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copyright cmassengale Macromolecules 1 Living organisms: – are composed of cells – are complex and ordered – respond to their environment – can grow and reproduce – obtain and use energy – maintain internal balance – allow for evolutionary adaptation 2 Properties of Life How to Define Life • Organization of living systems begins with atoms, which make up basic building blocks called elements. • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things. • Different cells combine to make up tissues (e.g., myocardial tissue). • Tissues combine to make up an organ (e.g., the heart). • Specific organs work together as a system (e.g., the heart, arteries, veins, etc.). • Multicellular organisms (each an “individual” within a particular species) contain organ systems (e.g., cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, etc.). • A species in a particular area (e.g., gray squirrels in a forest) constitutes a population. • Interacting populations in a particular area comprise a community. • A community plus its physical environment is an ecosystem. • The biosphere is comprised of regions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by organisms. • Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it. • Each level of organization has emergent properties due to interactions between the parts making up the whole; all emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry. • Emergent property quality that appears as biological complexity increases 3 Living Things Are Organized Levels of Biological Organization Organisms Organ Systems Complicated Large Populations Organs Cells Simple Small Tissues Cells •A cell is the most basic unit of structure Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Tissues 1) 2) 3) 4) Muscle Connective Nerve Epithelial Organs What does Structure and Function mean? • Structure = the body plan, or the way the parts are arranged • Function = the job for that part of the organism Organ Systems Organisms The hierarchy of Life • • • • • • Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Biologists investigate the full spectrum of life, from the biosphere to the biochemical reactions within a cell. There are four classes of biological macromolecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. Macromolecule Polymer Monomer What do these words mean? So What Is A Macromolecule? A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together. Also called supermolecule. Biological Macromolecule All biological macro-molecule are made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur Next Word….. Polygons Polyester Polygamy What does “Mono” mean? A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER A TRAIN A NECKLACE MONOMER ? ? If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace? A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER A TRAIN A NECKLACE MONOMER THE CARS EACH PEARL If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace? Now you and a buddy need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its monomers. Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels… Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: 1____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this product) 2____________________ (9 grams in this product) 3____________________ • Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. • Macromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale Organic Compounds 33 Carbon (C) • Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). • Usually with C, H, O or N. • Example: CH4(methane) copyright cmassengale • Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. 34 • Large organic molecules. • Also called POLYMERS. • Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. • Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale Macromolecules 35 copyright cmassengale Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? 36 • Also called “condensation reaction” • Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H HO copyright cmassengale Answer: Dehydration Synthesis H H2O 37 HO H copyright cmassengale Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? 38 Answer: Hydrolysis HO H copyright cmassengale • Separates monomers by “adding water” H2O HO H HO H39 copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates 40 Carbohydrates • Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide copyright cmassengale • Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. 41 Carbohydrates Examples: glucose glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose copyright cmassengale Monosaccharide: one sugar unit 42 Carbohydrates • Sucrose (glucose+fructose) • Lactose (glucose+galactose) • Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose copyright cmassengale Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: glucose 43 Carbohydrates glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose copyright cmassengale Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) 44 copyright cmassengale Lipids 45 • General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. • Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. • Remember: “stores the most energy” • Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale Lipids 46 Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale Lipids 47 Lipids H O H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O fatty acids H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH 2 2 2 copyright cmassengale Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H 48 glycerol Fatty Acids 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) saturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH copyright cmassengale There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 49 copyright cmassengale Proteins 50 Proteins (Polypeptides) • Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions copyright cmassengale • Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). 51 Four levels of protein structure: A. Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale Proteins (Polypeptides) 52 Primary Structure Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 copyright cmassengale Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) Peptide Bonds 53 • 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. • Two examples: Alpha Helix copyright cmassengale Secondary Structure Beta Pleated Sheet 54 Hydrogen Bonds • Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides • Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) • Call a “subunit”. copyright cmassengale Tertiary Structure Alpha Helix 55 Beta Pleated Sheet Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale • Composed of 2 or more “subunits” • Globular in shape • Form in Aqueous environments • Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits 56 copyright cmassengale Nucleic Acids 57 • Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) • Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale Nucleic acids 58 • Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale Nucleic acids 59 Nucleotide Phosphate Group 5 CH2 O N C1 C4 copyright cmassengale O O=P-O O Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) 60 Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 DNA - double helix O 3 3 O P 5 O C G 1 P 5 3 2 4 4 2 3 1 P T 5 A P 3 O O P 5 O copyright cmassengale 5 3 61 5 P 62 copyright cmassengale