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Meldrum Academy
Science Faculty
S1 - Energy and Heat
Name ……………………………………………………………
Class …………………………………
Energy Learning Outcomes

State that energy can be changed from one form to
another (Level C)

Give examples of energy being changed (or converted )
from one form to another(Level C)

State the energy change in a bell, lamp and buzzer.
(Level C)

State that the kinetic energy is the energy a body has as
a result of its movement. (Level E)

State that gravitational potential energy is a type of
energy a body has due to its position above the Earth’s
surface. (Level E)

State that gravitational potential energy can be changed
to kinetic energy and vice versa (Level E)

Give examples of the conversion of gravitational
potential energy to kinetic energy and kinetic energy to
gravitational potential energy (Level E)

State that chemical energy is a type of stored energy.
(Level E)
State that chemical energy is stored in batteries, food
and fuels (Level E)


Give examples of chemical changes. (Level E)

State that gravitational potential energy of an object is
related to the height of the object (Level F)

State that the chemical energy of an object is due to its
chemical composition. (Level F)
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

Heat Learning Outcomes

Heat is a form of energy and is measured in joules
(level D)

Temperature is a measure of the hotness of an object
and is measured in degrees Celsius (level D)

Adding heat to an object increases its
temperature and losing heat leads to a drop in
temperature (level D)

Metals are good conductors of heat (level C)

Heat flows from hot objects to cold objects (level E)

Heat travels by conduction when the particles vibrate
more and pass the energy from particle to particle
(level E)

Convection can happen in liquids or gases (fluids)
In convection some particles rise transferring heat
energy (level E)

Good conductors allow heat to flow through them
easily (level E)

Poor conductors are called insulators (level E)

Be able to give examples of good and poor conductors
of heat (level E)

Trapped air is a good insulator (level E)

Heat energy can be transferred as radiation (level F)

Heat is also called infrared radiation (level F)

Dull black surfaces lose heat by radiation much
faster than shiny, polished surfaces (level F)
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

On Earth we get all of our energy from the SUN.
H..................... Energy
eg. from
..........................................
S................... energy
eg. from
.......................................
E....................... energy
eg. from
...................................
Types of
energy
L............... energy
eg. from
....................................
K.......................... energy
(Movement energy)
eg. .......................................
N............................ energy
eg.
........................................
Stored or p........................... energy.
eg.......................................................................
There are three types of stored energy.
Strain energy
eg. .......................................
C......................... energy
eg. stored in all fuels and
food
Gravitational potential energy
eg....................................................................
....................................................................
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What is energy??
We need energy for everything we do. Name 3 things that we do that
need energy.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
There is a law in Physics called “The Law of Conservation of energy” that
tells us :-
You cannot make energy or destroy energy. You can only change
it from one form into another.
When energy gets changed or transferred from one form to another it is
called an energy transfer. We show these energy transfers by using arrows
in an energy transfer diagram.
Example 1 - A bonfire changes energy which has been stored in the wood
into heat and light and even some sound.
Energy transfer diagram for the bonfire
Chemical energy  heat energy + light energy + sound energy
Example 2 - A wind-up radio
k…………..…………….. energy  s………..………… energy
Example 3 - An electric kettle
E………………………….. energy
 ……….……….. and ………..………. energy
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Energy Transfer Experiments
Practical 1 - Energy Transfer Experiments
 Carefully read and follow the instruction cards at the stations.
 Your teacher will tell you which station to start at.
This is an example of the standard of write-up expected.
Underline Title
Describe what you did Energy Transfer
-
Guitar string (TEACHER DEMO)
a labelled diagram would be enough
Kinetic energy  sound energy
(If you can think of other energies involved please write them down too.)
1. Battery, switch and bell circuit
c…………..…………. e……………….  e…………………….. e……………… s……………….. e……………
2. Battery, switch and bulb circuit.
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c…………..… e……………….  e……………….. e……………… h……………….. e………………….. +
l………………….. e……………….
The unit of energy is called the JOULE. This is called after a famous
Scottish scientist James Joule who did many experiments in energy and
heat. It is usually shortened to the symbol ”J”.
One joule is a small amount of energy and we usually need to talk about
kilojoules.
1 kilojoule = 1000 Joules
In symbols this is written
1 kJ = 1000J
Stored or potential energy
Energy can be stored in three ways: as chemical energy,
 by lifting objects up ( gravitational potential energy)
 by changing an objects shape (strain energy or elastic potential energy)
We can release and use this stored energy.
1) Chemical energy – fuels and food store chemical energy.
A fuel is burned to release its stored energy, eg oil and gas in Boddam Power
station.
Food is eaten and then the energy is released into the cells of the body by
respiration. More on this in your Biology units.
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2) By lifting objects up
Stored energy is called p………..…………………. energy. If we lift an object
upwards we have to do work against the force of gravity. This is stored in
the object as g……………………………. p…………….…………… e……………….……. until it is
released and allowed to fall back down.
Water trapped behind a dam can be
released to generate e………………..…………. energy
3) By changing shape – teacher Demonstration
We can store energy by changing the shape of an object. We can do this by
stretching them, twisting them, bending them, squeezing them. We put the
material under strain so this type of stored energy is called strain energy.
Write down two examples of strain energy as shown by your teacher.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples of potential energy are shown in the box below.
Water stored behind a dam
A stretched bow (to fire an arrow)
A wound up spring in a clock
Car shock absorbers
A parachutist
The pole in the pole vault just before lift off
A battery
a raindrop
a boy at the top of a diving board
petrol/ diesel
Food
Complete the table below by arranging all of the potential energies shown in the box into
either: chemical energy, gravitational energy or strain energy
Chemical Energy
Potential Energy
Gravitational
potential energy
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Strain
Fact
Potential energy depends on the height of an object and the mass
of an object.
4) Circle the object with the most potential energy from the pairs below.
 A small apple on a branch of a tree 3m above the ground
 A small apple on a branch 5 m above the ground
 A granite stone on top of an 8m building
 A pebble on top of an 8m building
 A pencil on a desk
 A jet cruising at 1000m altitude.
5)
Write out energy transfers for these situations:A)
A girl swinging on a swing
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
B)
A lump of wood burning on a fire
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
C)
A firework rocket exploding in the sky
……………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………
D)
A boy playing hockey
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6 Energy changes involved in a ski jump .
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a) Name the two types of energy shown in the diagram
KE …………………………………………………. PE ……………………………..…………………………….
b) What type of energy does the skier have at the start (top of the hill)?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) How many joules of energy does the skier have at the start?
……………………………………………………………………………….
d) Describe the energy change as he skis down the hill ( From100m
height to 30m height)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e) What do you observe about the TOTAL amount of energy at any point?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
f) Describe his energy at the end of the run?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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7)
A diver jumps off a diving board, which is 2m above a swimming pool,
She has 1000 Joules of Potential Energy at the start.
a)
Produce one sketch, showing the diver at three different positions
during her dive :- before leaving the board, half-way down and just
before entering the water.
b)
How much Kinetic energy does the diver have just before she dives off
the board? ………………………………………………………………
c)
How much Potential energy does the diver have when she is 1m above
the water?
d)
How much Kinetic energy does the diver have when she is 1m above the
water?
e)
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
How much Kinetic energy does the diver have just before she hits the
water? ………………………………………………………………………………………
f)
How much Potential energy does the diver have just before she hits
the water? ………………………………………………………………………………………
g)
Label your sketch with the energy values. Use your answers from above.
h)
In reality the answer to question d is 950 Joules. What has happened
to the rest of the energy? ……………………………………………………………………………………
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Energy Arrows
Read page 29 of Starting Science Book 1. Go and investigate the electric
circuit Practical 3 on the side bench.
Copy and label the circuit diagram
1) Name the components in the circuit
A…………………………
B ………………….………
D ………………………
C …………………………
E …………………….
2) For each component, what are the energy changes shown in the Sankey
diagram G, H and I? Use the colour of the arrows to help you.
F
Chemical energy  electricity + heat
G ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
H ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3) Draw a Sankey Diagram for component E.
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More Sankey diagrams
Here is a Sankey diagram for a car. Notice most of the energy from the
petrol is not transferred to kinetic energy at all. It heats up the
surroundings (the engine block, the oil, the cooling water, the tyres, the car
body, the air around the car).
What is another term for heat energy? …………………………………
Complete the table.
Use the Sankey diagram above to help you.
Where energy from burning
petrol is transferred
Percentage %
to the surroundings as heat
energy
to the surroundings as sound
to the car as kinetic energy
TOTAL
=
13
Name 5 appliances found at home that are designed to change electrical
energy onto heat.
1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
More than one energy change
Copy and complete this table.
Electrical appliance
Useful energy(s)
(energy we do want)
Wasted energy
(Energy we do not
want)
Kettle
Food mixer
Light bulb
Television
1. What are the most common forms of “wasted energy” ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Write out the energy changes involved in a plane at take off.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. Describe the forms of energy which are” wasted” in a plane taking off.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Think of ways of reducing this “wasted energy” in a plane.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Possible Revision Work
Create a “spider diagram” summary sheet.
OR do the revision quiz below.
Revision Quiz
1) Name 7 types of energy
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) Name 3 types of stored energy
………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………
3) Energy is measured in units called …………………………..
4) Draw an energy transfer diagram for a battery powered torch.
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5) What type of energy is stored in petrol?
…………………………………………………………………………
6) What is the main type of energy produced by a car?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7) What is the Law of Conservation of energy?
………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
……………………………….………………..……………………………………..……………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
8) Complete the Sankey Diagram below.
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We are now going to look at heat energy in more detail.
Heat or temperature
Everything is made of particles – atoms and molecules. If we supply heat to
a material the particles gain energy and the particles will move faster and
vibrate more. If the material loses energy the, size of vibrations get
smaller. The temperature at which the particles stop vibrating is called
absolute zero. This temperature is - 273 oC.
Heat is not the same as temperature.
Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness and is measured in
d……………………………. C………………………….. (oC).
Heat is a measure of the total energy in the material.
It is measured
in J………………… (J). The amount of heat energy depends on the mass ,
the type of material and the temperature.
 compare the bath of warm water to the kettle of boiling water.
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 Explain why the bath has more total energy than the kettle.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………..
Heat always flows from HOT to COLD
Change of State
There are three methods of heat transfer through different materials.
They are called CONDUCTION, CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
CONDUCTION
Practical 6 - Collect the conduction equipment, a stopwatch and a kettle
a) Draw and label this piece of apparatus into your jotter.
b) What do all the rods have in common?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Complete the results table.
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Rod material
Time for drawing pin to
drop off (seconds)
Answer these questions in sentences.
1. Why did the drawing pins fall off?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Which method of heat transfer allows heat to travel through metals?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Which material was the best conductor in the above experiment?
Explain your answer. …………………………………………………………………………….……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4.What would happen is you used a wooden rod in this activity?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.Which would you use to stir boiling soup in a pan, a wooden spoon or a
metal spoon? Explain you answer. …………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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 Complete this note on CONDUCTION of heat.
CONDUCTION
In solids the particles are c………………. t………………………. and can pass
heat energy from one particle to the next by v……………..………. .
M………..…… conduct heat well but non-metals are poor conductors
orPractical
i…………..…………..
.
7 – CONVECTION
Part A
Potassium Permanganate Dye in water
Diagram
1) What can you say about the movement of warm liquids?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) The path taken by the purple dye is called a
C…………………………………………………. C…………………………..
3) Explain why cakes cook quickest on the top shelf of an oven.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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PartB
Green ice cube in warm water
Diagram
What can you say about the movement of cold liquids?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….
Part C
 Show what happens when the warm and cold water mixes.
 Colour the warm water red.
Before the lid is removed
After the lid is removed
Why does the warm liquid rise?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Explain why a refrigerator is colder at the bottom than at the top.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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Part D
Watch the “Smoke – box” demonstration.
Why does the smoke move in this way?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Complete the note on convection.
CONVECTION
Heat can travel through f……………. (liquids and gases) by c……………………..
C…………….………… c…………..………. take place when warm, less d……………………
fluid r……….... and is replaced by cooler, denser fluid. Convection
cannot take place in s……….…….. because the particles can not move
away from their fixed positions.
RADIATION OF HEAT
Practical 8 - An Investigation to find out if shiny flasks or flack flasks are
best at radiating heat.
Aim
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Hypothesis
I think ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Method and Diagram
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Table
Graph
23
Conclusion
1) Which water cooled faster, the water in the shiny can or the water in the
matt black can?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2) How can you tell?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Which flask is the best radiator of heat?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4) What is happening to the energy radiated by the cans?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Practical 9 - Now carry out an investigation using the computers and
interfaces to find out if black flasks or shiny flasks are best at absorbing
heat (Infra-red radiation) and attach your print - out pages to your notes.
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 Complete this note on radiation
Radiation of heat
Radiation does not need p…………..….……. (it can travel through
a v…………………)
D………, b………………… surfaces are both good radiators of heat
and good a……………………….. of heat.
S………………….. surfaces are poor radiators and also poor
absorbers of heat.
Sometimes we want to reduce heat loss. Use your knowledge of
conduction, convection and radiation to explain why a vacuum flask is
very good at reducing heat loss.
The vacuum flask
Use the knowledge you have gained in this unit to explain how a vacuum flask
can keep food hot. The labels are in the box but they are all mixed up.
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Seal, stopper, glass, spacers, vacuum, silver coating
Complete these sentences:The stopper reduces heat loss by …………………………………… because…………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Making the flask of glass reduces heat loss by ……………………………………. because glass is
……………………………………………………………………..
Coating the glass in silver paint reduces heat loss by ……………………………………. because the
silver paint will …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
Creating a vacuum between the two skins of glass reduces heat loss because …………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Energy in the home

We lose energy from the roof, the door, the walls
and the windows.
In order to reduce
electricity bills and
pollution, we need to keep
energy losses from our
homes to a minimum.
1a) List four ways heat can escape from a house.
© Boardworks Ltd 2003
b) List four ways of preventing heat loss
2) Which methods of insulation use trapped air as an insulator?
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3) Why is aluminium foil fixed above some ceilings?
4) Explain how heat can escape through an unused fireplace.
If you had to insulate a house which two methods would you use first, and
why?
 Complete this note
Insulation
T…………………. a………… is a very good insulator. It reduces
c……………………….… and c………………...………….. of heat. Most insulators
contain trapped air eg. ……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
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Heat Revision Quiz Using Starting Science Book 1
1) Name 6 fuels (p. 102)
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
2) Our body gets energy from - (p103)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Energy in food is measured in kJ or k…………………………………….. (p103)
4) What determines your daily energy requirements? ( How much you need
to eat each day) (p103)
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
5) What are the units used to measure HEAT energy? (p105)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6) What do we measure in units of degrees Celsius (P103)?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7) What do we mean by “Absolute Zero”?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
8) Describe what happens when a solid melts. (P 107)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9) Describe how heat travels through a metal rod. (P108)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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10) What is a convection current? (P109)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11)Explain how gliders stay up in the sky.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12)
How does the heat from the Sun reach us on Earth?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13)
Name three good insulating materials. (P111)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14)
What do most insulating materials have in common? (P111)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15) Describe three ways of reducing heat loss from your house. (P112)
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Complete this table showing the three methods of heat transfer.
Method of heat
transfer
Material needed
conduction
fluids (liquids and gases)
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Key Words
conduction
Definition
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
conductor
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
conservation
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
contraction
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
convection
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Degrees Celsius
____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
evaporated
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
expansion
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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infrared
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
insulator
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
radiation
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
temperature
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Thermometer
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
transferred
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
vacuum
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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