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THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN The scientific method Step 1: Fleming made an observation Observe what is around you and start thinking why processes happen. In 1928, Alexander Fleming was studying bacteria http://www.flickr.com/photos/65542850@N00/225048920/ and he observed by chance... (Observation) he observed a blue-green fungus (mould) growing on a dish of bacteria. and he observed also that some bacteria were killed. http://www.flickr.com/photos/rdbkorn/85401201/ Petri dish http://www.flickr.com/photos/timmckuin/125827364/ Step 2: Fleming formulated a Hypothesis Femming´s hypothesis: “Mould kills bacteria” a Hypothesis is an idea that explains a phenomenon Step 3: Fleming tested the hypothesis Fleming searched for more information: He found: – The Greeks and the Chinese (more than 1000 years ago) used moulds to treat infection – In 1877 Pasteur had observed similar results (Fleming tested the hypothesis) and then, Feming performed these experiments and these are the results: bacteria with fungus: Result: bacteria was killed bacteria without fungus Result: bacteria lived (Testing the hypothesis) We perform experiments to test hypothesis! First, you do some research about your subject Second, you plan the experiment During the test: – you collect data (numbers like temperature) – you write down observations. Keep all data (including wrong ones). Step 4: Fleming drew conclusions Fleming arrived at the following conclusion: Mould kills bacteria He concluded that the mould produced a substance that killed the bacteria. After several investigations he discovered the substance and he called it penicillin (Drawing conclusions) You explain the meaning of your results. DOES THE EXPERIMENT FITS THE HYPOTHESIS? YES NO THE HYPOTHESIS WORKS! BACK TO STEP 2 WE SHOULD FORMULATE ANOTHER HYPOTHESIS The discovery: Penicillin Nowadays Penicillin is a common antibiotic, used to treat bacterial infections such as meningitis, pneumonia or colds. Not flu! Penicillin saves lots of lives because it kills bacteria that cause infections. During World War II, penicillin saved lives and avoided amputations caused by infected wounds http://www.flickr.com/photos/59754497@N00/383939644/ THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEP 1: OBSERVATION OF A PHENOMENON STEP 2: FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS STEP 3: TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS START AGAIN STEP 4: DRAWING CONCLUSIONS NO THE HYPOTHESIS DOESN´T FIT THE OBSERVATION YES THE HYPOTHESIS FITS THE OBSERVATION MAYBE YOU CAN DO A NEW THEORY!!