Download Chapter 13 Endocrine

Chapter 13 Endocrine
I. Overview
A. Describe 4 characteristics of the endocrine system
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. Give the definition and an example for each of the following chemical signals
1. Exocrine
2. Paracrine
3. Autocrine
4. Neuroendocrine
C. Compare and Contrast Endocrine & Nervous tissue with regards to the following
Nervous
1. Cell Type
2. Chemical Signal
3. Specificity of Action
4. Duration of action
5. Speed of onset
II. Chemistry of Hormones
1. Steroids
i. Which organic molecule are steroids derived from?
ii. How would you describe the solubility of steroid hormones
iii. Name 4 steroid based hormones
Endocrine
2. Biogenic Amines
i. What organic molecules are biogenic amines produced from?
ii. Name 4 examples of biogenic amines
iii. Most biogenic amines are soluble, what is one exception?
3. Peptide Hormones
i. Name 4 examples of peptide hormones
1.
2.
3.
4.
III. Water Solubility & Membrane Permeability
1. Describe the water solubility and membrane permeability of steroid hormones and thyroid
hormones? Where are the receptors for these hormones usually located?
2. Describe the water solubility and membrane permeability of peptide hormones and most
biogenic amines. Where are the receptors for these hormones usually located? Why are second
messengers important with regards to these hormones?
IV. Control of Hormone Secretions
1. Describe how negative feedback helps to control the secretion of hormones.
2. Define Half-life. If a hormone’s half-life is 30 minutes, what is the blood plasma concentration
of that hormone after 1 hour?
3. Define up-regulation and down-regulation. How do these processes help control hormone
activity?
V. Pituitary Gland
1. Define tropic hormone:
2. What part of the brain controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland?
3. What is the hypophyseal portal system?
4. Name 6 hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. Indicated their target cells and
their actions.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
5. Name 2 hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland, and indicate the target tissue, and
an action for each.
i.
ii.
6. Where are posterior pituitary hormones produced?
7. Indicated the part of the brain, and the cell types that control the release of hormones from the
posterior pituitary gland.
VI. Thyroid Gland
1. Describe the location, the structure, and the histology of the thyroid gland.
2. Which hormone directly controls the release of thyroid hormones?
3. Follicular Cells
i. Name the two hormones secreted from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. What
chemical element is essential for the production of these hormones? What condition
arises in an adult from the lack of this element?
ii. What is the storage form of these hormones called? Where is this substance stored?
iii. How are these thyroid hormones transported in circulation? Which is found in greater
concentration? Which hormone is more potent?
iv. What is the primary function for these hormones?
4. Parafollicular Cells (extrafollicular)
i. What hormone is secreted by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland?
ii. Name 3 functions of this hormone:
1.
2.
3.
iii. What stimulates the release of this hormone?
VII. Parathyroid Glands
1. Describe the location of the parathyroid glands.
2. What hormone is secreted from these glands
3. Name 3 actions of this hormone.
i.
ii.
iii.
4. What stimulates the release of this hormone?
5. Explain how Calcium levels affect the nervous system. How does the parathyroid and thyroid
glands maintain blood calcium homeostasis?
VIII.
Adrenal Glands
1. Overview
i. Describe the location and structure of the adrenal glands.
ii. Which communication system controls activity of the adrenal medulla?
iii. Which system controls the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex?
2. Adrenal Medulla
i. Name two hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla.
ii.
Provide three actions for both of these hormones.
1. –
2. –
3. –
iii. Which hormone is more prevalent in circulation?
3. Adrenal Cortex
i. Mineralcorticoids
1. Name a mineralocorticoid hormone that is secreted from the adrenal cortex.
2. What is the action of this hormone? What conditions stimulate the secretion of
this hormone?
ii. Glucocorticoids
1. Name a glucocorticoid hormone that is secreted from the adrenal cortex.
2. Name three actions of this hormone.
a.
b.
c.
3. What hormone regulates the secretion of this glucocorticoid?
iii. Sex Hormones
1. Which sex hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
IX. Pancreas
1. Overview
i. Describe the structure and location of the pancreas.
ii. Populations of cells that provide the endocrine function of the pancreas are called ______
iii. Name the three distinct types of hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. Indicate the
hormone secreted by each cell type.
2. Alpha Cells
i. What hormone is secreted by alpha cells?
ii. Name three actions of this hormone
1. –
2. –
3. –
iii. What condition stimulates the release of this hormone?
3. Beta Cells
i. What hormone is secreted by beta cells?
ii. What are the primary target tissues of this hormone?
iii. Name three actions of this hormone.
1. –
2. –
3. –
iv. What condition stimulates the release of this hormone?
4. Delta Cells
i. What hormone (or paracrine chemical) is secreted from delta cells?
5. Diabetes Mellitus
i. Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes mellitus.
ii. Which type occurs as a result of an autoimmune disorder?
iii. What is hypoglycemia? What are two symptoms of hypoglycemia?
iv. What is hyperglycemia? Name two symptoms of hyperglycemia.
v. Which condition (hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia) results in glycosuria?
X. Pineal Gland
1. Describe the location of the pineal gland
2. What hormone is secreted from the pineal gland? What is the function of this hormone?
3. Pineal gland activity decreases in the presence of ______________.
XI. Thymus
1. Describe the location of the thymus.
2. What hormone is secreted from the thymus? What is the action of this hormone?
3. What happens to the size of your thymus with age?
XII. Reproductive Organs
1. What hormone is produced by the testes?
2. Name two hormones produced by the ovaries, and the placenta.
3. Name two hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland that regulates the actions of these
endocrine organs?