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Bellahouston Academy S2 CHEMISTRY Part 3 – Minerals and Metals HOMEWORK Name May 2012 S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals HOMEWORK SHEET 1: The Structure of the Earth Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below: The Earth is made up of three layers: the Crust, the Mantle, and the Core. The Crust is the thin, solid, outermost layer of the Earth. It is thinnest beneath the oceans (averaging only 5 Km) and thickest beneath large mountain ranges (up to 100 Km!) The layer below the Crust is called the Mantle and it extends about half way to the centre of the Earth. The Mantle is made of solid rock but, very curiously, it behaves like a very thick (viscous) liquid. As we descend into the Earth temperature rises and, at the centre of the planet (the core) the temperature is about 5000-6000°C – that’s about the same temperature as the surface of the Sun! With a diameter of 3486 Km, the core is larger than the planet Mars! Unlike the Earth’s outer layers with rocky compositions, the core is made up of a mixture of two metals: iron and nickel. In the Outer Core this mixture is a liquid (and it is the movement of this liquid which gives rise to the Earth’s magnetic field) but so great are the pressures at the centre of the Earth that the Inner Core is actually a solid. 1. What name is given to the outermost layer of the Earth? 2. Where would the Crust be thinnest? 3. What is ‘curious’ about the Mantle? 4. How hot is the Core? 5. What two metals are found in the Core? 6. What causes the Earth’s magnetic field? 7. Why is the Earth so hot at its Core? S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals HOMEWORK SHEET 2: Plate Tectonics The mechanism by which the Continents drift across the surface of the earth is called Plate Tectonics. The Earth's surface is made up of a series of large plates (like pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle, or the panels of a football, but of different sizes). These plates are in constant motion travelling at a few centimetres per year. The plates may be moving apart (Divergent Plate Movement), pushing together (Convergent Plate Movement), or rubbing sideways (Transform Plate Movements). In the table below record whether the movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes or both: Plate Movement Earthquakes? Yes/No Volcanoes? Yes/No Divergent Plate Movement Convergent Plate Movement Transform Plate Movement Although joined at the hip today, 550 million years ago Scotland and England were both in the southern hemisphere and separated by a vast ocean called the Iapetus. To the south of the Iapetus Ocean lay the continent of Gondwana (which included the rocks that now form England, Wales and Southern Ireland) and 5,000 kilometres to the north lay the continent of Laurentia (with the rocks of Scotland). About 500 million these continents started to close in on each other and, slowly, the Iapetus Ocean began to shrink. Around 430 million years ago the ocean had been squeezed out and the continents had collided to form Pangea. Scotland and England were fused together, rather amazingly, not far from Hadrian's wall! S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals HOMEWORK SHEET 3: Rocks Using your worksheet to help you place the following rocks in the correct categories in the table below: basalt marble chalk grantite gabbro slate schist limestone gneiss coal sandstone quartz Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Igneous rock: Igneous rock forms from molten material from within the Earth. If the molten rock is thrown out from a volcano it is said to be extrusive but if it merely squeezes its way upwards through existing rock it is said to be intrusive. Sedimentary rock: Surface rock gets worn down by wind and rain and the gravel or sand that forms gets carried away by rivers to be deposited somewhere else where, after a long time, it becomes compressed to form sedimentary rock. Metamorphic rock: Metamorphic rock is igneous rock or sedimentary rock that has been changed, by extreme temperature or pressure, into something else. S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals HOMEWORK SHEET 4: Metals Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below: All metals come from the earth (they are mined) but only a few metals, such as silver and gold, are found as the pure metal. All the other metals are found combined with other elements in rocks called ores. To obtain the metal it has to be extracted (removed) from its ore. Some metals can be extracted easily from their ores but for other metals a great deal of energy is required. About 5000 years ago the discovery was made that copper could be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon. Copper ores are not very pure and the ancient smiths found that a stronger metal resulted when tin ore was added also - the combination gave bronze (a mixture of tin and copper) and thus the Bronze Age began. Iron melts at 1535C and this temperature is so high that it wasn’t until about 3000 years ago that it could be extracted from its ore. The extraction of the more reactive metals such as aluminium requires electricity and so it wasn’t until after 1855 that the metal aluminium became available for use. 1. What metal would Stone Age people have 6000 years ago? 2. What word is used for rocks that contain metals? 3. What is bronze? 4. What discovery started the Bronze Age? 5. Why was it so difficult to extract iron from its ore? 6. When the King of Siam visited Paris in the 1860s both he and Emperor Napoleon III ate using aluminium cutlery while lesser guests used gold knives and forks. Why? S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals HOMEWORK SHEET 5: A Finite Resource Metals come from the earth and there is only so much of each metal in the world – they are a finite resource. Unless metals are recycled someday we will run out of them. Metal Reserves Remaining (metric tonnes) Aluminum Years Until Reserves Exhausted unlimited 100+ Copper 940,000,000 67 Lead 140,000,000 48 Nickel 140,000,000 100 Zinc 460,000,000 54 570,000 29 89,000 34 Silver Gold Draw a bar graph below showing how many years supply of each metal remains: Solubility of Copper Sulphate g/100cm3 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Temperature / °C 60 70 S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals HOMEWORK SHEET 6: The Reactivity Series Consider the Reactivity Series below: Metal oxygen Potassium Sodium Lithium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Nickel Tin Lead Copper Mercury Silver Gold Platinum Reaction with water metal + water metal hydroxide + hydrogen metal + oxygen metal oxide acid metal + acid salt + hydrogen no reaction no reaction no reaction Using the table above state whether or not the following statements are true or false: Statement 1. The copper roof of Dunvegan Castle is being replaced because it was full of holes caused by Acid Rain. 2. Apollo 11 landed on the moon in 1969 so there can’t be much of the spacecraft remaining as all the metal on board would have rusted away by now. 3. The Royal Navy used to make warships from aluminium because this metal does not react with water. 4. Nickel was one of the first metals to be used by ancient man because it is found as pure metal in the earth. 5. Iron bridges don’t last as long in cities as they do in the countryside because the Acid Rain in cities reacts with the metal. 6. A tin of beans stays shiny for a long time because tin does not react with the air. 7. In 1942 HMS Edinbugh was carrying 465 ingots of gold to Russia when she was sunk by a German U-boat in the North Sea but most of the gold would have rotted away by this time. 8. Silver teapots turn black with time because the silver is reacting with the oxygen in the air. True or False? S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals HOMEWORK SHEET 7: Batteries metal A V metal B voltmeter filter paper soaked in salt solution 1. What is the purpose of the ‘filter paper soaked in salt solution’? 2. In a magnesium/copper battery does the electricity flow from the magnesium to the copper or the copper to the magnesium? 3. Which of the following batteries produces the greatest voltage: Magnesium/Aluminium, Zinc/Nickel, or Aluminium/Copper? 4. List two advantages of batteries over mains electricity. 5. Lead/acid batteries used in cars are very heavy but they have one major advantage over conventional dry cell batteries. What is that? Electrochemical Series A battery can be created by linking two metals together. Lithium Potassium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Nickel Tin Lead Copper Silver Mercury Gold e-