_______________
are a black, dusty-looking mass of spores they form within
plant
the tissues of a _______________
they are attacking.
Smuts infect
corn
barley
_______________,
wheat, oats, _______________,
and rye.
Yeast:

small
single-celled
Yeasts are _______________,
___________________________
organisms.

sugars
starches
Most yeasts need _______________
and _______________
to live which
carbon
dioxide
helps them produce _______________
_______________
gas and alcohol.

Yeast
are
helpful
_______________
in
food
production.
They
make
bread
ferment
_______________
rise and _______________
beverages such as wine and
vinegar
beer. They played an initial role in the production of _______________.

extreme
Yeasts can grow in _______________
conditions.
_______________food
spoil
in
_______________
meat
This means they can
_______________and
coolers
sweet
_______________.
They can also spoil _______________
foods like honey,
refrigerators
jellies
_______________,
maple
syrup,
or
_______________
fermented
foods
like
pickels
bacteria
_______________
and sauerkraut which _______________
cannot.

Some
yeasts
can
cause
infections
_______________,
but
they
less
bacterial
_______________
common than _______________
infections.
are
must
Yeast Experiment
What will make yeast grow best?
Question:______________________________________________________
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Procedure:______________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
Hypothesis:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Data and Observations:
Time:
Conclusion: _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What I Learned:_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Ideas for Future Research:
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
Fungi are Helpful and Harmful:

helpful
harmful
Fungi are both _______________
and _______________.

Helpful:
Food – mushrooms and bread
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Fermentation of food – soy sauce, vinegar, and alcohol
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Harmful:
Disease – Athlete’s Foot and Ring Worrm
_________________________________________________________
Poisonous Mushrooms
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Some are toxic
_________________________________________________________
Super Scientist! Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
Organism:
What He Accomplished:
Discovered a fungus which kills
bacteria.
Penicillin
Penicillin is used as a medicine to treat
bacterial diseases and infections.
1945 Nobel Prize
Viruses
Viruses:

Some scientists think viruses are _______________
_______________,
and
living
things
not
some do _______________.

They are much _______________
than a _______________
and do not have
smaller
cell
organelles. In fact, a cell can hold over _______________
viruses! Viruses
500
are so _______________,
scientists knew they _______________
long
small
existed
before they could _______________
them. They could not be seen until the
see
_______________
when an _______________
microscope was invented by
1930s
electron
Ernst
Ruska
_______________
_______________.

Label the parts of a virus.
Genetic Information
Protein Coat

Inside
genetic
information
_______________
a virus is its _______________
_______________.
This is the programming a virus needs to _______________
itself.
reproduce

The _______________
of a virus is a _______________
_______________
outside
protein
coat
attach
that protects the genetic information and helps it _______________
to cells.

one
reproduce
Viruses can only do _______________
thing – _______________.

host
cell
They must use a _______________
_______________
to reproduce.

infect
A virus can only _______________
one cell.
Its receptors only fit
one
_______________
particular type of cell, just like a _______________
only
key
lock
fits one _______________.

Explain how a virus infects a cell.
Virus attaches itself to a cell
1. _________________________________________________________
Inserts its genetic material
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
The genetic material takes control over the cells fumctions
The cell begins making many copies of the virus
4. _________________________________________________________
The cell bursts releasing the viruses into the body
5. _________________________________________________________
The viruses each seek out a new cell
6. _________________________________________________________
Your Immune System:

contagious
passed
Most viral diseases are _______________.
They can be _______________
from one person to another.

air
coughing
Some are passed through the _______________
by _______________
and
sneezing
_______________.

Some are passed through _______________
_______________
like blood.
body
fluids

contact
direct
Some are spread by _______________
_______________
like shaking hands.

defense
protect
Your body has a _______________
system to _______________
itself from
viruses called an _______________
_______________.
Immune
System

List the parts of your body’s immune system:
skin
1. _________________________________________________________
white blood cells
2. _________________________________________________________
antibodies
3. _________________________________________________________
T-cells
4. _________________________________________________________
interferon
5. _________________________________________________________

Once you have had a virus and _______________,
you cannot get the
recovered
same
_______________
virus again. Your body will have made _______________
antibodies
protect
specifically designed to _______________
you from that particular virus. The
antibodies ________________
the cell, so the virus is _______________
to
block
unable
attach to it.

You can slow the spread of viruses by:
-
_______________________________________________________
Washing your hands
-
Covering your mouth and nose when you cough and sneeze
_______________________________________________________
-
Avoiding direct contact with those that are sick
_______________________________________________________
-
Getting enough sleep
_______________________________________________________
-
Keeping your body healthy
_______________________________________________________
Viruses are Helpful and Harmful:

helpful
harmful
Viruses are both _______________
and _______________.

Helpful:
_________________________________________________________
Some infections are helpful since they increase a person’s immune system
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Harmful:
Disease: chicken pox, common cold, polio, measles, mumps, rabies,
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
warts, cold sores, some cancers, influenza
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Super Scientist! Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Organism:
What He Accomplished:
Cow Pox
Used cow pox as a vaccine for small pox
Small Pox
Small pox no longer exists
Microorganisms and Food
Microorganisms and Food:

helpful
Microorganisms play a _______________
role in the production of food.

Bacteria
_______________
help in the production of foods like:
Yogurt, buttermilk, cheese, sour cream
_________________________________________________________

Fungi
_______________
help in the production of foods like:
Cheese, soy sauce, mushrooms, bread
_________________________________________________________
Ways to Prevent spoiling:

harmful
spoiling
Microorganisms can also be _______________
by _______________
food and
sick
making people _______________.

We can prevent microorganisms from spoiling food by:
canning
1. _________________________________________________________
freezing
2. _________________________________________________________
drying
3. _________________________________________________________
pasteurization
4. _________________________________________________________
Additives like vinegar and salt
5. _________________________________________________________
Ways to Prevent Contamination:

prevent
contaminating
We can _______________
microorganisms from _______________
food by:
Washing hands with warm, soapy water
1. _________________________________________________________
Washing surfaces and utensils with hot, soapy water
2. _________________________________________________________
Rinsing fruits and vegetables
3. _________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________
Checking expiration dates
5. _________________________________________________________
Covering and storing foods properly – refrigerator, freezer
Microorganisms and Disease

Match each disease with its microorganism.
African Sleeping Sickness
Athlete’s Foot
Cold Sores
Diptheria
Hepatitis
Malaria
Polio
Rubella
Shigella
Thrush
Warts
Bacteria:
Cholera
Amoebic Dysentery
Cholera
Common Cold
E. Coli
Influenza
Mumps
Rabies
Salmonella
Small Pox
Tuberculosis
Whooping Cough
Protists:
African Sleeping
Sickness
Aspergillus
Chicken Pox
Desert Fever
Giardia
Leprosy
Pneumonia
Ringworm
Scarlet Fever
Tetanus
Typhoid Fever
Yellow Fever
Fungi:
Viruses:
Aspergillus
Chicken Pox
Diptheria
Amoebic Dysentery
Athlete’s Foot
Cold Sores
E. Coli
Giardia
Desert Fever
Common Cold
Leprosy
Malaria
Ring Worm
Hepatitis
Thrush
Influenza
Pneumonia
Salmonella
Mumps
Scarlet Fever
Polio
Shigella
Rabies
Tetanus
Rubella
Tuberculosis
Small Pox
Typhoid Fever
Yellow Fever
Whooping Cough
Warts
“Who Am I?” A Disease Riddle

Select a disease from the chart to research. Answer the following questions to
help you write your own “Who Am I?” riddle.
1. How long have you been around?
2. What happens physically to someone who gets you?
3. What happens socially to someone who gets you?
4. Are you caused by bacteria, protist, fungi, or virus?
5. What is your scientific name? Do you have a common name?
6. How did you receive your name?
7. When were you first discovered and by whom?
8. Are you contagious? How can a person “catch” you?
9. What will happen physically to a person who gets you? (be specific)
10. Where in the world are you found? What climate or region?
11. Is there a cure? If so, what is it?
12. Where do people go to be treated? (stay at home, go to the hospital, etc.)
13. How common are you? Do a lot of people have you or are you disappearing?
14. Would people in the class know someone who has been infected with you?
15. “What is my name?”
Microorganism Review

Complete the chart to summarize what has been learned about microorganisms.
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Viruses
One celled
organism with no
nucleus or
organelles
Single or
multi-cellular
organisms found
often in water
Multi-cellular
organisms like
molds,
mushrooms, and
yeast
Nonliving
organism made
of hereditary
material and a
protein coat
Some consume
food, some use
photosynthesis
Absorb organic
material from
where they are
growing
Do not need food
Binary Fission
Binary Fission
Spores
Attaching to a
living cell
How is it
helpful?
Food production,
decomposers
Makes oxygen,
food source of
ocean animals
Food production,
decomposers
Infections build a
strong Immune
System
How is it
harmful?
Disease like
Strep Throat
Disease like
Giardia
Definition
How does it
get its food?
Autotrops make
their own food
Heterotrophs
consume food
How does it
reproduce?
Disease like
Athlete’s Foot
Destroys crops
Illustration
Disease like
colds and flu