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Ayesha Bakshi Mr. Tavernia AP World History / Period 4 Packet C Theme 5 - Social: Untouchables The untouchables references the Hindu caste system and is at the very bottom of the scale. Many people in India are still under the label “untouchable” or under the “dalit” caste. Being an untouchable hurts people’s human right since birth when they are automatically born into this level. Even though the caste system is considered illegal in India today, people still have their castes and subcastes based on how long it has been in the Hindu religion. There are many rules that an untouchable had to or must follow. Some examples of rules are that the Dalits are not allowed to eat with someone that is apart of another caste, they are not allowed to marry someone that is from another caste, different seating places in restaurant for these people, not allowed to enter certain castes’ houses, not allowed to enter the same village temple as another caste, etc. Sadly, there have been many crimes against Dalit or the untouchables which is very unfair. There have been new laws that try to protect the Dalits, but eventually did not help them as much as the laws should of. One of the acts that the Indian government had passed is called The Prevention of Atrocities Act. Much education is not given to untouchable’s children which will result in them not receiving a good job in the future. Balila, Joshua Mr. Tavernia Period 2 Packet C Social: Jati Jati is a term used in Hinduism that denotes one’s social position in a caste, which also determines several other social factors. In Hindu society, your jati determines who you can marry, what you can do in life, and to whom you must obey and follow. The jati specify where you stand socially within one of four “varnas.” The four varnas - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras - are the broad classifications for what your class is, with the classes representing priests, rulers and warriors, landowners and merchants, and laborers respectively. Jati would then narrow the classification into thousands of specific castes, each with their own set of social rules and expectations. One of the major characteristics of your jati is that it is determined by your birth, without chance for social mobility until your reincarnation. The system of jati has many effects on Hindu society as a whole, and has heavily influenced the both the political and cultural aspects of Hindu societies. For example, rulers are often born into power, without merit or experience, and culturally, Hindu society is based around the idea of waiting for the next life to occupy a higher jati. This reliance on reincarnation is actually what led to the formation of Buddhism by Siddhartha Gautama, who believed that anyone could achieve enlightenment by simply following the steps laid out by Siddhartha. To those in lower jatis, this seemed like a tantalizing idea, and so many converted to Buddhism. Ariann Barker Mr. Tavernia Ap World History Period 4 Packet C Social: Patrician Patricians were ruling class families in ancient Rome. When Romulus developed Rome, he appointed 100 men as senators. Their descendants became patricians. Initially, they had much more political involvement than plebeians, or the working class, did. However, this was only during the early Republic. Patricians could only hold office or be priests, until 342BC. Later on, however, as plebeians gained more and more rights, the differences between both were blurred and came down to one factor: wealth. The usage of the title started to dwindle and change based on meaning and intention. Rather than mean wealthy citizen, the title instead became used for those elected by leaders of the state. Jared Cohen Mr. Tavernia AP World History - P.4 Packet C Social: Patricians During the Roman Republic, there were two social classes, Patricians, and Plebeians. Though these social classes were gotten rid of after the Roman Republic, they played an important role in the life of the Romans. Patricians were considered "higher-class" than the plebeians were. Though becoming Patricians requires hard work, the emperor can decide to promote plebeians to patrician status. There were two different sections of patricians and were based on their part in society. Senators were the people who took part in the Senate and had an important role in the elections and criminal trials occurring in the Republic. In addition, patricians also were considered equity. The equities have a large amount of property and money. Patricians live in a life of luxury. They had the best living spaces, food, and clothes out of the entire republic. Patricians would spend their time listening to music, writing or hearing poetry, hunting for game, and racing horses. In addition, they were also well educated. A tutor taught all concepts, such as history and literature. During Roman society, being a patrician is considered high-class. Those who were in this class were considered very wealthy and luck to live they way they do. The rest of Roman Civilization looked up at them. During the fall of the roman republic, the Conflict of the Orders sparked a political struggle between the Plebeians and the Patricians. In the end, the social class ceased to exist, making the Plebeians and Patricians equal once again. Dichter 1 Sydni Dichter Tavernia AP World History, Period 4 10 November, 2016 Social - Plebeians In classical Rome, there were two main social classes: patricians and plebeians. Plebeians were the lower of the two classes and contained all the common people. Plebeians made up the majority of the Roman population. Plebeians had commoner jobs and could serve in the military, but could never become wealthy or become leaders. The plebeians were not even allowed to know the laws they were required to follow. The emperors of Rome ran it with the method that paid patricians and fed plebeians made for a happy empire. However, conditions in the plebeian urban areas began to decrease in safety and sanitation, especially with the spread of disease. The plebeians eventually staged a revolt, known as the Conflict of Orders. Although the Conflict of Orders earned the plebeians more rights and a voice in their government, it was also a factor in the decline of the Roman empire. Ben Geller Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet C Social: Plebian The Plebs or plebian are the general body of Rome that are not the government officials or high class patricians. The social order in Rome is clear it goes from the high government officials or patricians to the plexins. The plebian get the second look and choice that is often irrelevant in decisions. A lot of the time the government officials wanted it to look like both sides had equal social equality, so they accepted the plebian opinions in a sneaky fashion after their own. There were several wars that ended in the patricians having leaders like Julius Cease. All of the plebian had certain jobs they had in society with little leeway, but the patricians had a more relaxed job as the leader. There were times where the plebian just had enough and rebelled, but otherwise the two sides disagreed in a generally peaceful manner. This links to the social theme, because in Rome there was two classes and the plebian were one of them, therefore it has a direct link to the theme. Also, all of the impacts that come from the situation in Rome are social, a social system is created by the two sides. Annita Huang Mr. Tavernia AP World/Period 4 Packet: C Theme 5: Varna/Jati Varna is like a subdivision class which have four major social division, which are Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. The brahmins are the priests and scholars. The Kshatriya are warriors and officials. The Vaishya are merchants, artisans, and landowners. The Shudra, dasas, consists of of people who do menial jobs or peasants and laborers. Within the varna system there are many jati, regional groups of people who have a common occupational sphere and who marry, eat, and generally interact with other members of their group. LailaInan Mr.Tavernia APWorldHistory,P4 PacketC Social:Varna ThesocialclassesintheHinduismreligionarecalledtheVarnas.Theycontrol societyandallofit’ssocialaspects.Inthereligion,Hinduscanonlymarryand interactwithintheirclasssystem.Therearefourmaincastesystemsthatyou areborninto.TheBrahminsarethepriestlyclass,representedonahumanby theheadoranyfacialfeatures.TheKshatriyasarethenoblemenandwarriors, represented by the arms, and or abdominal areas. The Vaishyas, or the merchants and those who work in the commercial community, are representedbythethighs.TheKshudras,orthetheservants,arerepresented as the feet. There is technically a fifth class, the untouchables, but they are knownasnotpartyofthecastesoreligibleforNirvana.Theinevitablegoalof HinduismistograduatefromyourVarnatogoupcastelevelstoultimatelybe released from Samsara to reunite with Brahma and ultimately achieve Nirvana. These Varnas control all of Hindu Society. You only interact with your class because those above you won’t interact with you for the same reason you won’t interact with those less than you, you don’t want to be influencedbypowersthataren’tasworthyasyou.Becauseyou’retryingtogo up,whyriskyourlevelgraduationbyinteractingwiththosebelowyou? Sloane Knapp AP World History P4 Packet C 11/10/16 Social: Patricians The Patricians were the wealthy elites of the Roman Empire. They had a high social status, which in the classical period, got you very far. Rulers were concerned with keeping the elites loyal, so they got many privileges that the lower class, in this case the Plebeians, did not have the luxury of. The Roman government often gave them money for their support and loyalty. This angered the lower class, leading to tensions between the two. Social:Varna Varnas refer to the method of social stratification in ancient India—the caste systm. Each varna is a caste as described by ancient Hindu writings. The four main varnas are the Brahmins (people who devote life to learning ie. Scolars and priests), the Kshatriyas (the warriors/people who protect the empire), the Vaishays (basically the blue collar workers of ancient India), and the Shudras (servants). In the Rig Veda, the castes or varnas are identified as different parts of the primordial Purusha. The Brahmins are the mouth, the Kshatriyas are the arms, the Vaishyas are the thighs and the Shudras are the feet. Angela Lin Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet C Development & Transformation of Social Structures: Patricians Patricians were aristocrats or noblemen, and became in control of the Roman government creating a republic. The noble patricians ruled over the empire and plebeians were denied any voice in how they ruled. During the rule of the Etruscan kings, land was mostly owned by the patricians. A handful of patrician families became advisors and warlords to the king. The right to govern was hereditary and allowed the patricians to divide themselves from the lower class. The patricians constructed a new government with a centuriate assembly, Senate, and two co-consuls. The consuls were elected by the assembly and held the power similarly to a king for a year.This allowed them to sustain their economic and political status, suppressing the plebeians. Priesthood was another way patricians held more power. Since religion played a big part of Rome, they were able to suppress the possibility of rebellion. The patricians claimed to have special knowledge of the gods and had the power to punish offenders. Patricians were met with conflicts when plebeians threatened to move out of Rome. The Council of the Plebs was constructed in 494 BCE. In 287 BCE, the Lex Hortensia was passed, requiring all citizens including patricians to abide by the same laws. Two officials were elected by the Council to represent the plebeians, but was eventually increased to ten. The plebeians began to control more of the government, even some rising to the level of a dictator. As time passed, the patricians managed to maintain some power in the government, but the idea of birthright had changed. Julius Caesar named new patricians to strengthen his power. Emperor Augustus also named new patricians to create morality within the empire. Olivia Lloyd Mr. Tavernia AP World/Period 4 Packet C Social: Untouchables There are four castes of Hindu society: the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and the Shudras. However, there is one group of people that is excluded from the caste system entirely. These people are referred to as the untouchables, or the Dalit. Discrimination based on caste was outlawed by India, but despite these efforts, discrimination still persists. The untouchables performed jobs that were undesirable but necessary for society to function. They had jobs that may have brought them into contact with flesh of dead animals or human excrement. Four men in India were beaten for skinning the carcasses of cows, despite how it was their job and they did not harm the sacred animal while it was alive. Untouchables are not allowed to marry into families belonging to other castes, or share the same food or drink. In some villages, people of other castes will not even risk coming into contact with untouchables while doing business. They will have the untouchable put the money on the ground, then they would pick it up, because they thought even the ground was cleaner than the untouchables. Hijaan Mitha Mr. Tavernia AP World Period 4 Packet C Social: Untouchables The Untouchables were a division in the hierarchy of the Hindu religion. Followers of the religion practiced a social system called the caste system, in which there were four subdivisions that defined one’s occupational and personal lives. However, the Untouchables are not a part of this system. They were so inferior to all other classes in the Indian sub-continent that their place was even below the general hierarchal system. Everyone avoided contact with the Untouchables. Their daily lifestyle was seen as filthy and unhealthy, as they performed activities that dealt with dead animals, human waste or even cattle, which was forbidden in their society as they venerated the cow as one of their holy gods. Therefore, all other sects of the caste system refused to interact with them. As per history, it has been said that people are either born into the specific caste or the sins of their previous life have caused them to enter the sect they are in. Untouchables are officially referred to as the “Scheduled Caste.” In the present day, the term has been made illegal in India as of 1949. Varna Varna is the four Hindu castes represented by the body. Varna literally means “order or class” in Sanskrit. The four castes are the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and the Shudras. The Brahmins are represented by the head and contain the priests, scholars, and teachers. The Kshatriyas are the torso or arms and upper body and contain the rulers, warriors, and administrators. The Vaishyas are represented by the legs and contains the farmers, merchants, artisans, and herders. The Shudras was the lowest caste represented by the feet which contained the laborers and service providers. Within each of the castes there are sub-castes called jati. The total of the sub-castes and the castes makes up varna. The system of dividing up the castes is defined in the Rig Veda, one of the holy texts for the Hindu religion. In the Mahabharata, an ancient Indian epic, the varna is depicted in two different ways. The first way shows the four castes as colors. Brahmins are white, Kshatriyas are red, Vaishyas are yellow, and Shudras are black. The other depiction is based off of behavioral patterns. The Brahmins were dedicated to truth, purity, and cleanliness. The Kshatriyas focused on anger, pleasures, and boldness. The Vaishyas were inclined to farming and cattle rearing as well as living by the plow. The Shudras were characterized as being violent and impure. The way that the Varna system was set up allowed for no social mobility within one’s lifetime. This meant that whatever caste you were born into was your caste for life, whether or not you have the aptitude or the desire to do what your caste was required. The only way that you could move up in the caste system was through good Karma that would translate to the next life. If you did good deeds in your previous life and you completed all the duties of your specific caste, then you could move up in the social system. To move up in the system you first had to die and be reborn. There were also very specific rules as to who could marry and interact with one another. There was very little interaction between castes and sometimes between sub-castes. Often times there could be no marriage between sub-castes and there was little to no interaction between people in different sub-castes. Samantha Ross Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet: C Social: Varna Varna is the four major social divisions of Indian history. The classes represent the body of Purusha, a primordial creature. The four classes include Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. The Brahmin is the class in which priests are included in. On the diagram, the Brahmin is represented as the mouth of the gods. The Kshatriya is the class in which includes warriors and administrators. The arms represent this class as the warriors fight. The Vaishya class includes the merchants and farmers. The thighs represent this class. This is because the masses are full of work. The Shudra includes the laborers. Dasa came to mean slave. The feet represented this class because the dasas were constantly working on their feet. They were also at the bottom of the social class structure just as feet are at the bottom of a person. The untouchables were not included in Varna. They are excluded from the class system. Kaitlyn Seese Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet: C Varna Varna means the four major social divisions of Indian culture (the caste system). These four classes represent the body of Purusha, a primordial creature. The highest class, Brahmin, represents the mouth and is composed of priests. The next class, Kshatriya, symbolizes the arms and is composed of warriors and the social elites. The third class, Vaishya, represents the thighs and is composed of merchants, farmers, and artisans. The fourth class, the Shudra, represents the feet and is composed of the laborers. This class may have been reserved for slaves or dasas. Finally, the untouchables were people excluded from the caste system and were the lowest in society. They were usually employed to sweep away the ashes of the dead, clean up the streets, and clean up latrines. As the subdivision known as jati explains, everyone in Indian society remained within their class throughout their lives. There was no social mobility. Citizens married within their class and had a career that only people in their class would have. No one associated themselves with the untouchables or they would be “contaminated.” The only way you could move up a class is by obtaining good karma within that specific incarnation. Sydney Stewart Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet C Social: Jati The caste system in India, in all functionality, is called Jati. The term Jati exists in almost every Indian language. There are over 3000 different Jatis in India and there is no nation-wide system to class every single one. Each jati has a special and specific job, however the entire jati does not perform the same job. Therefore there are barbers that don’t shave and Brahmins that don’t act as priests. A jati is identified in a local setting by whom its members will accept food and water from and to who they give food and water to. The jati system is dynamic and jatis have moved up or down in Indian history. However, the whole jati moves up, not just people in the jati. A jati can move up by emulating more affluent jatis and advancing economically. To do this the members to the jari will change the jatis name tio a more affluent one, become vegetarian, treat their women more conservatively, become more orthodox and build a temple. If the jati can be accepted with their new name, history, and status by other jatis, they will marry their daughters to members of the jati they are trying to join. The Indian Government banned the practice of untouchability and has established quotas to help lower jatis. Caste discrimination is no longer allowed in job offers and education and other opportunities. Shayaan Subzwari Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 4 Packet C Social: Untouchables Untouchables are people in a social group that is lower than others in society, and is designated with carrying out despised jobs. It plays importance in the caste system of Hinduism where they are known as Dalits, but also appears in other groups of peoples. The origin of a class of untouchables in Hinduism is unclear, but it is mentioned in one text that one class of untouchable occupations resulted from the union of Brahmin females and Shudra males. Dalits are completely excluded from the Varna system and are considered to be separate from the other castes. In modern day India, about 16% of the population consists of Dalits. They take up the occupations that are thought of as impure by others, including leather tanning, butchering, trash removal, animal carcasses removal, and removal of human waste. The untouchables were not allowed to interact with members of the other castes, and these people took extreme measures so as to avoid any possible contact with the Dalits. In India, Dalits are also known as Panchama, and are sometimes referred to as “The Persians of India”. After the abolition of the caste system in politics in modern day India, Dalits were more fairly represented. In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President. Noah Teixeira Mr.Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet C Social: Patricians Patricians were the elite class of the Roman Empire. They were wealthy and powerful individuals who were placed higher on the social scale than the majority of the population. The poor, majority of the population, called the Plebians, had many altercations with the Patricians throughout the classical period. Plebeians refused to work or fight in order to pressure the elite class to make political concessions. Although the Plebians protested constantly, the Patricians found a way to blunt the reforms by bringing plebian leadership into an expanded elite. This relates to the social theme of APWH because it has to do with social classes. Kathryn Treacy Mr. Tavernia AP World History, Period 4 Packet C: Classical Civilizations Development and Transformation of Social Structures: Jati Within the broad class divisions, the population was divided into numerous jati, or birth groups. Each jati had its proper occupation, duties, and rituals. Individuals who belonged to a specific jati lived with members of their group, married within the group, and ate only with members of the group. Elaborate rulers governed their interactions with members of other groups. Members of higher-status groups feared pollution from contact with lower-caste individuals and had to undergo elaborate rituals of purification to remove any taint. In numerous societies and civilizations their social strictures tend to be different from each other. However, in the western imperial social structure, south asia, and chinese imperial social structure, what they all have in common is that they follow the basic outline of elites on top, skilled workers/labor, unskilled workers/labor, and coerced labor. Although who is in which category tends to change, the order of the social structure does not. This shows the development and transformation of imperial social structures.