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EXPLORATION
EUROPEANS EXPLORE EAST- EARLY
CONTACT
■ Early Contact Limited
■ New desire for contact with Asia develops in Europe in early 1400s
WHY EXPLORE?
■Exploration comes after the Renaissance and
Reformation
■Renaissance brings newfound curiosity
■Reformation brings the need to spread
religion
■And as always, human nature is greedy
GOD, GLORY, AND GOLD
GOD:
■ Many Europeans believed that it was their sacred duty to spread Christianity to the nonbelievers
■ Especially true of Catholics after the Reformation
GLORY:
■ Just like many people today, European explorers wanted their “15 minutes of fame”. Sailing
into the unknown offered them that chance.
■ Praised as heroes if they survived, mourned as martyrs if they died
GOLD:
■ Probably the most important motivating factor was the search for wealth.
■ If a sea route to East Asia could be found, traders would become wealthy very quickly
■ Spices were in high demand in Europe (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper) but expensive
because of the numerous traders needed to get the products from Asia to Europe.
TECHNOLOGY
■ In 1400s, the caravel- small, highly
maneuverable ship- makes it possible
to sail against wind
■ Astrolabe-calculate the position of the
sun and prominent stars with respect
to the horizon- makes navigation
easier
■ Magnetic compass-an instrument
containing a magnetized pointer that
shows the direction of magnetic north
and bearings from it- improves
tracking of direction
PORTUGESE EXPLORATION IN AFRICA
■ Prince Henry, “The Navigator” the son of
Portugal’s king, supports exploration
■ In 1419, he founds navigation school on
coast of Portugal
■ 1441 - First Portuguese ship to bring back
African gold and slaves
■ By 1460, Portuguese have trading posts
along west coast of Africa
■ Never sailed unchartered waters himselfpaid for voyages
■ Plague caused serious labor shortage
■ Brought back African slaves
■ Spreads Christianity, shuns Muslims
PORTUGAL LOOKS FOR ASIA
■ In 1488, Bartolomeau Dias
sails around southern tip of
Africa
■ Heads to Asia, but nasty
storm convinces his crew to
return home
■ Discovers Cape of Storms renamed Cape of Good
Hope
PORTUGAL REACHES ASIA
■ In 1498, Vasco da Gama
sails to India
■ In 1499, da Gama returns to
Portugal with valuable
cargo, Cinnamon and
Pepper
■ Da Gama continues to be
sent back and is cruel to
Muslims and has many
killed 
SPAIN EXPLORES WEST
■ In 1492, Christopher Columbus sails
under Spanish flag for route to India
■ Convinces Spanish to support plan to
reach Asia by sailing west
■ Queen Isabella approved plan
■ 3 ships - Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
■ Reached island of San Salvador, Cuba,
Bahamas- thought to be Spice Islands
off the coast of Asia
■ Thought he landed in India, called
locals ‘Indians’
SPAIN TRAVELS WEST
■ Crossed 3 more times, 1493, 1498, 1502
■ Launched Spain to forefront of exploration
■ Reaches the Americas instead
■ Opens Americas to exploration and
colonization
■ Amerigo Vespucci - 1499 - 1501, ItalyExplored Brazil, Continent named after him
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL SET
BOUNDARIES
■ Both countries newfound territories
are threatened by one another
■ Both countries look to the Pope for
help
■ Line of Demarcation- In 1493, Pope
divides the new world in half- West
of the line controlled by Spain, East
of the line controlled by Portugal
■ Agreement formalized by Treaty of
Tordesillas in 1494, moving the line
slightly more West
BALBOA
■ Vasco Nunez de Balboa settled Panama and was
the first European to lay eyes on the Pacific
Ocean
■ He served as governor of the city of Darien in
Panama
■ Pedro Arias de Avila was sent to relieve him of his
governing duties but had always been jealous of
Balboa
– Avila had Balboa arrested for treason and
Balboa was ultimately beheaded
MAGELLAN
■ Funded by Spain- Ferdinand
Magellan leaves to sail around
the world (1519)
■ Magellan and his men reach
South America and search for a
way through, discover Strait of
Magellan
■ Magellan and his men make it to
the Philippines where he is killed
■ His remaining men return to
Spain in 1522
SPANISH CONQUESTS IN MEXICO
■ In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish adventurer—lands in
Mexico
■ He and others become known as Conquistadors - Spanish
fortune hunters searching for gold and riches
■ Cortés and 500 men reach Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán
■ By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire
■ Conquest aided by superior weapons, Native American allies
– Aztecs do not have horses or guns
– Natives were not happy with Aztec ways (would YOU be
happy with human sacrifices?)
■ European diseases wipe out large numbers of Aztecs
– Mumps, measles, and small pox
SPANISH CONQUESTS IN PERU
■ Spanish conqueror Francisco
Pizarro leads force to Peru in 1532Wealthy Inca Empire
■ Pizarro holds their leaderAtahualpa- for ransom, after
ransom paid, kills him- takes over
Empire
■ In 1530s, Portuguese settle in
Brazil, begin growing sugar
SPANISH ARMADA
■ Armada sent to England to overthrow Queen Elizabeth- stop the English from interfering with Spain’s
new territory
■ Wanted to be rid of Protestantism in Europe, same as Spain wanted Muslims out of their Catholic
reign
■ Francis Drake is responsible for defeating the Spanish Armada
– England had more ships and weapons, however they were outnumbered
– England had better weapons than the Spanish in that they were able to fire ten rounds for every
one that that Spanish fired
SPAIN PUSHES NORTH
■ In an attempt to find gold in North America,
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was sent in
the areas that are now known as Arizona,
New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas
■ Coronado found nothing- priests were then
sent to colonize and explore North America
■ Coronado and his men however did find the
Grand Canyon
■ They also clashed majorly with the Native
Americans
EUROPEANS SETTLE IN NORTH
AMERICA
■ Dutch look to colonize, Dutch East
India Trading Company
■ Send Henry Hudson to find land to
colonize. Finds Hudson Bay- New York
■ French, English, Dutch start colonies
in North America
■ Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec
■ New France—French colony in North
America
– includes Great Lakes and
Mississippi River valley
– very large but has few
inhabitants
– Main activity of the colony is the
fur trade
ENGLISH COLONIES
■ King James permits investors to start North American colony
– Colony- a country or area under the full or partial
political control of another country, typically a distant
one, and occupied by settlers from that country
■ In 1607, colonists found Jamestown— First English
settlement- in Virginia
■ Early years very difficult; many die (Native attacks and food
shortages), but settlement takes hold
■ Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found Plymouth in
1620
■ Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle in
Massachusetts
■ Many families in Massachusetts colony, which begins to
grow
NORTH AMERICA
The Dutch Found New Netherland
■ In 1609, Henry Hudson explores
waterways for Dutch
■ Dutch claim land, found New
Netherland—now Albany and New York
City
■ Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome
settlers from other lands
Colonizing the Caribbean
■ European nations also start colonies in
Caribbean
■ Large cotton, sugar plantations worked
by enslaved Africans
FIGHT FOR NORTH AMERICA
England Battles France
■ English settlers, pushing
west, collide with French
possessions
■ French and Indian War—
part of Seven Years’
War—begins (1754)
– In 1763, France loses
to Britain, gives up its
American colonies
NATIVE AMERICANS- SMALLPOX
■ Wars are less deadly to Native than European diseases
■ 18 million estimated deaths caused by various
European diseases
■ Smallpox- contagious disease, fluid filled blisters
■ Malaria- parasite transmitted by infected mosquitos
■ Measles- came from cows, spreads through sneezing.
SLAVE TRADE
■ Need for workers in Americas raises demand for enslaved
Africans
■ Africans withstand diseases, have farming skills, unlikely to
escape
■ Atlantic slave trade—forced movement of many Africans to
Americas
■ By 1650, about 300,000 enslaved Africans in Spanish
colonies
■ Portugal brings many more slaves to sugar plantations in
Brazil
SLAVE TRADE
■From 1690 to 1807,
England dominates
slave trade
■About 400,000
enslaved Africans
brought to North
American colonies
TRIANGULAR TRADE
■ Triangular trade—trade network linking
Europe, Africa, Americas
■ One trade route:
– manufactured goods move from
Europe to Africa
– people move from Africa to Americas
– sugar, coffee, tobacco move from
Americas to Europe
■ Voyage of enslaved Africans to Americas
known as the Middle Passage
■ As many as 20 percent of Africans die on
these journeys
SLAVERY
■ In Americas, captured Africans
sold at auction to highest bidder
■ Life is difficult: long work hours;
poor food, poor housing, poor
clothing
■ However- Africans maintain
musical, cultural traditions
■ Some resist by breaking tools or
working slowly, other run away or
participate in revolts
GLOBAL TRADE
■ Columbian Exchange—global
transfer of food, plants,
animals
– Corn, potatoes from
Americas become crops in
Eastern Hemisphere
– New animals, plants
introduced by Europeans
take hold in Americas
– European diseases kill
millions of Native
Americans
GLOBAL TRADE
■ Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes business in
Europe
■ New economic system— capitalism- economic and political
system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled
by private owners for profit
■ Increase in business leads to inflation (rising prices) in Europe
■ Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high inflation in Spain
■ Joint-stock company lets investors share risk, profits of
business
■ These companies help fund colonies in America
GLOBAL TRADE
■ Policy of mercantilism- belief in the benefits of profitable tradingemphasizes national wealth as source of power
■ One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold, silver
■ Favorable balance of trade when nation sells more goods than it buys
■ Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods
■ Economic changes spur growth of towns, rise of merchant class
■ Still, most people are poor and live in rural areas