Download Verbs and Verb Agreement PPT

Verb Conjugation
and Agreement
Tommy Zych and Spencer Dooley
Verb Aspects
The Progressive (or continuous) Aspect views the action in the process of
happening, being in the middle of things and not having completed it.
The Perfect Aspect views the action as having been completed before
another point in time. The action is finished but may influence what follows it.
The Perfect-Progressive Aspect combines the qualities of the previous two.
It views the action as an ongoing one that has been going on until a certain
point in time and having been completed up to that point. The may influence
what follows.
The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely
states whether or not the action occurs.
Present Verb Tenses
The Present Simple states that a constant, unchanging, or repeated action, state, or
habit exists in the present.
The Present Progressive describes an incomplete ongoing present action that is in
the middle of happening, but will finish at some point.
The Present Perfect Simple is a tricky grammar topic as it can be regarded as both a
present and past tense. As a present tense, it signifies that an action started in the past
and continues up to present time, in which it is completed.
The Present Perfect Progressive also describes an action that began in the past
and continues up to present time, in which it is (or most of it) is completed. Moreover, it
stresses that the action has been going on incessantly and may also continue into the
future.
Past Verb Tenses
The Past Simple states that an action or situation was finished in the absolute past and
bears no connection with the present. The point of time in the past in which the action
occurred is well defined.
The Present Perfect Simple has quite a few grammar rules you need to follow, as it
can be regarded as both a present and past tense. As a past tense, it states that an action
has been completed in the past, but without reference to the time of occurrence. The action
may have an influence on the current state of affairs in the present.
The Past Progressive describes an action which went on during a stretch of time in
the past and finished. Other actions may have happened at the same time (short and
immediate or ongoing).
More Past Tense
The Past Perfect Simple states that an action was completed in the past
before another point in time or action in the past (the latter expressed in the
Past Simple), or that the action happened in the very distant past.
The Past Perfect Progressive describes an ongoing action that began in the
past, continued incessantly, and was completed before another point in time
in the past or before another more recent past action.
Future Tenses
The Future Simple states or predicts that an action or situation will take place in the
future.
The Future Progressive describes an ongoing action that will be in process around a
point of time in the future.
The Future Perfect Simple states that a future action will be completed before a point
in time or before another action in the future.
The Future Perfect Progressive describes an ongoing future action that will
continue incessantly and be completed before a point in time or before another action in
the future.
Song
4 Forms
Infinitive: To walk, To run
Present
Indicative
Past
Indicative
Past
participle
Present
participle
walk
walked
walked
walking
run
ran
run
running
USE OF THE 4 FORMS
The present is used to form two tenses the present (ex. I walk) and the future (I will walk)
“Will” must be used in the future tense
The present participle are used with a number of helping verbs to form all six of the progressive
forms
Examples: I am walking, I was walking
The past is used to form just the past
Ex. I walked
The past participle is used to form three tenses (present perfect, past perfect, future perfect) and
always has a helping verb
Past Perfect
I had walked
Present Perfect
Ex. I have walked
Future perfect
I will have walked
Helping Verbs
to be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
These are used in progressive tenses and passive voice verbs.
to have: have, has, had
These are used in perfect tenses.
to do: do, does, did
These are emphatic verbs. They emphasize the main verb.
conditionals (also called modal auxiliaries): could, should, would, can, shall, will,
may, might, must
These express possibility, obligation, permission, ability, necessity, and intention.
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Present
Past
Future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Basic Form
Progressive form
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Present
Walk
Past
Future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Progressive form
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Present
Walk
Past
Walked
Future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Progressive form
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Present
Walk
Past
Walked
Future
Will walk
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Progressive form
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Present
Walk
Past
Walked
Future
Will walk
Present perfect
Have walked
Past perfect
Future perfect
Progressive form
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Present
Walk
Past
Walked
Future
Will walk
Present perfect
Have walked
Past perfect
Had walked
Future perfect
Progressive form
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Present
Walk
Past
Walked
Future
Will walk
Present perfect
Have walked
Past perfect
Had walked
Future perfect
Will have walked
Progressive form
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Walk
Am walking
Past
Walked
Future
Will walk
Present perfect
Have walked
Past perfect
Had walked
Future perfect
Will have walked
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Walk
Am walking
Past
Walked
Was walking
Future
Will walk
Present perfect
Have walked
Past perfect
Had walked
Future perfect
Will have walked
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Walk
Am walking
Past
Walked
Was walking
Future
Will walk
Will be walking
Present perfect
Have walked
Past perfect
Had walked
Future perfect
Will have walked
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Walk
Am walking
Past
Walked
Was walking
Future
Will walk
Will be walking
Present perfect
Have walked
Have been
walking
Past perfect
Had walked
Future perfect
Will have walked
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Walk
Am walking
Past
Walked
Was walking
Future
Will walk
Will be walking
Present perfect
Have walked
Have been
walking
Past perfect
Had walked
Had been walking
Future perfect
Will have walked
Regular Verb Conjugation
Infinitive: To walk
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Walk
Am walking
Past
Walked
Was walking
Future
Will walk
Will be walking
Present perfect
Have walked
Have been walking
Past perfect
Had walked
Had been walking
Future perfect
Will have walked
Will have been
walking
Basics of Subject and Verb
Agreement
The person and number of the verb must match the person and number of the
subject noun(s) or pronoun(s).
EX- If I have a third person plural subject, such as doctors, I must use the
third person plural form of an appropriate verb, such as operate.
The Verb agrees only with its subject.
Except for the verb “to be” English verbs show a difference between singular
and plural only in the third person, and only in the present tense.
The third person singular present tense form ends in “s”. (He, She, It)
“To be”
Present
I am
We are
You are
You are
He/She/It is
They are
“To be”
Past
I was
We were
You were
You were
He/She/It Was
They were
Compound Subjects
Two or more words can be compounded or linked by joining them with any of
three words:
and, or, and nor
1.
2.
3.
Two or more singular (or plural) subjects joined by and act as a plural
compound subject and take a plural verb (singular + singular = plural)
Two or more SINGULAR subjects joined by or (or nor) act as a
singular compound subject and, therefore, take a singular verb to
agree.
If the individual parts of the compound subject are joined by or or nor,
use the verb form (singular or plural) which will agree with the subject
closer to the verb
Group Nouns
Some nouns which name groups can be either singular or plural depending
upon their meaning in individual sentences.
Group Noun Rules
1.
If we refer to the group as a whole and, therefore, as a single unit, we
consider the noun singular. In this case, the nouns would take a
singular verb.
2.
If, on the other hand, we are actually referring to the individuals within
the group, then we consider the noun plural. These would then take a
plural verb.
3.
Of course group nouns, like other nouns, can also appear in plural forms
(with an s).When used in the plural form, group nouns mean MORE
THAN ONE GROUP. This would mean that they would take a plural
verb.
Plural Form/Singular Meaning
Nouns
Some nouns are regularly plural in form, but singular in
meaning.
Even though these nouns APPEAR to be plural because
they end in s, they actually refer to only one thing made up
of smaller, uncounted parts. Therefore, they are considered
singular.
More Plural Form/Singular
Meaning Nouns
Another group of plural form/singular meaning nouns end in
–ics.
These nouns appear to be plural (end in s), but generally
refer to only one thing and are, therefore, generally
considered singular.
Indefinite Pronouns
As subjects, the following indefinite pronouns ALWAYS take
singular verbs.
However, the following indefinite pronouns ALWAYS take
plural verbs.
More Indefinite Pronouns
A third group of indefinite pronouns takes either a singular
or plural verb depending on the pronoun’s meaning in the
sentence.
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Six Irregular Verbs Groups
Present-Past-Past Participle are the Same
Infinitive: To cut
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Cut
Am/are cutting
Past
Cut
Were cutting
Future
Will cut
Will be cutting
Present perfect
Have cut
Have been cutting
Past perfect
Had cut
Had been cutting
Future perfect
Will have cut
Will have been cutting
Six Irregular Verbs Groups
Verbs Ending in -t in the past and past participle
Infinitive: To build
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Build
Are building
Past
Built
Were building
Future
Will build
Will be building
Present perfect
Have built
Have been building
Past perfect
Had built
Had been building
Future perfect
Will have built
Will have been building
Six Irregular Verbs Groups
Verbs with -a in the past and -u in the past participle
Infinitive: To drink
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Drink
Are drinking
Past
Drank
Were drinking
Future
Will drink
Will be drinking
Present perfect
Have drunk
Have been drinking
Past perfect
Had drunk
Had been drinking
Future perfect
Will have drunk
Will have been drinking
Six Irregular Verbs Groups
Verbs ending with -en
Infinitive: To Take
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Take
Are taking
Past
Took
Were taking
Future
Will take
Will be taking
Present perfect
Have taken
Have been taking
Past perfect
Had taken
Had been taking
Future perfect
Will have taken
Will have been taking
Six Irregular Verbs Groups
Verbs ending with -ew in the past; -own in the past participle
Infinitive: To Fly
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Fly
Am flying
Past
Flew
Were flying
Future
Will fly
Will be flying
Present perfect
Have flown
Have been flying
Past perfect
Had flown
Had been flying
Future perfect
Will have flown
Will have been flying
Six Irregular Verbs Groups
Verbs ending with -ew in the past; -own in the past participle
Infinitive: To Take
Tense
Basic Form
Progressive form
Present
Fly
Am flying
Past
Flew
Were flying
Future
Will fly
Will be flying
Present perfect
Have flown
Have been flying
Past perfect
Had flown
Had been flying
Future perfect
Will have flown
Will have been flying
Indefinite Pronouns
●
●
●
●
Indefinite pronouns that end in -one are always singular.
These words include anyone, everyone, someone, and
one.
Indefinite pronouns that end in -body are always
singular. These words include anybody, somebody,
nobody.
The indefinite pronouns both, few, many, others, and
several are always plural.
The indefinite pronouns all, any, more, most, none, and
some can be singular or plural, depending on how they
are used.
Indefinite Pronoun Examples
One of the Elvis impersonators (To be) missing.
Both of the Elvis impersonators (To be) missing, thank
goodness.
All the sautéed rattlesnake (To be) devoured.
All the seats (To Be) occupied.
Indefinite Pronoun Examples
One of the Elvis impersonators is/was missing.
● The singular subject one requires the singular verb is or was.
Both of the Elvis impersonators are/were missing, thank goodness.
● The plural subject both requires the plural verb are or were.
All the sautéed rattlesnake was/is devoured.
● The singular subject all requires the singular verb was or is.
All the seats were/are occupied.
● The plural subject all requires the plural verb were or are.
Common Spelling Changes
●
●
●
●
●
●
Single syllable verbs generally double the consonant when adding -ing and -ed.
●
shop + s = shops, shop + ing = shopping, shop + ed = shopped
Verbs that end with a single vowel and a consonant that stress the end of the word usually
double the consonant before adding -ing and -ed.
●
refer + s = refers, refer + ing = referring, refer + ed = referred
To add -s or -ed to verbs that end in consonant y, change y to i before adding the ending.
To add -ing, don't change the y.
●
carry + s = carries, carry + ing = carrying, carry + ed = carried
To add -ed or -ing to verbs that end in silent e, drop the e before adding -ed or -ing.
●
amaze + s = amazes, amaze + ing = amazing, amaze + ed = amazed
Verbs that end in a vowel followed by an l usually double the l before adding -ed or -ing in
British English, but usually don't in American English.
●
American: travel + s = travels, travel + ing = traveling, travel + -ed = traveled.
●
British: travel + s = travels, travel + ing = travelling, travel + -ed = travelled
Verbs that end in c usually add k before adding endings.
●
frolic + s = frolics, frolic + ing = frolicking, frolic + ed = frolicked
Don’t Change Spelling
●
●
If the verb ends with a single vowel before a consonant, but
the last syllable is not stressed, don't double the consonant.
● wander + s = wanders, wander + ing = wandering,
wander + ed = wandered
Verbs with a double vowel before a consonant do not double
the consonant.
● retreat + s = retreats, retreat + ing = retreating, retreat
+ ed = retreated