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The Middle Ages in Europe Diffusion of Ideas and Systems: 600-­‐1450 The Middle Ages in Europe Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne •  End of 5th century, Germanic tribes over-­‐ran the western half of the Roman Empire •  The fall of Rome was called the Dark Ages –  DisrupMon in trade: collapse of businesses/economy –  Inability to collect taxes –  No standard currency –  Downfall of ciMes –  PopulaMon shiRs: declines -­‐ become rural as ciMes abandoned –  Declining of learning: invaders could not read or write, only priests and other church officials were literate •  No wriTen language –  Loss of common language: German speaking people mixed with the LaMn •  Different dialects develop-­‐ French, Spanish, etc. •  Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces •  Borders constantly change •  Loyalty goes to a chief and family Mes… not to a king who they have never met •  Early medieval Europe was characterized by less stability and progress compared to period proceeding it •  Church provided order and security •  In the Roman province of Gaul, a Germanic people called the Franks held power –  Leader Clovis eventually brings ChrisManity to the region –  By 511, Clovis had united the Franks into one kingdom, which began the Merovingian Dynasty •  In 719, the mayor of the palace, Charles Martel held more power then the King –  He extended the Franks’ reign of the north, south, and east –  Defeated a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the BaTle of Tours in 732 •  Significant baTle for ChrisMan Europeans, western Europe may have become apart of the Muslim Empire –  Moors occupied Spain for over 700 years and promoted a golden age in art, literature, science and mathemaMcs In 719, the mayor of the palace, Charles Martel held more power then the King •  Martel passed power onto son, Pepin the Short –  Pepin fights for the Pope, Pope anoints “king by the grace of God” •  Begins the Carolingian Dynasty •  Pepin dies and passes power onto his 2 sons, Carloman and Charles (Charlemagne) –  Carloman dies, Charlemagne quickly seizes the kingdom •  Charlemagne –  Built an empire greater then any since Ancient Rome –  Through conquest, reunites Western Europe –  By 800, exceeds ByzanMne Empire –  Pope Leo III crowns him the Roman Emperor •  Signaled joining of Germanic Power, the Church, and heritage of Roman Empire •  Before Charlemagne dies, he crowns his only son, Louis the Pious emperor •  Louis ineffecMve ruler, had 3 sons who fought over control –  Civil war ended in 843 when the brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun •  Treaty divided empire into 3 kingdoms –  Central authority broke down –  lack of strong rulers led to new system of governing and landholding Feudalism •  The system of governing and landholding had emerged in Europe –  A similar system existed in China under the Zhou Dynasty •  Feudal system was based on mutual obligaMons –  ContribuMng factors: •  Fall of the Roman Empire leaves a gap in protecMon and services to people •  invaders over run communiMes •  people turn to lords for their protecMon –  CharacterisMcs: In exchange for military protecMon and other services, a lord, or landowner, granted land called a fief. The person receiving a fief was called a vassal •  Lords have the most poliMcal power Feudal Pyramid Most peasants were serfs, people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born Manorialism •  Smallest economic, social unit revolving around an estate, controlled by a lord, who gives land and protecMon his serfs, who in turn give him their services. –  Land = wealth •  ContribuMng factors –  Model of villas in the Roman Empire used to manage rural economies; –  decline in overland and sea trade aRer the fall of the Roman empire, –  as well as threats from invaders also promoted the self-­‐sufficiency of a manor •  CharacterisMcs: –  Manors were self-­‐sufficient where serfs raised and produced nearly everything needed for that community. –  The open field system allowed several families of serfs to far strips of the same parcel of land –  Living condiMons for serfs were generally harsh The Age of Chivalry •  By 11th century, feudal lords raised private armies •  Rewarded knights, most skilled fighters, with fiefs •  Knights main obligaMon was to serve in baTle •  Code of Chivalry –  Complex set of ideal that demanded a knight fight bravely in defense of 3 masters •  His feudal lord, his heavenly Lord, and his chosen lady –  Must also protect the weak and the poor –  Be loyal, brave, and courteous ShiRing Role of Women •  As feudalism developed, women’s status actually declined •  Limited to the home and convent •  Most women were stull poor and powerless –  Confined to endless labor, bearing children, taking care of their families •  Women could inherit an estate, but nor eligible to receive land as a reward The Church Wields Power and the Age of Faith • 
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The Church emerges as a powerful insMtuMon Becomes the centralizing force of the Western culture Sought to influence both spiritual and poliMcal maTers Church established its own organizaMon of distribuMon of power –  Pope –  Clergy •  Bishops •  Priests •  Teachings of the Church bonded people together •  Provides stability and security in Mmes of wars •  Sacraments-­‐ important religious ceremonies that pave the way for achieving salvaMon •  Church provides a unifying set of spiritual beliefs and rituals and a system of jusMce to guide people’s conducts –  Pope’s group of advisor was called the papal Curia, developed church laws and acted as a court –  Canon Law: the law of the Church, in maTers such as marriage and religious pracMces •  Church established courts to try people accused of violaMng canon law •  Threat of excommunicaMon (being banned from the church) or interdict (many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king’s land) •  Origins, Truth, and Spread of ChrisManity –  Begun during the Roman Empire –  Started as an offshoot of Judaism –  Spread throughtout the Roman empire –  Promoted the idea of salvaMon for all –  Became the most powerful influence in medieval Europe •  Influences of Medieval Churches –  Ran hospitals –  Social gatherings –  Social services for the poor •  Holy Roman Emperor Clashes With the Pope –  Church resents the control that kings have •  Lay invesMture: a ceremony in which kinds and nobles appointed church officials •  Church reformers felt that bishops should not be under the power of the king. 1075 Pope Gregory VII banned Lay invesMture –  German emperor, Henry IV angry at the Pope, wrote him a leTer in which he called him “not pope, but a false monk” –  Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry, Bishops and Princes sided with the Pope –  Henry begged for forgiveness on his knees for 3 days in the snow, before the Pope forgave him •  The Church and the Emperor reached a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms –  Church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff, symbols of the Church office. –  Emperor had veto power Cathedrals-­‐CiMes of God •  Between 800-­‐1100, churches were built in the Romanesque style –  Round arches, heavy roof, thick walls and pillars, windows that let in very liTle light •  Early 1100s a new style of architecture known as Gothic evolved –  Thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven, huge stained glass windows, sculptures, wood carvings Romanesque Gothic The Crusades •  Pope Urban II issued a call for what he termed a “holy war” a Crusade, to gain control of the Holy Land –  Military expediMons to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks •  Over the next 200 years a number of such crusades were launched •  Had both economic goals and religious moMves •  BaTle cry “God wills it” •  Pope Urban II assured knights who died on Crusade would have a place in heaven •  Effects of the Crusades –  ByzanMne empire weakened –  Pope’s power declines –  Power of feudal nobles weaken –  Kings become stronger –  Trade in spices and other goods from Southwest Asia lead to European desire for new trade routes that begin the Era of ExploraMon A Spanish Crusade •  Moors occupy Spain for over 700 years and promote a golden age in scienMfic and arMsMc achievements •  Cordoba had eclecMc mix of Muslim, Jewish, and ChrisMan populaMons –  Led to new ideas in science and art were introduced and spread •  Muslims controlled most of the country unMl the 1100s –  The Reconquista was a long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain –  In 1492, Granada fell to the ChrisMan army of Ferdinand and Isabella (Spanish monarchs) •  Spanish InquisiMon-­‐ was a tribunal held by the Church invesMgaMng and prosecuMng charges of heresy that leads to the torture and expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain (1400s) –  1492 Ferdinand and Isabella expelled all pracMcing Jews and Muslims from Spain Trade, Towns, and Financial RevoluMon •  Three-­‐field system: farmers could grow crops on 2/3 of their land each year –  Food producMon increased = populaMon increase •  Guilds: an associaMon of people who worked at the same occupaMon –  Controlled all wages and prices in their craR •  Banking became an important business Revival of Learning •  The word university originally designated a group of scholars meeMng wherever they could, not buildings –  UniversiMes arose from Paris, Bologna, Oxford, Salerno etc. –  ScholasMcs: Schoolmen •  Thomas Aquinas (1225-­‐1274) argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical arguments. “That truth is known through reason and faith” –  Wrote the Summa Theologica •  Writers like Dante Alighieri wrote the Divine Comedy and Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales The Magna Carta •  Henry II son John took the throne when his brother Richard the Lion Hearted died. •  He failed as a military leader •  He was mean to his subjects, and raised taxes all the Mme •  His nobles revolted and on June 15, 1215, they forced John to agree to the Magna Carta –  He was forced to acknowledge the rights of his subjects –  Guaranteed certain basic poliMcal rights and safeguard feudal rights –  Limit power of the king –  No one is above the law •  Guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights both in England and in the United States. Great Schism •  Pope Boniface VIII aTempted to enforce papal authority on kings (kings must always obey pope) •  King Philip IV of France aTempted to kidnap the pope to bring to trial in France, but he escapes •  Philip persuades the College of Cardinals to choose a French bishop as the next pope. –  New pope, Clement V, moved from Rome to Avignon. Power of church there for the next 67 years –  Weakened power of the Church •  College of cardinals meet again and elect a new pope Urban VI to be in Italy, but his personality caused French cardinals to elect another pope, Clement VI to reside in Avignon •  Now there are 2 popes who both declare the other a false pope an excommunicate each other •  The Council of Constance had the task of ending the Great Schism by choosing a new pope (now there are 3 popes-­‐ Avignon, Rome, and Pisa) •  Holy Roman Emperor and the council forced all popes to resign and in 1417 a new pope, MarMn V, was chosen, ending the Great Schism Challenge to Church Authority •  John Wycliffe, an English scholar, preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. –  Taught that the bible alone-­‐not the pope-­‐ was the final authority for ChrisMan life •  Jan Hus, a professor in Bohemia, taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. •  Beginning of challenges to authority of the Catholic Church that leads to the ReformaMon Black Death •  The plague began in Asia, traveling the trade lanes, it infected most of Asia and the Muslim world. It inevitably reached Europe in 1347 •  A fleet of ships arrived in Sicily where rats carrying fleas infected with the bubonic plague had begun to spread. –  The disease became known as the Black Death because of the purplish, or blackish spots it produced on the skin –  It killed around 1/3 of the European populaMon •  It lead to the collapse of the manorial system as producMvity ends and serfs leave in search of work; peasant rebellions grow in response to nobles’ refusal to increase wages •  Church loses presMge as it is unable to stop the plague through prayer and intervenMon Hundred Years War •  The last CapeMan king died without a successor, England’s Edward III claimed the right to the French throne as grandson of Philip IV. The war that Edward III launched for that throne conMnued on and off from 1337-­‐1453 •  Emergence of naMonalism and monarchs as naMonal leaders •  Finally between 1421 and 1543, the French rallied and drove the English out of France enMrely, except for the port city of Calais •  Instability in England aRer the Hundred Years War leads to the War of Roses, which strengthens Parliament since it is called frequently by King Edward III to increase taxes to finance this new war; –  democracy advanced as Parliament gains greater “power of the purse”