Download Cardiovascular Notes

The Cardiovascular System
DIAGRAM OF THE HEART
Superior Vena Cava
To Lungs
Aorta
Right
Atrium
Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Vein
From Lungs
Left
Atrium
Pulmonary
Valve
Tricuspid
Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Mitral
Valve
Left
Ventricle
Right
Ventricle
Aortic
Valve
Blood Flow in Pulmonary & Systemic Systems
To the Heart
Brain
Jugular
Vein
Pulmonary Artery
Away from The Heart
Carotid
Artery
Lungs
(Pulmonary)
Pulmonary Vein
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Liver
(Hepatic)
Kidneys
(Renal)
Hepatic
Vein
Aorta
Mesenteric
Artery
Renal
Artery
Renal Vein
Heart
(Cardiac)
Digestive
Tract
(Mesenteric)
3 Layers of the Heart &
Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity
Fibrous Layer of
Outer Sack
Muscle of Heart
Myocardium
Parietal
Pericardium
Part of Outer Sack
Visceral
Pericardium
Tough Outer Lining
of Heart
#2
#3
#1
Endocardium
Smooth Inner Lining
of Heart
Phases of Diastole & Sistole
Diastole Phase:
-Atria & Ventricles are relaxed
-The Tricuspid and Mitral Valves are open
-Atrial Contraction occurs
-This pumps blood into the Ventricles
Sistole Phase:
-The Tricuspid and Mitral Valves Close
-The Pulmonary and Aortic Valves Open
-The Ventricles Contract
-This Pumps Blood to the Lungs & Aorta
How is this related to Blood Pressure?
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume:
-The amount of blood pumped in one
contraction of the heart
Heart Rate:
-How many times the heart pumps in one
minute
CARDIAC OUTPUT=STOKE VOLUME X HEART RATE
“The more blood pumped in each contraction (Stroke
Volume), the more beats the heart has in a minute (Heart
Rate) the greater the Cardiac Output.”
What happens when you do Cardio Work?
What is the difference between:
(Veins, Venules, Arteries & Capillaries)
 Veins
 Move blood to the heart from the rest of the
body
 Valves prevent deoxygenated blood from
travelling backwards
 Venules
 Transfer waste products including CO2 from the
body to the veins for transport back to the lungs
 Transfer occurs at the single cell level through
osmosis and diffusion
 Arteries:
 Transport oxygen & energy in the blood from
the heart to the body
 Blood is kept moving by the elastic and
muscular construction of the arteries
 Capillaries:
 Transfer oxygen & energy to the body
 Transfer occurs at the single cell level
 Exercise increases the amount of capillaries at
the muscular level
Why is the last statement important
when performing cardio exercises?
Arteries and Veins
“Arteries are
more muscular”
Major Constituents of Blood
 Blood Plasma (55%)
 Mostly water (95%)
 Contains nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes,
ions & proteins
 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
 Act as transport for O2 & CO2
 Most of the 3 types of blood cells
 White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
 Crucial to our defense against disease & infection
 Blood Platelet Cells (Thrombocytes)
 Important for clotting (when wounds scab)
What Blood Type Are You?
 What are the different Blood Groups?
 Differences in human blood are due to the presence of proteins
called antigens located on Red Blood Cells and antibodies
located in your blood plasma
 Individuals have different types & combinations of these
depending on what you inherited from your family
 If your blood has the same Antibodies as your donor’s Antigen
then the transfusion will not work
 Blood Group: Type A
 You have Group A antigens on your red blood cells & B
antibodies in your blood plasma
 Blood Group Type B
 You have Group B antigens on your red blood cells & A
antibodies in your blood plasma
Type O: The Universal Donor
 Blood Group: Type O
 You have no Group A or B antigens on your red blood cells
& both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma
 As a result your blood is easily accepted by the other Types
of Blood
 The bad news is you only accept your blood type or else you
A and B antibodies will react with the other types blood
Antigens
 Blood Group Type AB
 You have no A or B antibodies in your plasma so you can
receive blood from almost any blood type
 You have both A and B antigens on your Red Blood Cells so
your blood is the least accepted blood by others
 You are known as the Universal Receiver
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What does Blood Pressure Measure?
 Systolic Pressure
 Measures the amount of pressure required to collapse
an artery during the Systole Phase (When the ventricles
contract to move blood out of the heart)
 This is the top number and is higher because the
greatest pressure is created by the Pump of the ventricle
trying to push blood through the body
 Diastolic Pressure
 Measures the amount of pressure required to collapse
an artery during the Diastole Phase (When the Atria
and Ventricles are relaxed)
 This is the bottom number and is lower because this is
when pressure is lowest because the heart is relaxed
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What is Good Blood Pressure Measure?
Diastolic Pressure
120/80 + or – 10
Systolic Pressure
110-130/70-90
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What if my Blood Pressure is High?
 Your Arteries are too tense (Hypertension)
 This can be as a result of Stress
 This can be a result of clogging or hardening of the
arteries from a poor diet
 Your Heart will have to work harder to move
the same amount of blood
 Remember your arteries are supposed to be elastic
and muscular so they help your heart but when
your blood pressure is high your heart has to do
more work
 This over works your heart wearing it out sooner
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What if my Blood Pressure is Low?
 Hypotension
 Your Arteries are not providing enough tension
 This means not enough blood is moved through your
body (to your brain and other organs)
 This can result in poor performance of these vital organs
 You can become faint easily
 You will have poor circulation
 Always cold
What is your blood pressure?
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What do I need to know about my resting
heart rate?
 Resting Heart Rate measures the hearts efficiency
(Measure of Cardiac Output at rest)
 The lower the Resting HR the better
 This means the heart has a high stroke volume and can
therefore move a lot of blood without much work (Efficient)
 After hard Cardio Work my Heart Rate should return to
resting within 5 minutes of finishing
 Your heart rate should rise quickly as you work hard but
should also return to your resting quickly (Efficient)
 A great Resting HR is <60. Good is 60-80. >80 needs work
What is your Resting Heart Rate?
Diseases
“Hardening of
the arteries is
silent and not
just for the
overweight”
“Results in
enlarged hearts,
strokes and heart
attacks”
Blood Supply to the Muscles
 All muscles contain vessels that branch into a fine
network of tiny vessels called capillaries and venules
 Capillaries- supply oxygen rich blood to the muscles
 Venules- remove deoxygenated blood & waste
 The blood required by contracting muscles at times can
be 100 times greater than at rest
 “Training increases the amount of capillaries
at the muscular level”
Training Increases Capillaries
 Aerobic and Weight Training increase the
capillary network at the muscular level
 Increased blood flow to the muscle brings
more Oxygen, Energy & Building material to
the muscle
 Increased blood flow away from the muscle
removes more waste products from the
muscle allowing for Quicker Recovery
 This means you will have greater Cardiac
Output (Higher stroke volume)
3 Energy Systems We Work in Class
 Fast Twitch Type X Muscle Fibers
(Anaerobic Glycolytic System)
 Also called the Phosphagen System
 Creatine Supplements try to help this system
 Uses the most powerful muscle fibers in the body
 These fibers can exert the most force but fatigue quickly
 All out for up to 45 seconds
 Shorter time for less fit athletes
 Typically all out sprints or heavy lifts in weight training
 It takes 6:1 Rest to Work to recover
 Gets energy from the food we eat [Glycolytic]
 Is performed without oxygen [Anaerobic]
 Therefore can only be performed for short time periods
Fast Twitch Type 2a Muscle Fibers
 Also Called: Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolytic System
 Also called: Lactic System

When we work so hard that we do not get enough O2 Lactic
Acid forms {The point where this happens is our Lactate
Threshold}
 Uses Oxygen [Oxidative]

When not enough O2 is present Lactic Acid forms
 Lactic acid is the burning feeling we get in our muscles
 Gets energy from food we eat [Glycolytic]

Energy is formed from food we eat (from carbs in our diet)
 Can perform at almost full out for up to 2 minutes
 It takes 6:1 Rest to Work to recover
 We uses this a lot in Sports [High end aerobic activity]
 We use this a lot in the Weight Room [Hypertrophy]
Slow Twitch Aerobic Muscle Fibers
 Low force output
 Lowest force output of the muscle fibers
 Fatigue resistant
 Can use these fibers forever

Athletes run death races
 Used in low intensity activities & in recovery
 Used while recovering from hard work from fast twitch
muscle fibers
 Power walks or light jog in Wellness Center
 Muscle Activation Program at the beginning of the year
 Uses energy indirectly from food we eat
 We convert byproducts of the Fast Twitch Systems and
convert it into large amounts of energy
FUEL USE DURING EXERCISE