Download Topic 3- Minerals and Metals

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S2 CHEMISTRY
Part 3 – Minerals
and Metals
HOMEWORK
Name
May 2012
S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals
HOMEWORK SHEET 1: The Structure of the Earth
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below:
The Earth is made up of three layers: the Crust, the Mantle, and the Core. The Crust
is the thin, solid, outermost layer of the Earth. It is thinnest beneath the oceans
(averaging only 5 Km) and thickest beneath large mountain ranges (up to 100 Km!)
The layer below the Crust is called the Mantle and it extends about half way to the
centre of the Earth. The Mantle is made of solid rock but, very curiously, it behaves
like a very thick (viscous) liquid. As we descend into the Earth temperature rises and,
at the centre of the planet (the core) the temperature is about 5000-6000°C – that’s
about the same temperature as the surface of the Sun! With a diameter of 3486 Km,
the core is larger than the planet Mars! Unlike the Earth’s outer layers with rocky
compositions, the core is made up of a mixture of two metals: iron and nickel. In the
Outer Core this mixture is a liquid (and it is the movement of this liquid which gives
rise to the Earth’s magnetic field) but so great are the pressures at the centre of the
Earth that the Inner Core is actually a solid.
1. What name is given to the
outermost layer of the Earth?
2. Where would the Crust be
thinnest?
3. What is ‘curious’ about the
Mantle?
4. How hot is the Core?
5. What two metals are found
in the Core?
6. What causes the Earth’s
magnetic field?
7. Why is the Earth so hot at
its Core?
S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals
HOMEWORK SHEET 2: Plate Tectonics
The mechanism by which the Continents drift across the surface of the earth is called
Plate Tectonics. The Earth's surface is made up of a series of large plates (like
pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle, or the panels of a football, but of different sizes).
These plates are in constant motion travelling at a few centimetres per year. The
plates may be moving apart (Divergent Plate Movement), pushing together
(Convergent Plate Movement), or rubbing sideways (Transform Plate Movements).
In the table below record whether the movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes or
both:
Plate Movement
Earthquakes? Yes/No
Volcanoes? Yes/No
Divergent Plate Movement
Convergent Plate Movement
Transform Plate Movement
Although joined at the hip today, 550 million years ago Scotland and England were both in
the southern hemisphere and separated by a vast ocean called the Iapetus. To the south of
the Iapetus Ocean lay the continent of Gondwana (which included the rocks that now form
England, Wales and Southern Ireland) and 5,000 kilometres to the north lay the continent of
Laurentia (with the rocks of Scotland). About 500 million these continents started to close in
on each other and, slowly, the Iapetus Ocean began to shrink. Around 430 million years ago
the ocean had been squeezed out and the continents had collided to form Pangea. Scotland
and England were fused together, rather amazingly, not far from Hadrian's wall!
S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals
HOMEWORK SHEET 3: Rocks
Using your worksheet to help you place the following rocks in the correct categories
in the table below:
basalt
marble
chalk
grantite
gabbro
slate
schist
limestone
gneiss
coal
sandstone
quartz
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Igneous rock:
Igneous rock forms from molten material from within the Earth.
If the molten rock is thrown out from a volcano it is said to be extrusive but if it merely
squeezes its way upwards through existing rock it is said to be intrusive.
Sedimentary rock: Surface rock gets worn down by wind and rain and the gravel
or sand that forms gets carried away by rivers to be deposited somewhere else
where, after a long time, it becomes compressed to form sedimentary rock.
Metamorphic rock: Metamorphic rock is igneous rock or sedimentary rock that has
been changed, by extreme temperature or pressure, into something else.
S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals
HOMEWORK SHEET 4: Metals
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below:
All metals come from the earth (they are mined) but only a few metals, such as silver
and gold, are found as the pure metal. All the other metals are found combined with
other elements in rocks called ores. To obtain the metal it has to be extracted
(removed) from its ore. Some metals can be extracted easily from their ores but for
other metals a great deal of energy is required.
About 5000 years ago the discovery was made that copper could be extracted from its
ore by heating with carbon. Copper ores are not very pure and the ancient smiths
found that a stronger metal resulted when tin ore was added also - the combination
gave bronze (a mixture of tin and copper) and thus the Bronze Age began.
Iron melts at 1535C and this temperature is so high that it wasn’t until about 3000
years ago that it could be extracted from its ore.
The extraction of the more reactive metals such as aluminium requires electricity and
so it wasn’t until after 1855 that the metal aluminium became available for use.
1. What metal would Stone Age
people have 6000 years ago?
2. What word is used for rocks that
contain metals?
3. What is bronze?
4. What discovery started the
Bronze Age?
5. Why was it so difficult to extract
iron from its ore?
6. When the King of Siam visited
Paris in the 1860s both he and
Emperor Napoleon III ate using
aluminium cutlery while lesser guests
used gold knives and forks. Why?
S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals
HOMEWORK SHEET 5: A Finite Resource
Metals come from the earth and there is only so much of each metal in the world –
they are a finite resource. Unless metals are recycled someday we will run out of them.
Metal
Reserves
Remaining
(metric tonnes)
Aluminum
Years Until
Reserves
Exhausted
unlimited
100+
Copper
940,000,000
67
Lead
140,000,000
48
Nickel
140,000,000
100
Zinc
460,000,000
54
570,000
29
89,000
34
Silver
Gold
Draw a bar graph below showing how many years supply of each metal remains:
Solubility of Copper Sulphate
g/100cm3
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature / °C
60
70
S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals
HOMEWORK SHEET 6: The Reactivity Series
Consider the Reactivity Series below:
Metal
oxygen
Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Gold
Platinum
Reaction with
water
metal + water

metal hydroxide + hydrogen
metal
+
oxygen

metal oxide
acid
metal
+
acid

salt
+
hydrogen
no reaction
no reaction
no reaction
Using the table above state whether or not the following statements are true or false:
Statement
1. The copper roof of Dunvegan Castle is being replaced
because it was full of holes caused by Acid Rain.
2. Apollo 11 landed on the moon in 1969 so there can’t be
much of the spacecraft remaining as all the metal on board
would have rusted away by now.
3. The Royal Navy used to make warships from aluminium
because this metal does not react with water.
4. Nickel was one of the first metals to be used by ancient
man because it is found as pure metal in the earth.
5. Iron bridges don’t last as long in cities as they do in the
countryside because the Acid Rain in cities reacts with the
metal.
6. A tin of beans stays shiny for a long time because tin does
not react with the air.
7. In 1942 HMS Edinbugh was carrying 465 ingots of gold to
Russia when she was sunk by a German U-boat in the North
Sea but most of the gold would have rotted away by this time.
8. Silver teapots turn black with time because the silver is
reacting with the oxygen in the air.
True or False?
S2/S3 CHEMISTRY – Part 3: Minerals and Metals
HOMEWORK SHEET 7: Batteries
metal A
V
metal B
voltmeter
filter paper soaked in
salt solution
1. What is the purpose of the ‘filter
paper soaked in salt solution’?
2. In a magnesium/copper battery
does the electricity flow from the
magnesium to the copper or the
copper to the magnesium?
3. Which of the following batteries
produces the greatest voltage:
Magnesium/Aluminium, Zinc/Nickel,
or Aluminium/Copper?
4. List two advantages of batteries
over mains electricity.
5. Lead/acid batteries used in cars
are very heavy but they have one
major advantage over conventional
dry cell batteries. What is that?
Electrochemical Series
A battery can be created by linking two metals together.
Lithium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Copper
Silver
Mercury
Gold
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