Download Study Guide

Study Guide and Reinforcement
Student Edition
earth.msscience.com
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the
United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240
ISBN 0-07-866972-3
Printed in the United States of America
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter 2: Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Chapter 3: Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Chapter 4: Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Chapter 5: Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . .15
Chapter 6: Views of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Chapter 7: Weathering and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Chapter 8: Erosional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Chapter 9: Water Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Chapter 11: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Chapter 12: Volcanoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Chapter 13: Clues to Earth’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Chapter 14: Geologic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Chapter 15: Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Chapter 16: Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Chapter 17: Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Chapter 18: Ocean Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Chapter 19: Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Chapter 20: Our Impact on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Chapter 21: Our Impact on Water and Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Chapter 22: Exploring Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Chapter 23: The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Chapter 24: The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Chapter 25: Stars and Galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
iii
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Science All Around
Chapter
1
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.
1. (neicse) a process of observing, studying, and thinking about things to
gain knowledge
2. (mutains) a large wave caused by an earthquake
3. (erte grisn) a way to learn information about events in an area long ago
4. (treemixepn) a way to test a hypothesis
5. (streemsiy) scientific methods can be used to solve these
6. (yoncoleght) the application of science for practical purposes
7. (hanic) the country that used a seismograph to detect earthquakes in
the year 132 A.D.
8. (nnnotivie) an application of scientific discovery to make something
that has a useful purpose
9. (serpia) the country that had windmills in the year 650 A.D.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. (pinedeendt) the variable that you change in an experiment to see what
will happen
11. (kyeurt) the country that was working with copper metal in 7000 B.C.
12. (fictiensic dothem) an organized set of investigation procedures
13. (tennddeep) a type of variable that changes according to changes in
other variables
14. (cottanns) something that does not change when other variables in an
experiment change
Directions: List six common steps in the scientific method. Explain or define each step and/or tell why it’s
important. Give an example from the dishwashing liquid experiment in the text.
Step
Explanation
Example from Text
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
The Nature of Science
1
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Scientific Enterprise
Class
Chapter
1
Directions: Complete the paragraphs by writing the correct terms in the spaces.
Early people observed their surroundings and relied on 1. ______________________________
to explain storms, volcanoes, and seasons. When people observed seasonal phenomena, they
developed a 2. ______________________________ of about 365 days. Knowledge collected over
time about weather evolved into the science of 3. ______________________________. Instruments
were developed to measure weather phenomena. The 4. ______________________________ gauge
was probably the first weather instrument. In the 1600s in Italy other instruments were developed to
set up weather stations. The 5. ______________________________ measures air pressure. The
6. ______________________________ measures temperature. Water vapor in the air is measured
by a 7. ______________________________. Wind speed is measured by an
8. ______________________________. The first American to suggest weather could be predicted
was 9. ______________________________. The Weather Bureau of the late 1800s became the
10. ______________________________.
New 12. ______________________________ is gathered over long periods of time. When tests
are repeated, an explanation and hypothesis becomes a 13. ____________________. When a rule
is proposed to describe the behavior of something in nature, it is called a
14. ____________________. Usually laws describe what will happen but don’t give an
15. ____________________.
2 The Nature of Science
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Scientists form and test 11. ______________________________.
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Atoms
Chapter
2
Directions: Use the word banks provided to complete the following section summary.
atoms
matter
building blocks
minerals
elements
model
isotopes
native elements
Anything that has mass and takes up space is called (1)____________________. Matter is made
up of tiny particles called (2)____________________. The structure of atoms and how they join
together determine all the properties of matter. Atoms sometimes are called
(3)____________________ of matter. Substances that are made of only one type of atom are
called (4)____________________. They may combine to make up (5)____________________,
found in Earth’s crust. Some minerals are made up of only one element and are called
(6)____________________.
atomic number
neutrons
negative
atoms
isotopes
number
electron cloud
mass number
protons
electrons
negative
three
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A Greek philosopher first proposed that matter was made up of small particles which he called
(7)____________________. The current model of the atom is made up of
(8)____________________ basic parts. Particles with a positive charge are
(9)____________________. Particles with no charge are (10)____________________. Both neutrons and protons are located in the nucleus. Particles with a negative charge that exist outside the
nucleus are called (11)____________________. Electrons have specific amounts of energy and
move around in a(n) in a(n) (12)____________________, similar to bees in a beehive.
All atoms of the same element have the same (13)____________________ of protons, shown
as the (14)____________________. Atoms can lose or gain electrons, making the overall charge
positive or (15)____________________. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons is
the (16)____________________. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called (17)____________________.
Matter
3
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Combinations of Atoms
Chapter
2
Directions: Define the following terms.
1. compound
2. mixture
Directions: Identify each of the following as a mixture or a compound.
3. NaCl
4. solution
5. water
6. NaCl + H2O
7. salt
8. H2O
9. air
11. vinegar and oil
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
12. Sweetened tea is a type of mixture called a(n) ____________________.
13. A water molecule is made up of two atoms of ____________________ and one atom
of ____________________
14. The substances in a(n) ____________________ can be physically separated from one
another.
15. Table salt is made up of one ion of ____________________ and one ion
of ____________________.
16. A(n) ____________________ cannot be separated into its individual elements by physical
means.
4 Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. salt water
Name
Date
Study Guide
3
Class
Properties of Matter
Chapter
2
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. Pay particular attention to the linking
words or statements between boxes. The completed diagram will help you organize the relationships between
physical states of matter on Earth.
liquid
definite size and shape
freely moving and independent
takes the shape of its container
gas
water
Matter on Earth
may be
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
solid
may be
melt
1.
freeze
boil
may be
2.
cool
molecules are
molecules are
molecules are
fixed position
close together
and moving freely
3.
results in
results in
results in
4.
5.
completely fills
its container
unique
Earth
example
unique
Earth
example
unique
Earth
example
6.
Matter
5
Name
Date
1
Class
Minerals
Study Guide
Chapter
3
Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition.
Definition
Vocabulary
1. naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite
chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms
a. crystal
b. crystalline
2. salt formed by the natural evaporation of seawater
c. eight
3. describes atoms arranged in a pattern over and over
d. evaporation
4. a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly,
repeating pattern
e. five
5. melted rock that forms crystals
f. halite
6. the part of a solution that evaporates, leaving a mineral
g. magma
7. the process, in a dry climate, where the solution leaves the mineral h. mineral
i. oxygen
8. number of common elements in Earth’s crust
j. silicon
9. group of rocks forming minerals that contain silicon and oxygen
k. silicate
l. water
Directions: List four characteristics of a mineral.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Directions: Arrange the eight most common elements in Earth’s crust from most common to least common.
(Hint: refer to Figure 5 in your textbook for additional help.)
Most common
Least common
22.
21.
20.
19.
18.
17.
16.
15.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust
Minerals
7
Name
Date
Study Guide
2
Class
Mineral Identification
Chapter
3
Directions: In the blank at the left, put a check mark (✓) next to each statement that agrees with the textbook.
1. The physical properties of a mineral can be seen or measured in some way.
2. The physical properties of a mineral make it possible to identify the mineral.
3. Any mineral can be identified by a careful check of one physical characteristic.
4. Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be located.
5. Friedrich Mohs developed a scale which lists minerals according to their hardness.
6. Quartz will scratch a piece of copper, so quartz is harder than copper.
7. The luster of a mineral is described as metallic or nonmetallic.
8. The luster of chrome would be described as nonmetallic.
9. Color alone is not usually enough to identify a mineral.
10. When some minerals are rubbed across unglazed porcelain, they leave a streak of
powdered material.
11. Graphite is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.
13. Most minerals cannot be broken.
14. Mica shows clear cleavage.
15. Quartz is a mineral with cleavage.
Directions: Match the mineral names in Column I with the descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the
correct description in the blank at the left.
Column I
16. magnetite
17. pyrite
18. talc
19. calcite
20. gold
Column II
a. light yellow color; metallic luster; greenish-black
streak
b. light color; fingernail will scratch it; leaves thick,
powdery streak
c. black color; black streak; dull metallic luster; is attracted
to magnets
d. yellow color; scratched by copper penny; often found
in flakes
e. glassy luster; hardness of 3
8 Minerals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
12. Topaz is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Uses of Minerals
Chapter
3
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Why are diamonds and rubies valuable? What are minerals like these called?
2. What characteristics make gemstones beautiful?
3. Quartz crystals can be used as gems. What other more practical uses can quartz crystals have?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What useful material may be obtained from bauxite? What useful material may be obtained
from hematite? What are bauxite and hematite called, since they produce useful materials?
5. Where are vein mineral deposits found? How did they get there?
6. What is titanium and why is it useful?
Minerals
9
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
The Rock Cycle
Chapter
4
Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition.
Definition
Vocabulary
1. a mixture of minerals, volcanic glass,
organic material, or other materials
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. illustrates the processes that create and change rocks
a. conservation of matter
b. igneous rock
c. James Hutton
3. formed when particles and bits of rock are cemented
together
d. metamorphic rock
4. formed when heat, pressure, or fluids act on other
types of rock and affect their composition
e. Mt. Rushmore, South
Dakota
5. formed when hot magma cools and hardens
(may be intrusive or extrusive rock)
f. rock
g. rock cycle
6. rock fragments, mineral grains, or organic remains
that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity
h. sediments
7. principle that illustrates chemical elements from
minerals and rocks are not lost or destroyed,
but changed to a new form
j. Siccar Point, Scotland
i. sedimentary rock
k. volcanic
8. location where scientists first recognized the rock cycle
Directions: List possible changes for each type of rock. (Hint: Refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additional
help.)
Type of Rock
9.
Igneous
10.
Sedimentary
11.
Metamorphic
12.
Sediments
May Change To
Or May Change To
magma
sediments
Rocks
11
Name
2
Date
Igneous Rocks
Study Guide
Class
Chapter
4
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. The boxed letters
should spell the kind of rocks that form from magma.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. Igneous rocks that are dense and dark-colored. They form from magma that is rich in iron and
magnesium and poor in silica.
2. Thick, gooey, molten material inside a volcano or deep inside Earth
3. Igneous rocks that are light-colored and have a lower density. They form from thick, stiff
magma that contains lots of silica and lesser amounts of iron and magnesium.
4. Igneous rocks that have mineral compositions between those of granitic and basaltic rocks
5. One kind of volcanic glass that has holes caused by pockets of gas
6. The kind of igneous rock that forms below Earth’s surface
7. The kind of igneous rock that forms on or near Earth’s surface
8. Magma forms this kind of rock.
12 Rocks
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7
Name
3
Date
Class
Metamorphic Rocks
Study Guide
Chapter
4
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.
metamorphic rocks
marble
gneiss
foliated rocks
quartzite
shale
nonfoliated rocks
sandstone
granite
1.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
can be
classified as
2.
3.
two examples
are
two examples
are
4.
5.
6.
forms from
forms from
forms from
forms from
7.
8.
9.
slate
limestone
Directions: Write T if the statement is true. Write F if the statement is false.
10. Metamorphic rocks form only from igneous rocks.
11. An igneous rock like granite can be formed into a metamorphic rock like gneiss.
12. Heat and pressure have no effect on rocks.
13. One type of rock, such as shale, can change into several different kinds of
metamorphic rock.
Rocks
13
Name
Date
4
Study Guide
Sedimentary Rocks
Class
Chapter
4
Directions: Complete the outline by filling in the blanks.
Sedimentary Rocks
I. Materials that make up sediments
A.
B.
C.
II. Ways sedimentary rocks can form
A.
Definition:
B.
C.
Definition:
III. Classification of sedimentary rocks
A.
Examples:
B.
Examples:
C.
Examples:
14 Rocks
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Definition:
Name
Date
Study Guide
1
Class
Nonrenewable Energy
Resources
Chapter
5
Directions: Use the information from your textbook to complete the energy resources chart below.
Resource
1.
Fossil fuel
2.
3.
Oil
Made From
Commonly Used For
plants and organisms
buried and altered
over millions of years
a sedimentary
rock containing
hydrocarbons
4.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Description
bacteria reacting with
dead plants
a thick, black
liquid hydrocarbon,
commonly called
petroleum
hydrocarbons
in a gaseous state
heating, electricity,
gasoline,
making plastics
heating, gasoline,
manufacturing
plastics
the remains of
marine animals,
lighter than oil
5.
Synthetic
fuel
a human-made
liquid or gaseous
fuel
heating,
electricity
6.
Methane
hydrate
hydrocarbons
trapped in ice
structures on the
seafloor
heating,
electricity
7.
Nuclear
energy
uranium-235
8.
the splitting of
heavy elements to
produce energy
9.
when materials of
low mass are fused
together to form
substance of higher
mass
electricity
in the future,
hydrogen fused into
helium molecules
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
15
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Renewable Energy Resources
Chapter
5
Directions: Write the correct term after each description below on the spaces provided. Then unscramble the
boxed letters to spell a type of energy resource in question 16.
1. where solar energy comes from
___
2. used indirectly when winds and
ocean currents are used to do work
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___
3. collect the Sun’s energy
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___
4. use wind energy
___
5. hydroelectric power uses this
___ ___ ___
6. built to retain water
___
7. energy from hot magma
___ ___ ___
8. state where geothermal energy
is being used
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. ethanol mixed with gasoline
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
11. a large number of windmills placed
in one area to generate electricity
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
12. when using magma and water
to create energy, the magma’s heat
turns the water into this
___ ___ ___ ___
13. a tall, leafy, renewable energy resource
___ ___ ___ ___
14. using wood for energy can create this
___ ___ ___
15. cars that use solar cells as a power
source
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________
16 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. energy from burning organic material
___
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Mineral Resources
Chapter
5
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. Deposits in which minerals exist in large enough amounts to be mined for profit are
hydroelectric.
2. Bauxite is an iron ore.
3. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating and recycling.
4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.
5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.
6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Limestone is a source of silica.
8. Gypsum is used as an industrial material.
9. Resourcing is using old materials to make new ones.
10. Gypsum is used to make sandpaper.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Why do economic factors play a part in determining what an ore is?
12. What are mined nonmetallic resources used for? Give some examples.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
17
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Landforms
Chapter
6
Directions: Unscramble the geology terms provided to correctly complete the section summary paragraph.
The three basic types of landforms are sipnal (1)____________________,
uptesala (2)____________________, and taisonnum (3)____________________. Large, flat
areas in the dimdel (4)____________________ of a continent are
spinal (5)____________________. With thick fertile soil, they are ideal for
gramfin (6)____________________. Coastal plains are formed near
sonace (7)____________________ and formed as part of a
nnnettellfohsiac (8)____________________, as sediments dropped onto the ocean floor. Interior
plains, such as the Great Plains in the central United States, consist of nearly horizontal layers of
yockadesnemitrr (9)____________________.
Flat areas of land that have been uplifted by forces within Earth are
sauptlae (10)__________________. They differ from plains in that their
geeds (11)____________________ rise steeply above the land around them. River valleys and
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
scayonn (12)____________________ commonly cut through these high, horizontal rock layers.
Mountains are classified into rouf (13)____________________ main types.
naccilov (14)____________________ mountains are formed over time when many layers of
magma pile up, creating a cone-shaped structure. drappewu (15)____________________ mountains are formed when sections of Earth’s crust are pushed up by Earth’s internal forces. They have
high speak (16)____________________ and sharp ridges. ftauollbck (17)____________________
mountains are separated from surrounding rock by faults, or huge fractures in the rock. Huge,
tilted blocks of rock are pushed up, while the next block is dropped down, producing majestic
peaks and steep spoles (18)____________________. Some extreme forces inside Earth may push
rock layers horizontally, forming ddelof (19)____________________ mountains. This type of
mountain often shows spectacular sraley (20)____________________ of rock that look like they
have been pushed together or folded. Earth’s ronmdalfs (21)____________________ offer a variety of beautiful landscapes that continue to be shaped by Earth’s natural forces.
Views of Earth
19
Name
Date
Viewpoints
Study Guide
2
Class
Chapter
6
Directions: Study the map. Write the letter of each map feature or location on the line provided.
180ºF
150º 120º
West (W)
90º 60º
30º
0ºC
30º
60º
East (E)
90º 120º
150º 180ºF
90º
C
60º
D
45º
E
L
H
J
M
F
A
B
O
G
N
W
I
E
N
K
30º
15º
0º
15º
30º
45º
60º
S
_______ 1. equator
_______ 6. 45°S latitude, 15°E longitude
_______ 2. prime meridian
_______ 7. 30°N latitude, 165°W longitude
_______ 3. International Date Line
_______ 8. 15°S latitude, 60°E longitude
_______ 4. 15°S latitude, 90°E longitude
_______ 9. 30°N latitude, 120°W longitude
_______ 5. 15°N latitude, 165°E longitude
_______ 10. 30°S latitude, 15°E longitude
Directions: The map shows longitude in 15-degree increments, which correspond to the time zones. Use the
lines of longitude to estimate the time for the following places.
11. You’re at point B on the map. It’s 7:00 A.M. What time is it at point E?
12. You’re at point H on the map. It’s 5:00 P.M. What time is it at point G?
13. You’re at point H on the map. It’s 7:00 P.M. What time is it at point D?
14. You’re at point J and you travel eastward to point L. Do you lose or
gain a day?
20 Views of Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
90º
Name
Date
Study Guide
3
Class
Maps
Chapter
6
Directions: Write the letter of the term that best completes or answers the sentence.
1. A ______ projection has parallel latitude lines and parallel longitude lines. The areas
of the continents are distorted, especially near the poles.
a. conic
b. Robinson
c. Mercator
2. On a ______ projection, latitude lines are parallel and longitude lines are curved. The
land areas are less distorted at the poles.
a. conic
b. Robinson
c. Mercator
3. A ______ projection is made from projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.
a. conic
b. Robinson
c. topographic
4. A ______ map shows changes in elevation of Earth’s surface.
a. conic
b. Robinson
c. topographic
5. The 1 on the map scale 1:24,000 represents 1 cm. What does the 24,000 represent?
a. 24,000 cm
b. 24 cm
c. 24,000 km
6. On a map scale, 1 cm equals 1 km. What distance is represented by 10 cm on the map?
a. 1,000 km
b. 1,000 cm
c. 10 km
Figure 3
40
19
kR
uc
r
ive
B
N
m
1
0
80
m
m
00
m
15
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Use Figures 1–3 to answer the following questions.
Figure 1
Figure 2
7. What is the contour interval for Figure 1?
Scale 1 cm = 10,000 cm
Contour interval 500 cm
8. What is the contour interval for Figure 2?
9. Which figure represents a hill, and how do you know?
10. In which direction does the Buck River flow, and how do you know?
Views of Earth
21
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Weathering
Chapter
7
Directions: Using the terms provided, complete the weathering comparison chart below.
animals
mechanical weathering
plant acid
chemical reactions
natural acid
plant
chemical weathering
oxidation
ice wedging
physical processes
Weathering
(1)________________
2 Types of Weathering
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(3)_______________: rocks
are broken apart; new rocks
are similar to original rocks
Definition
(2)_______________
(4)_______________:
dissolves or changes the
minerals; new rocks are different from original rocks
(5)_______________:
water freezes in rock cracks
(6)________________:
carbonic acid dissolves rock,
creating caves
(7)_______________:
roots force into cracks, then
grow and break rock
(8)________________:
oxygen and water react with
minerals to break down into
rust
Ways Weathering Occurs
(9)_______________:
digging, scratching at rocks,
causing rocks to move
(10)_________________
from decaying plants weakens rocks
Directions: Number the following events about ice wedging in the order they happen. The first step in the
sequence has been numbered for you.
11. Ice Wedging
water freezes and expands
ice melts, allowing more water to enter crack
pressure builds and extends the crack
1
water enters crack in rock
crack extends and breaks apart the rock
Weathering and Soil
23
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
The Nature of Soil
Chapter
7
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. Study the diagram of a soil profile to answer
questions 1–5.
1. Which soil layer contains the most humus?
2. How far into the soil do plant roots grow?
3. Where in this soil profile is organic matter broken down?
4. Where in this soil profile is solid rock being weathered into soil?
5. What is the name of the process by which water carries dissolved minerals from the upper
horizons down to the lower levels?
composition?
7. Choose a factor from Question 6 and explain how it can affect the soil in an area.
24 Weathering and Soil
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. What factors help determine the type of soil, such as the thickness of the layers and their
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Soil Erosion
Class
Chapter
7
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
1. gonPliw mechanically turns and loosens the soil to grow crops.
2. When soil is moved from the place where it formed, the process
is called sieroon.
3. There is no plowing and plant stalks are left in the field in
li-toln gimnarf.
4. In artericeng, flat-topped areas are built into the sides of steep
hills and mountains to grow crops.
5. In dry regions where sheep and cattle eat the grasses, reggianvorz
increases soil erosion.
6. Each year, clearing thousands of square kilometers of nair setrof
destroys soil in the tropics.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. What can be done to reduce erosion at construction sites?
8. What effect does overgrazing have on topsoil?
9. Why shouldn’t more land be cleared for farming and grazing as old land is worn out?
10. Why do people need soil?
11. What can farmers do to reduce soil erosion?
Weathering and Soil
25
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Erosional Forces
Directions: Using the word bank provided, complete the following statements.
creep
deposition
erosion
landslide
mass movement
mudflow
rock slide
slump
wins
Chapter
8
gravity
rockfalls
1. The process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another is
called _________________.
2. The force of attraction that pulls all objects toward Earth’s center is _________________.
3. Blocks of rock break loose and tumble through the air in _________________.
4. A mass movement with sediments slowly shifting their positions down hill is called
_________________.
5. A combination of mass movements such as slump, rock slides and mudflow would be called
a(n)________________.
6. When agents of erosion lose energy and drop their sediments, it is referred to as
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
________________.
7. Layers of rock breaking loose and slipping downhill suddenly is a(n) ________________.
8. A mass of material slipping downhill along a curved surface creates a(n) ________________.
9. The general term used to describe erosion that happens as gravity moves materials down a
slope is ________________.
10. A thick mixture of sediment and water flowing down a slope is commonly called a(n)
________________.
11. The process of erosion may be slowed down, but mass movement cannot be eliminated
because gravity always ________________.
Directions: List three factors most mass movements have in common.
12.
13.
14.
Erosional Forces
27
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Glaciers
Class
Chapter
8
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers similar?
2. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers different?
Directions: Use your answers above to identify the glaciers described below. You may need to use both types to
answer a question.
3. They form U-shaped valleys.
5. They deposit till and outwash.
6. They weather rocks by plucking.
7. They form in areas that have cold temperatures all year.
8. They are now located only in the polar regions.
9. They are the kind of glaciers found in Montana today.
10. They can create cirques on the side of mountains.
28 Erosional Forces
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. They covered much of Earth during ice ages.
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Wind
Chapter
8
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. Wind erosion called __________________ pits and polishes rocks when blown sand grains
hit them.
2. ___________________ are a common form of wind deposit in desert regions and near
oceans and lakes.
3. Much of the midwestern United States is on fertile soil that developed from
____________________ deposits.
4. ______________________ is sediment that is as fine as talcum powder.
5. Erosion and ____________________ are part of a cycle that shapes and reshapes the land.
6. ____________________ is wind erosion that can be compared to sandblasting.
7. When windblown sediments pile up behind obstacles, ___________________ are formed.
8. Abrasion and deflation are forms of ___________________ erosion.
9. Loess and dunes are ___________________ of wind-eroded sediments.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. ___________________ is wind erosion that picks up small particles and leaves heavier
particles behind.
11. The side of a sand dune away from the wind has a _________________ slope than the side
facing the wind.
12. ____________________ erosion is common in deserts, beaches, and plowed fields.
13. During a __________________, sand grains form a low cloud just above the ground.
14. _________________ blow topsoil from open fields, overgrazed areas, and places where
vegetation has disappeared.
15. People in many countries plant trees to act as _________________ to reduce wind erosion.
16. Along many seacoasts and deserts, _________________ is planted to reduce erosion.
17. Plants with fibrous _________________ systems, such as grasses, work best at stopping wind
erosion.
18. One common dune shape is a crescent-shaped dune known as a _________________.
Erosional Forces
29
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Water Erosion and
Deposition
Chapter
9
Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
alluvial fan
flood plain
sheet erosion
bed load
gully erosion
silt
delta
meander
stream erosion
drainage basin
rill erosion
suspended load
1. light weight sediments that are picked up and moved
2. erosion caused by a thin, broad layer of water
3. area of land from which streams or rivers collect runoff
4. broad, flat valley floor formed by meandering stream dropping fertile
sediment
5. flat, triangular land extending into the ocean, formed from dropped
sediment
6. process by which stream channel becomes deeper and wider
7. small groove that continues to enlarge, forming a channel
8. larger, heavy particles that roll along the bottom of a stream
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. very fine sediment
10. sediment deposits onto valley floor at the base of a mountain stream
11. created by rill channel becoming broader and deeper
12. broad, curved arc in the path of a stream
Directions: Complete the study chart below on the life and characteristics of a stream. (Hint: Refer to Figure 8 in
the text book for additional help.)
Type of
Stream
13.
14.
15.
Mature
Speed and
Location
Physical
Characteristics
swiftly runs through
steep valleys
waterfalls, rapids
Location of
Erosion
smooth flowing in
valley
flat floodplain,
oxbow lakes
erodes sides and
bottom only slightly
Water Erosion and Depostion
31
Name
Date
2
Study Guide
Class
Groundwater
Chapter
9
Directions: Study the following diagrams. Then label the parts using the correct terms from the list below.
artesian well
stalagmite
aquifer
water table
1.
stalactite
zone of saturation
2.
Soil
3.
4.
Saturated with
groundwater
Impermeable
5.
6.
Imp
erm
eab
le la
Satu
yer
rate
d pe
rme
able
Imp
erm
laye
eab
r
le la
yer
32 Water Erosion and Deposition
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Cave
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Ocean Shoreline
Chapter
9
Directions: For each item, write every other letter, beginning with the first letter, on line a. Next, beginning
with the second letter, write every other letter on line b. Add spaces between words in a and b. Then on line c,
write an explanation of the relationship between the terms in lines a and b.
1. N B O A T R O R N I A E M R A I I S N L L A A N N D D S
a.
b.
c.
2. P L A O R N A G L S L H E O L R S E T C H U E R S R H E O N R T E
a.
b.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
c.
3. S B E E D A I C M H E E N S T
a.
b.
c.
4. T S I U D R E F S A C C U E R W R A E V N E T S S
a.
b.
c.
Water Erosion and Deposition
33
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Continental Drift
Class
Chapter
10
Directions: In the space provided, briefly discuss Pangaea and continental drift and the scientific clues that support Alfred Wegener’s theory.
1. Pangaea:
2. Continental drift:
3. Puzzle-like fit clues:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Fossil clues:
5. Plant clues:
6. Climate clues:
7. Rock clues:
8. New ideas about continental drift developed through advanced technology. One new explanation for how the continents could drift is _________________________________________.
Plate Tectonics
35
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Seafloor Spreading
Chapter
10
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. During the 1940s and 1950s, scientists began using radar on moving ships to map large areas
of the ocean floor in detail.
2. The youngest rocks are found far from the mid-ocean ridges.
3. The scientist Henry Hess invented echo-sounding devices for mapping the ocean floor.
4. As the seafloor spreads apart, hot saltwater moves upward and flows from the cracks.
6. The research ship Glomar Challenger was equipped with a drilling rig that records magnetic data.
7. Rocks on the seafloor are much older than many continental rocks.
8. When plates collide, the denser plate will ride over the less-dense plate.
9. Earth’s magnetic field has always run from the north pole to the south pole.
10. The magnetic alignment in rocks on the ocean floor always runs from the north pole to the
south pole.
36 Plate Tectonics
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. As the new seafloor moves away from the ridge and becomes hotter, it moves upward and
forms still higher ridges.
Name
Date
3
Study Guide
Class
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Chapter
10
Directions: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below.
asthenosphere
convection
lithosphere
plate tectonics
plates
1. The theory of ____________________ states that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken
into sections.
2. These sections, called ____________________, are composed of the crust and a part of the
upper mantle.
3. The crust and upper mantle together are called the ____________________.
4. Beneath this layer is the plasticlike ____________________.
5. Scientists suggest that differences in density cause hot, plasticlike rock to be forced upward
toward the surface, cool, and sink. This cycle is called a ____________________ current.
Directions: Four diagrams are shown in the table below. Label and describe each diagram in the space provided
in order to complete the table.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Diagram
Type of boundary and
motion at boundary
Diagram
6.
8.
7.
9.
Type of boundary and
motion at boundary
Plate Tectonics
37
Name
Date
1
Class
Forces Inside Earth
Study Guide
Chapter
11
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.
compression
earthquake
elastic deformation
elastic limit
fault
normal fault
reverse fault
plate movement
shear
strike-slip fault
tension
Definition
1. force that squeezes rocks together
2. vibrations produced by the breaking of rock
3. rocks bent and stretched out of shape by force
4. constant motion of plates
5. surface along which rocks move when they pass their elastic limit and
break
6. forces on either side of fault cause rocks to slide past each other
7. limit to how far rocks can bend and stretch
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. force that pulls rocks apart
9. rocks on either side of the fault move past each other without much
upward or downward movement
10. results from tension, pulling rock apart; where the rock above the fault
surface drops in relation to rock below the fault surface
11. results from compression forces squeezing rocks together; rock above
the fault surface is forced up and over rock below the fault surface
Directions: Number the following events about seismic pressure in the order in which they happen. The first
step in the sequence has been numbered for you.
12. Seismic Pressure
an earthquake results
1
rough edges catch due to friction, temporarily halting movement along a fault
stress causes the rocks to bend and change shape
rocks bend beyond their elastic limit, break, move along the fault, and return to their
original shape
forces keep driving the rocks to move and pressure builds
Earthquakes
39
Name
2
Date
Class
Features of Earthquakes
Study Guide
Chapter
11
Directions: The graph below shows travel time in minutes and distance traveled for primary and secondary
waves. Primary and secondary waves start at the same time but do not travel at the same speed. Study the
graph. Use the graph to help answer the questions that follow.
24
Secondary wave
22
20
Travel time (min)
18
16
Primary wave
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
Distance traveled (1,000 km units)
2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2,000 km?
3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 min?
4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 min?
5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distance
traveled gets longer?
6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both travel a distance of 4,000 km before they are
picked up by a seismograph. Which wave will arrive first?
7. How much time lag at 4,000 km will there be between these two waves?
8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 min. Which wave
will travel farther?
40 Earthquakes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. How long does it take for a primary wave to travel 2,000 km?
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
People and Earthquakes
Chapter
11
Directions: In the space provided, write R if the description refers to the Richter scale and M if it refers to the
modified Mercalli scale.
1. based on the height of the lines traced by a seismograph
2. describes the strength of an earthquake
3. describes the amount of damage an earthquake causes
4. an earthquake with an intensity of VII
5. an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5
Directions: Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, rewrite the word or words in italics to
make the statement true.
6. The paper record of a seismic event is called a seismograph.
7. Far from shore, a large ship might ride over a seismic sea wave
without anyone noticing it.
8. A seismogram consists of a rotating drum of paper and a
pendulum with an attached pen.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. An intensity-XII earthquake would cause little destruction.
10. For safety’s sake, people who live in earthquake regions should
build their houses on loose soils.
11. When liquefaction occurs, the soil becomes more liquid and
buildings can sink into it and collapse.
12. A seismic sea wave and a tsunami are the same thing.
13. The water along a shoreline may flow toward the sea just before
a tsunami crashes on shore.
14. In some new buildings made of steel plates and rubber parts,
the steel acts like a cushion to absorb earthquakes.
15. One way to make your home earthquake-safe is to place heavy
objects on high shelves so they won’t fall on you.
Earthquakes
41
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Volcanoes and Earth’s
Moving Plates
Chapter
12
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following summary paragraph.
acid rain
falling ash
igneous rock
lava flow
magma
plates
pyroclastic flow
rise
vent
volcano
volcanologists
Earth’s crust is formed from (1)____________________ that are constantly moving. Pressure
between these shifting plates causes rock deep within Earth to melt, forming liquid rock called
(2)____________________. Because it is less dense than the surrounding rock, this molten rock
begins to (3)____________________ to the surface and escape through a
(4)____________________. As the lava cools, it builds up in layers which become
(5)____________________. Spewing gases, ash, and lava around the opening creates a
(6)____________________.
Volcanoes can have dramatic effects on people’s lives and their property. Volcanic ash and
debris may pour down a mountain side as (7)____________________ crushing crops, villages,
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
forests, and wildlife. (8)____________________ forms when gases mix with water vapor raining
down and killing plants. Entire villages may be buried below (9)____________________ as in
Herculaneum. A (10)____________________ destroys everything in its path. These eruptions can
be violent and unpredictable, but volcano scientists, also known as (11)____________________,
still find them beautiful, exciting, and intriguing to study.
Directions: Complete the summary chart of volcanoes’ characteristics. (Hint: Refer to Figure 6-8 for additional
help.)
Cause of
Volcano
Activity Taking Place
Characteristics
12.
divergent plate
boundary
rifts—long,
deep cracks
13.
convergent
plate boundary
one plate moves
under another
14.
Real-World
Example
Soufriere Hills,
Montserrat
occurs in the
middle of plate
Volcanoes
43
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Types of Volcanoes
Chapter
12
Directions: Identify each form of volcano and then fill in the chart with the appropriate information about
each form.
Lava flows
Tephra
Lava flows
Figure 3
Figure 2
Form of volcano
Type of Magma
Tephra
Shape of Volcano
Materials in Volcano
1.
3.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
4. What is the relationship between the amount of gases in magma and the explosiveness of a
volcanic eruption?
5. What is the relationship between the silica content of magma and the explosiveness of a
volcanic eruption?
44 Volcanoes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Igneous Rock Features
Chapter
12
Directions: Identify each volcanic feature shown in the figure. Describe how it is formed.
4.
6.
2.
5.
3.
1.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Volcanoes
45
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Fossils
Chapter
13
Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
carbon films
cast
coal
fossils
index fossils
mineral replacement
mold
original remains
permineralized remains
trace fossils
1. thin film of carbon residue forming a silhouette of the original
organism
2. soft spaces inside an organism are filled with minerals from
groundwater
3. hard, outer cavity in the rock where fossil has been dissolved
4. fossilized tracks and evidence of activity of organisms
5. traces of species that existed on Earth, used to judge climate,
environment, and geologic time
6. minerals or sediments fill a fossil mold
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. totally carbonized remains, now used as fuel source
8. the replacement of hard and soft parts of an organism
9. remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms
10. entire, complete organism found in amber, ice, or natural tar pit
Directions: List three requirements for a fossil to be considered an index fossil.
11.
12.
13.
Directions: Discuss three things scientists studying fossils might learn about the environment.
14.
Clues to Earth’s Past
47
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Relative Ages of Rocks
Chapter
13
Directions: In the blank at the left, write the term that completes each statement.
1. Natural laws govern the way geologists determine the age of
rock deposits. This technique is called _____.
2. The principle of _____ states that an older rock layer and things
buried in it occur beneath younger layers unless the layers have
been disturbed.
3. Some rock layers are incomplete. The gaps are called _____.
4. A common cause of gaps in rock layers is _____.
Directions: Look at the cross-sectional view of the rock layers shown in Figure 1. For each question, decide
which of the two named materials is older. Assume the layers have not been overturned. Write the name of the
older material on the line provided.
Figure 1
Red sandstone
6. brown sandstone and
gray limestone
Tan limestone
Gray limestone
Tan sandstone
8. gabbro dike and
gray shale
Brown
sandstone
9. snail fossil and
trilobite fossil
10. snail fossil and
dinosaur bone
Brown
sandstone
Black shale
Snail fossil
Green shale
Gray shale
Trilobite fossil
11. snail fossil and green shale
12. dinosaur bone and red sandstone
13. red sandstone and gray limestone
14. tan limestone and tan sandstone
15. tan limestone and gray limestone
16. The type of unconformity shown in Figure 1 is a(n) ____________.
48 Clues to Earth’s Past
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. gabbro dike and
brown sandstone
Dinosaur bone
Gabbro dike
5. tan sandstone and
brown sandstone
Name
Date
Study Guide
3
Class
Absolute Ages of Rocks
Chapter
13
Directions: Match the terms in Column I with their definitions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct phrase
in the blank at the left.
Column I
1. absolute dating
2. half-life
3. radioactive decay
4. radiometric dating
5. uniformitarianism
Column II
a. time it takes for half of the atoms in an isotope to
decay
b. breaking down of a neutron into a proton and an
electron
c. principle that Earth processes occurring today are
similar to those that occurred in the past
d. process that uses the properties of atoms in rocks
and other objects to determine their ages
e. calculating the absolute age of a rock by measuring the
amounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock and
by knowing the half-life of the parent material
Directions: Follow the steps below to demonstrate the radioactive decay of carbon-14. Then answer the questions.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Cut a strip of paper 8 cm long. Think of the paper as all of the carbon-14 in an animal when it died.
2. The idea is to show how you find the age of a rock that contains an animal fossil by using the
half-lives of isotopes. Cut the strip of paper in half.
3. Discard one half of the paper. This represents the decayed material. Record the cut in Item 6
below with an X.
4. Continue by cutting the second half of the paper in half. Record the cut below with an X.
5. Continue Steps 3 and 4 until the paper is so small you cannot make another cut. Record each
cut you make with an X.
6. Number of cuts:
7. What is the total number of times you were able (practically) to cut the sample in half?
8. Each cut represents the half-life of carbon-14. What is the total amount of time represented
by each cut?
9. Multiply the number of cuts by the half-life of carbon-14. What is the total amount of time
represented by the cuts?
10. Could using the half-life of carbon-14 determine when dinosaurs died? Explain.
Clues to Earth’s Past
49
Name
Date
Study Guide
1
Class
Life and Geologic Time
Chapter
14
Directions: Use the following word bank to complete the summary statements below.
artificial selection
eon
epoch
era
evolution
geologic time scale
natural selection
period
species
trilobites
Definition
1. theory that species have changed over time
2. longest geologic time unit; based on abundance of fossils
3. shortest geologic time unit; based on difference in life forms that vary
regionally, such as from continent to continent
4. time unit based on major, striking, and world-wide changes in types of
fossils present
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. division of Earth’s history into time units based on the lifeforms that
lived only during certain periods; consists of periods, epochs, eras, and
eons
6. theory proposed by Charles Darwin to explain how species change over
time
7. breeding of certain species by humans for desired traits
8. time unit characterized by types of life existing world-wide at the time
9. group of organisms that normally reproduces only with other members
of their group
10. three-segment-bodied organisms used as index fossils
Directions: Define natural selection and then give a real-world example of an organism that is well adapted to
its environment and has a good chance of survival.
11. Natural selection:
Example:
Geologic Time
51
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Early Earth History
Chapter
14
Directions: List the events and types of organisms below in the order in which they happened or appeared on
Earth. The oldest one is Number 1.
amphibians
complex organisms
cyanobacteria
fish
invertebrates
organisms with hard parts
shielding of Earth from ultraviolet rays
Pangaea
reptiles
oxygen is major atmospheric gas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Which of the events in your list above occurred in the Precambrian time? Which occurred in
the Paleozoic Era?
12. Why is so little known about the Precambrian time?
13. Where did most life-forms of the Paleozoic Era live?
14. What might have caused the mass extinctions at the end of the Paleozoic Era?
52 Geologic Time
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10.
Name
Date
Study Guide
3
Middle and Recent
Earth History
Class
Chapter
14
Directions: Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the letter of the correct term
in the space provided in the left-hand column.
Column I
1. seed plants which first appeared in the Paleozoic Era
a. Gondwanaland
2. era of “middle life”
b. mammals
3. most recent period in the Mesozoic Era
c. Australia
4. oldest period in the Mesozoic Era
d. Laurasia
5. northern part of Pangaea
e. Cretaceous
6. southern part of Pangaea
7. fast-moving dinosaur
8. dinosaur thought to nurture hatchlings
9. winged animal resembling both dinosaurs and birds
10. milk-producing animals; first appeared in the Triassic Period
11. flowering plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Column II
f. gymnosperms
g. angiosperms
h. Mesozoic
i. Quaternary
j. Maiasaura
k. Triassic
l. Cenozoic
12. most recent era
m. marsupials
13. most recent period in the Cenozoic Era
n. tyrannosaurs
14. climate change that allowed flowering plants to increase
o. cooling
15. where most marsupials live
p. Archaeopteryx
16. animals with pouches
q. Gallimimus
Directions: Complete the following statements.
17. The bones of cold-blooded animals have _________________________________________.
18. The bones of dinosaurs resemble those of ____________________-blooded animals.
19. Some dinosaurs may have ____________________ their young.
Geologic Time
53
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Earth’s Atmosphere
Chapter
15
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about Earth’s atmosphere.
atmosphere
balance
dust
gases
heat absorbed
heat that escapes
life-forms
liquids
nitrogen
oxygen
ozone layer
protective covering
rays
salt
Earth’s (1)____________________ is defined as a thin layer of air that forms a
(2)____________________ around the planet. It maintains a crucial (3)____________________
between the amount of (4)____________________ from the Sun and the amount of
(5)____________________ back into space. Earth’s atmosphere also protects
(6)____________________ from the Sun’s harmful (7)____________________. The atmosphere
is made up of a mixture of (8)____________________, solids, and (9)____________________ .
When Earth was young, there was little (10)____________________ in the atmosphere. It contained mostly (11)____________________ and carbon dioxide. As more plants grew, releasing
of (12)____________________, (13)____________________, and pollen, as well as liquid
droplets. It is important to protect the (14)____________________ in Earth’s atmosphere so that
it will continue to protect life on Earth from the Sun’s harmful rays.
Directions: Arrange the four most common gases in Earth’s atmosphere from most common to least common.
(Hint: refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additional help.)
Most common
Least common
rg
he
Ot
.
18
.
17
.
16
.
15
es
as
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
oxygen through photosynthesis, Earth’s atmosphere changed. Today, the atmosphere contains bits
Atmosphere
55
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Energy Transfer in the
Atmosphere
Directions: Answer the following questions on the
lines provided using information from the graph.
1. Why doesn’t all radiation directed at Earth
reach the surface?
Chapter
15
What happens to radiation coming
to Earth from the sun?
Absorbed by
Earth's surface
Reflected by Earth's
surface
5%
Absorbed by clouds
and atmosphere
20%
2. What percent of radiation is lost before
reaching Earth’s surface?
3. What percent of radiation is lost after
reaching Earth’s surface?
50%
25%
Scattered by clouds
and air
Directions: Complete the chart using the correct terms and phrases from the chapter. Then answer the following
questions on the lines provided.
Types of heat transfer
How they are produced
5. Radiation
produced by
6. Conduction
produced by
7. Convection
produced by
8. If you put a frying pan on a burner on a stove and turn the burner on, the bottom of the
frying pan gets hot. What type of heat transfer has occurred?
9. When you get in a closed car on a sunny day and the temperature inside is much warmer than
outside, what type of heat transfer has taken place?
10. In some home heating systems, warm air is blown by a furnace fan into one side of a room.
On the other side of the room cold air sinks to the floor. What type of heat transfer is this?
56 Atmosphere
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What factors in the atmosphere seem to have the greatest effect on the amount of radiation received
from the Sun?
Name
Date
Study Guide
3
Class
Air Movement
Chapter
15
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Unscramble the letters
in the boxes to write a phrase related to the lesson. Use your textbook as a reference.
1. Caused by the uneven heating of Earth and its atmosphere
___ ___
___
2. Imaginary line around the middle of Earth
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. Windless zone at the equator which sailing vessels try to avoid
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
4. Winds generally responsible for the movement of weather across the United States and Canada
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. Winds that provide a dependable route for trade
___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. Cool breezes during the day caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. Narrow belts of strong winds at high altitudes which blow near the top of the troposphere
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
8. Cool breezes at night caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
9. Heat from the Sun
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
10. The deflection of air masses resulting from Earth’s eastward rotation
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. Winds that blow from the North and South Poles
___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. The phrase is:
Atmosphere
57
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
What is weather?
Chapter
16
Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
air
anemometer
condensation
dew point
fog
humidity
precipitation
relative humidity
temperature
weather
wind
wind vane
1. air moving in a specific direction
2. formation of liquid water from water vapor
3. cloud droplets combine and grow large enough to fall to Earth
4. measurement of average amount of motion of molecules
5. instrument for testing wind direction
6. amount of water vapor present in the air
7. the temperature at which air is saturated and condensation forms
8. made up of molecules that are always moving randomly
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. amount of water vapor present in air compared to the amount needed
for saturation at a specific temperature
10. state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place
11. a stratus cloud on the ground, forms when warm, moist air cools at
ground level
12. instrument for measuring wind speed
Directions: Describe how each of the four types of precipitation forms.
13. Rain:
14. Snow:
15. Sleet:
16. Hail:
Directions: Describe each cloud type listed below, and describe the weather associated with that cloud type.
17. Stratus:
18. Cumulus:
19. Cirrus:
Weather
59
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Weather Patterns
Figure 1
Chapter
16
Figure 2
Cold air
Topeka, KS
W a r m ir
a
Kansas City, KS
W a r m a ir
Indianapolis, IN
Cold air
Columbus, OH
Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the following questions.
1. What kinds of clouds form along the front in Figure 1?
2. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?
3. What kind of clouds form along the front in Figure 2?
4. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?
5. Figure 1 represents a ____________________________________________.
6. Figure 2 represents a ____________________________________________.
8. Compare the temperatures in Topeka and Kansas City, Kansas.
9. Fill in the chart about the elements of thunderstorms.
Element of
Thunderstorms
a. heavy rain
b. strong winds
c. lightning
d. thunder
e. tornado
60 Weather
Caused by
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. What will happen to the temperature in Columbus, Ohio, when the front passes?
Name
3
Date
Class
Weather Forecasts
Study Guide
H
10 163
2
D
Chapter
16
A
L
17 109
16
C
21 B
20 103
17
127
15
Directions: Use the weather map and Weather Map Symbols Reference Handbook to answer the following
questions.
1. Which station has the lowest pressure?
2. How would you describe the wind at Station B?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Which station is recording the highest wind speed?
4. Which station has the highest pressure?
5. What kind of front is south of Station A?
6. Which station has the most cloud cover?
7. How might the temperature change at station C over the next few hours? Why?
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
8. What is the difference between an isobar and an isotherm?
9. On a weather map for county A, the isobars are far apart. On a map for county B, about 100
miles away, the isobars are close together. Which map shows high winds? How can you tell?
Weather
61
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
What is climate?
Chapter
17
Directions: Answer the question below.
1. Define climate and explain how climate differs from weather.
Directions: Explain how each of the following factors affects the climate of the surrounding area.
2. Large bodies of water:
3. Ocean currents:
4. Mountains:
5. Rain shadows:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
a. Windward side of mountain:
b. Leeward side of mountain:
6. Cities:
Directions: List the five factors used to determine climate.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Climate
63
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Climate Types
Chapter
17
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. The type of plants found in a region depends on the region’s ____________________.
2. The fur of mammals ____________________ them from the cold.
3. A(n) ____________________ is a characteristic that helps an organism survive.
4. Desert turtles and lizards obtain the moisture they need from their ____________________.
5. Some mammals survive cold winters in a state of reduced activity called
____________________.
6. Lungfish survive intense heat in an inactive state called ____________________.
7. A body structure that helps an organism survive in its environment is
a(n) ____________________ adaptation.
8. In the Köppen System, climate groups are classified according to temperature and
____________________.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?
11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry climates?
12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants survive in dry climates?
13. Name the six groups of climates in the Köppen classification system.
64 Climate
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. What is an adaptation?
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Climatic Changes
Chapter
17
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. In the illustration, what season is it in the
northern hemispheres? In the southern
hemisphere?
2. Where on Earth are the seasonal variations of
temperature and day length greatest? Least?
To
Sun
3. What are the effects of El Niño?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What is global warming?
5. How might global warming affect Earth?
6. What are some possible causes for climatic changes in the past?
7. What is the greenhouse effect?
8. How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth?
9. How do scientists know what Earth’s climate was like in earlier geologic eras?
Climate
65
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Ocean Water
Chapter
18
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following ocean summary.
desalination
dissolved gases
fish
groundwater
halite
nitrogen
oxygen
photosynthesize
salinity
steady state
volcanoes
water
Ocean water contains many (1)____________________. The greatest portion of natural elements in the ocean, 96.5%, is oxygen and hydrogen combined in pure
(2)____________________. Other gases dissolved in ocean water are carbon dioxide,
(3)____________________, and oxygen. (4)____________________ comes directly from the
atmosphere, as well as from ocean plants that (5)____________________. Chloride and sulfate
ions are deposited into the ocean from (6)____________________, while sodium, magnesium,
and calcium are deposited from rocks dissolved slowly in rivers and (7)____________________.
Scientists measuring the (8)____________________, the amount of salts dissolved in seawater,
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
have discovered that the oceans are not growing saltier. (9)____________________ and other
ocean creatures use the gases and salts to make bones and shells. Elements naturally are being
added back to the oceans at the same rate that they are removed—a concept called
(10)____________________. Scientists continue to experiment with methods of
(11)____________________, where salts are separated from pure water through evaporation, use
of straining membranes, or melting frozen ice. This process leaves behind the natural salt,
(12)____________________, also known as sodium chloride, or table salt.
Directions: Give an example of how humans use ocean resources in each of the following ways.
13. Food from the ocean:
14. Ocean transportation:
15. Energy and minerals from the ocean:
16. Oceans affect weather and climate:
17. Ocean currents:
Ocean Motion
67
Name
Date
Study Guide
2
Class
Ocean Currents
Chapter
18
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What kind of current forms when more dense seawater moves toward less dense seawater?
2. What causes an upwelling?
Directions: Use the information from the figures below to help answer the following questions.
Gu
L a b ra
.
rC
do
m
trea
lf S
Sargasso Sea
rent
Benguela Cur
.
A gulhas C
umpolar C.
rctic Circ
Anta
nt
urre
oC
i
h
ros
Ku
N. Equatorial Current
nt
Equatorial Counter Current
S. Equatorial Current
E. Australian
nt
rre
3. What is the name of the current that flows southerly along the west coast of the United States?
Is this current warm or cold?
4. In what direction do cold currents generally flow in the northern hemisphere?
5. Because of the influence of the Coriolis effect, what is the general motion of surface currents
north of the equator?
south of the equator?
68 Ocean Motion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
ific Current
h Pac
Nort
Cali
for
ni
aC
ur
re
Cu
t
rren
Cu
ra
Per
u
z il C.
C.
N. E q u a t o r i a l
Equatorial
S. Eq Counter Current
ua t
ori a l C.
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Ocean Waves and Tides
Chapter
18
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed
letters to answer question 11.
1. collapsing wave
___ ___ ___
2. kind of tide that occurs when the
Sun, Earth, and the Moon form a right
angle
___ ___
3. horizontal distance between
two waves or two crests
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. lowest point of a wave
___ ___ ___ ___
___
5. rise and fall in sea level
___ ___
6. rhythmic movement that carries
energy through matter or space
___ ___ ___
7. kind of tide that occurs when the
Sun, Earth, and the Moon line up
together
___ ___ ___ ___
8. pulls the water back into the
sea after a wave breaks
___
9. highest point of a wave
___ ___ ___ ___
10. vertical distance between
a wave’s crest and trough
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___
___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___ ___
11. What is the difference between the level of the ocean at high tide and low tide?
Ocean Motion
69
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
The Seafloor
Chapter
19
Directions: Write the correct oceanography term on the line in front of its definition.
abyssal plains
manganese nodules
placer deposits
continental shelf
mid-ocean ridge
seafloor spreading
continental slope
ocean basin
seamount
deep-water deposits
oceanic trench
subduction zone
1. the area in all ocean basins where new ocean floor is formed
2. steep slope between the continental shelf and the ocean floor
3. location of deep ocean trenches where crustal plates of old ocean floor
slide beneath another plate
4. lumps of mineral resources that formed from minerals dissolved in seawater which then came out of solution to form solids, rich in manganese, copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt
5. concentrated deposits of denser mineral-grains from rivers dropped on
continental shelves, may contain gold, titanium, or diamonds
6. underwater, inactive volcanic peaks, most common in the Pacific Ocean
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. low areas of Earth that are filled with ocean water
8. flat seafloor, valleys filled with sediment
9. location of underwater vents of superheated water that cool, creating
sulfur, iron, zinc, copper, and silver; too expensive to mine
10. process of ocean plates separating, hot magma rising from Earth’s crust
forming new crust
11. gradual sloping edge of a continent that extends under the ocean
12. long, narrow, deep-sided depression where one crustal plate sinks
beneath another; most common in the Pacific Basin
Directions: Answer the question below.
13. Discuss the importance of mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and ocean trenches and how
these land-forms work to create and recycle Earth’s crustal plates.
Oceanography
71
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Life in the Ocean
Chapter
19
Directions: For each item below, explain what the terms have in common with one another.
1. beaches, rocky shores, estuaries
2. fish, manatees, whales
3. carbon dioxide, light energy, water
4. bottom-dwelling fish, sponges, corals
5. plankton, nekton, benthos
6. photosynthesis, chemosynthesis
8. salt-tolerant grasses, nutrients from rivers, newly hatched fish
Directions: Rewrite each statement to make it true.
9. Energy is transferred through the food chain from plant-eating animals to plants to
animal-eating animals.
10. One-celled diatoms are forms of zooplankton.
11. Sea urchin capsules cement together to form a reef.
12. Sea anemones, barnacles, and octopuses are most likely to be found on sandy beaches.
72 Oceanography
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. jellyfish, diatoms, copepods
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Ocean Pollution
Chapter
19
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms below.
sewage
pollutant
silt
insecticides
rain
roadways
solid waste
fish kill
educate
plankton
recycle
food chain
1. One major source of oil pollution is runoff from ____________________.
2. Plastic bags and styrofoam are examples of ____________________.
3. Acting like a fertilizer, ____________________ is rich in nutrients that cause some algae
to reproduce rapidly.
4. A substance that causes damage to organisms by interfering with life processes is called
a____________________.
5. Toxic blooms of Pfiesteria, a type of ____________________, can cause rashes, nausea, and
memory loss.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Pollutants in the air can enter the ocean through ____________________.
7. Human activities that tear up the soil cause ____________________ to wash into streams
and eventually into the ocean.
8. To prevent pollution, people must ____________________ themselves about the ways in
which the things they do can affect the ocean.
9. One of the ways to reduce pollution is to ____________________ materials.
10. ____________________ used by farmers can eventually reach the ocean and cause the death
of organisms.
11. A ____________________ can result when oxygen in the water is depleted as bacteria
decompose algae.
12. Biological amplification means that chemicals build up in organisms at the top of
the ____________________.
Oceanography
73
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Population Impact on
the Environment
Chapter
20
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about population growth.
better nutrition
carrying capacity
clean water
increased rapidly
modern medicine
population
population explosion
size
The human population has (1)____________________ in recent history. Scientists refer to this as
a(n) (2)____________________. Scientists study all the individuals of one species that occupy a
particular area and define this as a (3)____________________. They look for the factors that affect
population size and growth. They study a specific environment to determine the largest number of
individuals that environment can support—referred to as the (4)____________________. Population (5)____________________ depends on the available resources and how they are used. The
human population has increased rapidly because people are living longer due to
(6)____________________, (7)____________________, and (8)____________________.
Directions: Describe how each activity below affects the environment.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. Using electricity:
10. Burning fossil fuels:
11. Using water:
12. Eating food:
13. Using pesticides and herbicides:
14. Using plastic:
15. Using paper:
16. Mining resources (metals or gems):
Our Impact on Land
75
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Using Land
Chapter
20
Directions: Decide which of the following effects on the environment are due to natural causes and which are
due to the actions of people. Write natural if the cause is natural. Write people if the cause is people.
1. Fires are set by lightning in a national forest.
2. Groundwater near a sanitary landfill that is close to a school is
found to be radioactive.
3. An earthquake causes damage in some homes.
4. Increasing amounts of herbicides and pesticides are found in rivers
and groundwater.
5. A woodland area in Pennsylvania is torn up for coal mining.
6. Topsoil becomes dust and is blown from farms in a midwestern state.
7. A beach is eroded by high waves.
8. The landfills in a large city are overflowing, and the city wants to
ship its garbage to a landfill on an island south of the United States.
9. A small country can no longer feed its growing population.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Write the number of the first item above that you decided was due to people. What would you
want to be sure of first if you were called in to solve the problem?
12. Write the number of the last item above that you decided was due to people. What would you
recommend to the people in that area?
13. Which effects might be due to farming methods?
14. Which effects could be lessened if most people practiced conservation by reusing and
recycling materials? Explain your answers.
76 Our Impact on Land
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. Some suburbs cannot find landfill room for the grass clippings and
leaves collected.
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Conserving Resources
Class
Chapter
20
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is a recyclable object?
2. Give three reasons why paper should be recycled.
3. Why should aluminum be recycled?
4. How do container laws encourage recycling?
5. How much does recycling reduce the amount of trash a person generates in a lifetime?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. List two ways governments encourage recycling.
7. List three ways you can reduce your consumption of materials at school and at home.
8. Do you think governments should require recycling? Why or why not?
Our Impact on Land
77
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Water Pollution
Chapter
21
Directions: Write the correct term on the line next to its definition.
fertilizers
metal pollutants
gas and oil pollutants
nonpoint source pollution
sediment
hazardous waste
pesticides
sewage
heat pollutants
point source pollution
1. mercury, lead, nickel, and cadmium used in mining and processing
2. human waste, household detergents, chemicals contaminating water
3. chemicals used to kill insects and weeds may run off into streams
4. chemicals containing nitrogen and phosphorus used to help plants
grow
5. pollution that enters water from a specific location, such as drains and
ditches
6. the largest source of U.S. pollution, contains rock fragments, mineral
grains, soil erosion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. contains less oxygen than cool water; may kill fish and other organisms
8. paint, motor oil, gasoline, and batteries—waste collected by government officials
9. pollution enters water from large areas such as lawns, construction
sites, and roads
10. run-off from roads or boat and tanker leaks that causes unsafe lakes
and groundwater
Directions: Sequence the following events in the order in which they occur. The first has been numbered for you.
(Hint: Refer to Figure 3 in your text for additional help.)
11. Death of a Pond
lack of oxygen causes fish and other organisms to die
algae living in the water use lawn chemicals to grow and multiply quickly
oxygen is used up rapidly when algae die and decompose
1
human applies fertilizer rich in nitrogen and phosphorus to lawn or farmland
lakes and ponds become choked with algae overgrowth
rain washes chemicals into ponds, streams and rivers
Our Impact on Water and Air
79
Name
Date
Study Guide
2
Class
Air Pollution
Chapter
21
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Across
Down
1. Type of alternative power that uses the sun
3. Used in smokestacks to reduce air pollution
6. Colorless, odorless gas that replaces oxygen
in the blood (2 words)
9. Pollutants from air conditioners and
refrigerators (abbreviation)
11. Landforms and temperature inversions
are _____ conditions that contribute to
air pollution.
13. The Montreal Protocol has been signed by
184 different ______.
14. Passed in 1990 to attack problems of
automobile exhaust, factory pollution,
destruction of the ozone, and acid rain
(3 words)
15. Type of smog formed from fossil fuel
pollutants with the aid of light
2. Substances with a pH lower than 7
4. Combination of smoke and fog
5. ______ from buses and trucks contains
particulate matter.
7. The burning of ______ for energy adds
polluting chemicals to the air. (2 words)
8. Pollutant created when sulfur dioxide
from coal-burning power plants combines
with moisture in the air to form sulfuric
acid (2 words)
10. Measures whether a substance is an acid
or a base
12. Breathing ozone and other smog
damages people’s lungs, making them
more susceptible to pneumonia
and ______.
80 Our Impact on Water and Air
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
15
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Radiation from Space
Chapter
22
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.
active and adaptive
electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic waves
Hubble space telescope
observatory
optics
radio telescope
reflecting telescope
refracting telescope
speed of light
1. an instrument with small mirrors pieced together to create a larger,
clearer image
2. carry energy through empty space and through matter
3. 300,000 km/s
4. a device placed outside Earth’s atmosphere to minimize absorption and
distortion of energy from space
5. energy that is transmitted from one place to another by electromagnetic
waves
7. telescopes with computer enhanced and corrected images
8. detects radio waves as they travel freely through Earth’s atmosphere
9. an instrument for distance viewing through a convex lens that focuses
the image to be viewed through an eyepiece
10. a building with an open roof used to house a telescope
Directions: Arrange the seven types of electromagnetic radiation from longest to shortest wavelength on the
spectrum. (Hint: Refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)
Longest wavelength
Shortest wavelength
Lowest frequency
Highest frequency
16.
15.
14.
t
ligh
ible
vis
13.
12.
11.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. an instrument with a concave mirror that focuses an image on a second
mirror for viewing through the eyepiece
Exploring Space
81
Name
2
Date
Class
Early Space Missions
Study Guide
Chapter
22
Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. The terms read
across or down.
S A T E
L
P R O J
E C T G E M
L
I
A R M A R M S
C
T E A R T
H A
N
I
T
T R O N G
I
M
T N E G E S A
J
L
I
S G A O
E O T E
L R D
I
P R O J
E C T
A P O L
R B S A N U Y S
U N
I
T A
E S
L
O P
J
P
I
M H
A C N R O C K E
T
L
A E
O
I
B
T B V O Y A G E R D E R R
E S P U
T N
I
K R R M O S E
1. The Moon is a natural ____________________ of Earth.
2. The first human to set foot on the Moon was Neil ____________________.
3. The path of one object circling another is an ____________________.
5. The ____________________ probes flew past Jupiter and other planets before heading
outward toward deep space.
6. The first citizen of the United States to orbit Earth was John ____________________.
7. In ____________________, a team of American astronauts first met and connected with a
spacecraft in orbit.
8. A ____________________ travels far into the solar system, collecting information and
returning it to Earth.
9. Galileo dropped a smaller probe into Jupiter’s ____________________.
10. Cooperative missions between countries are being planned to send spacecraft to
____________________ and elsewhere.
11. Launched in 1989, ____________________ provided information about Jupiter.
12. Space exploration began when the Soviets launched ____________________, the first
artificial satellite.
13. The simplest _____________________ engine is made of a burning chamber and a nozzle.
14. Weather satellites provide information about the global weather systems on______________.
15. Project ____________________ began the United States’ effort to reach the Moon.
82 Exploring Space
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. ____________________ was the program that first sent people to the Moon.
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Current and Future
Space Missions
Chapter
22
Directions: Identify Figure A and Figure B as a space station or a space shuttle. Before each statement at
the bottom of the page, write the name of the spacecraft that the item describes. If an item describes both types
of spacecraft, write both.
A. ______________________________
A.
B. ______________________________
B.
A
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
_________________________ 1. This spacecraft orbits Earth.
_________________________ 2. Astronauts were able to conduct experiments when working
in this.
_________________________ 3. This glides back to Earth and lands like an airplane.
_________________________ 4. The Americans launched Skylab in 1973.
_________________________ 5. This reusable spacecraft transports astronauts and
other materials.
_________________________ 6. A former Soviet cosmonaut spent a record 438 days aboard
one of these.
_________________________ 7. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 by
one of these.
_________________________ 8. This spacecraft provides living quarters and working space
for people living and working in space.
_________________________ 9. Several countries may cooperatively build one of these
in the future.
_________________________10. Its astronauts move mechanical arms to launch and
recover satellites.
_________________________11. The Soviet craft is named Mir.
_________________________12. Its solid-fuel booster rockets are reused.
_________________________13. American astronauts spent up to 84 days working in this.
Exploring Space
83
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Earth
Chapter
23
Directions: Complete the following statements. Write the correct word on the blank provided.
axis
seasons
revolves
rotates
equinox
solstice
elliptical
spherical
magnetic field
1. Earth is ____________________ in shape, with a slight bulge at the equator.
2. The day when the Sun reaches the greatest distance north or south of the equator is the
____________________.
3. Earth turns on its ____________________ once every 24 h.
4. Earth ____________________ around the Sun in a(n) ____________________ orbit.
5. When the Sun is directly above Earth’s equator, we refer to it as the ____________________.
6. Earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5-degree angle creating a short period of climate change
commonly called ____________________.
7. Scientists hypothesize that the movement of material inside Earth’s core and Earth’s rotation
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
generate a(n) ____________________.
8. Earth ____________________, creating day and night.
Directions: Define the terms revolve and rotate in your own words and give an example of each.
9. Revolve:
Example:
10. Rotate:
Example:
Directions: Explain how the tilt of Earth’s axis causes seasons. (Hint: Refer to Figure 3 and your text to discuss
the hours of sunlight and angle of direct rays at different times of the year.)
11.
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
85
Name
Date
2
Study Guide
Class
The Moon—Earth’s Satellite
Chapter
23
Directions: Identify each phase of the Moon in Figure 1 by writing its name on the line beneath the phase
shown. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided.
Figure 1
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
5. What phase occurs between the full moon and the third quarter?
6. What phase occurs between the third quarter and the new moon?
7. What phase occurs between the new moon and the first quarter?
8. What phase occurs between the first quarter and the full moon?
Directions: Identify Figures 2 and 3 as either a total lunar eclipse or total solar eclipse. Then on the lines
below, explain why each type of eclipse happens and who would be able to see the eclipse.
Figure 2
Sun
Light
Earth
Moon
9.
Figure 3
Shadow
Sun
Light rays
Moon
10.
11. Figure 2:
12. Figure 3:
86 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Shadow
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Exploring Earth’s Moon
Chapter
23
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.
crust
basin
lunar
minerals
ice
shadow
water
thinner
surface
core
1. Information from Clementine helped scientists measure the thickness of the Moon’s
____________________.
2. Lunar Prospector enabled scientists to confirm that the moon has an iron-rich
____________________
3. Hydrogen is one of the elements that make up ____________________.
4. The South Pole-Aitken Basin is an impact crater, or impact ____________________, on the
surface of the Moon.
5. The Clementine spacecraft was placed in ____________________ orbit.
6. Throughout the Moon’s rotation, most of the South Pole-Aitken Basin stays in
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
____________________.
7. Clementine also took photographs for use in making a map of the Moon’s _______________.
8. Some scientists theorize that ____________________ may exist in the floors of the craters at
the Moon’s poles.
9. Data show that the Moon’s crust is ____________________ on the side of the Moon facing Earth.
10. Another kind of information collected by Clementine indicates what kinds of
____________________ make up Moon rocks.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Why might the South Pole-Aitken Basin be a good place for a solar-powered Moon colony?
12. Where did the spacecraft Clementine get its name?
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
87
Name
Date
1
Class
The Solar System
Study Guide
Chapter
24
Directions: List the historical models and astronomical ideas of the solar system by completing the study chart
below.
Model
1.
(also known as the
geocentric model)
Supporter of the Model
Key Ideas
early Greek
astronomers
2a.
Moon revolved around Earth, all
planets revolved around the Sun
in circular orbits
2b.
(also known as the
heliocentric model)
Johannes Kepler
3.
Modern View of
Solar System
current understanding
Directions: List the planets of our solar system in order. (Hint: refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
12.
11.
10.
9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
Sun
Directions: Describe the four steps that help explain how the solar system may have formed. (Hint: refer to
Figure 3 in the text for additional help.)
13.
14.
15.
16.
The Solar System
89
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
The Inner Planets
Chapter
24
Directions: Write the names of the inner planets as headings in the chart in the order of their position from the
Sun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Size and
composition
Temperatures
Surface
features
Moons
(number/
names)
23.
Space
probes
90 The Solar System
24.
25.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Atmosphere
Name
3
Date
Class
The Outer Planets
Study Guide
Chapter
24
Directions: List the outer planets across the top of the chart in the order of their usual position from the Sun.
Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
from Eighth from
) ( Sun ) (NinthSunfrom)
(FifthSunfrom) (SixthSunfrom) (Seventh
Sun
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Size and
Composition
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Atmosphere
Below the
Atmosphere
Notable
Features
Moons
(number/
names)
Space
Probes
The Solar System
91
Name
4
Date
Class
Other Objects in the Solar
System
Study Guide
Chapter
24
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is the Oort Cloud, and where is it located?
2. What is an asteroid, and where are most asteroids located?
Directions: Identify Figure 1 and its parts, then answer the question that follows.
3. Figure 1:
Figure 1
A.
C
B.
B
C.
A
Directions: Identify the parts of Figure 2, then answer the question that follows.
5. A.
B.
Earth's
atmosphere
Figure 2
A
C.
Earth's
atmosphere
Earth's
atmosphere
B
C
Earth
6. What two space objects produce meteorites?
92 The Solar System
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. How does a comet begin and end?
Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Stars
Chapter
25
Directions: Use the vocabulary terms to complete the summary paragraph about stars.
24 hours
88 constellations
absolute magnitude
apparent magnitude
atmosphere
chemical elements
circumpolar constellations
constellation
light-year
parallax
Polaris
Proxima Centauri
spectroscope
stars
temperature
Modern astronomy has divided the sky into (1)____________________. A
(2)____________________ is defined as a pattern of stars in the sky that looks like a familiar object.
However, the (3)____________________ in the constellation have no relationship to each other in
space—some may be close, and some light-years away. The North Star, also called
(4)____________________, is positioned almost directly over Earth’s north pole. Some constellations can be viewed all year round near Earth’s poles. (5)____________________ appear to rotate
above the pole one full circle in the sky every (6)____________________ as Earth rotates on its axis.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Scientists measure the brightness of stars to determine a star’s age and chemical makeup. They are
able to measure the actual amount of light the star gives off, called (7)____________________, as
well as the amount of light received on Earth, called (8)____________________ . The distance a
star is from Earth can be measured by studying the apparent shift in position of the star when
viewed from two different positions—referred to as (9)____________________. The nearer the
object is to the observer, the greater the apparent shift in position. Scientists are able to measure the
distances between Earth and stars such as (10)____________________ which is 4.3 light-years away
and is the closest star to Earth, excluding the Sun. A (11)____________________ is the distance
light travels in one year. Astronomers are also interested in the color of a star, as it indicates the
(12)____________________ and age of a star. When attached to a telescope, a
(13)____________________ acts like a prism and spreads light out into a band of colors called a
spectrum. As light from the star passes out of the star’s atmosphere, (14)____________________ in
the star’s atmosphere absorb specific wavelengths of light, producing a unique pattern of dark lines.
These patterns of lines can be used to identify which chemical elements are in the star’s
(15)____________________.
Stars and Galaxies
93
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
The Sun
Chapter
25
Directions: The diagram shows interior and outer features of the Sun. Write the name of each feature on the
lines provided in the diagram.
5.
1.
6.
2.
3.
4.
Directions: Answer the questions in complete sentences.
8. How is the energy of the Sun produced?
9. How does our Sun differ from most other main sequence stars?
10. How do CMEs (coronal mass ejections) affect Earth?
11. How are sunspots related to prominences and solar flares?
94 Stars and Galaxies
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. How can the Sun be classified?
Name
3
Date
Class
Evolution of Stars
Study Guide
Chapter
25
Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. In the puzzle, the
terms read across or down.
E
B L
A C K H O L
E N S
H N E U
T R O N S T
A R
R M A
I
N S E Q U E N C E
D C E
I
E N P R P O P O G
I
I
O S E B L U E E D
A
L A T
G O Y E
T H
I
U M A S R S C A
A
L
L O W G N B E N
R R C O A N V E
A W H
I
T
I
R
T E
T
T E D W A R
F D
I
M N T S U P E R N O V A O
E N F U S
I
O N T E R G Y
1. A ____________________ is a large cloud of dust and gas that becomes a star.
2. A graph that shows the relationship between a star’s absolute magnitude and temperature
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
is an ____________________.
3. A star that is a ____________________ has exhausted its supply of hydrogen.
4. The ____________________ of atoms powers the Sun and other stars.
5. The temperature and brightness of stars are indicated by their ____________________.
6. About 90 percent of the stars, including our Sun, are ____________________ stars.
7. A ____________________ is produced when the outer core of a star explodes after the
core collapses.
8. The hottest, brightest stars are ____________________ and white.
9. Medium hot and bright stars like our Sun are ____________________ in color.
10. When a star has no fuel left and its outer layers escape into space, it is a ____________________.
11. As heavier elements are formed by fusion, a massive star expands into a ____________________.
12. When a collapsed core becomes so dense only neutrons can exist there, a
____________________ is formed.
13. A ____________________ is so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field.
14. Write the remaining letters in the puzzle in the order in which they appear to reveal a famous
scientist’s theory.
Stars and Galaxies
95
Name
Date
4
Study Guide
Class
Galaxies and the Universe
Chapter
25
Directions: Use the terms below to complete the following sentences.
Milky Way
one trillion
Local Group
Steady state theory
galaxy
Doppler shift
Big Bang theory
irregular
elliptical
Clouds of Magellan
Andromeda
cluster
spiral
Oscillating model
1. The two types of ______________________________ galaxies are barred and normal.
2. A ______________________________ is a group of galaxies.
3. ______________________________ galaxies have many different shapes and are usually
smaller and less common than other types of galaxies.
4. An elliptical galaxy about 2.9 million light-years away is in the constellation
of ______________________________.
5. Galaxies shaped like footballs are ______________________________ galaxies.
7. A ______________________________ is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held together
by gravity.
8. The _______________________________ is an explanation for the formation of
the universe.
9. The solar system in which we live is in the ______________________________ Galaxy.
10. The Milky Way Galaxy may contain ______________________________.
11. The Andromeda Galaxy is a member of the ______________________________.
12. The ______________________________ causes changes in the light coming from distant
stars and galaxies.
13. One model of the origin of the universe is the ______________________________, which
proposes that the universe was always as it is now.
14. Another model of the origin of the universe is the ______________________________,
which believes that the universe expands and contracts in a regular pattern.
96 Stars and Galaxies
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Two irregular galaxies called the ______________________________ orbit the Milky Way.