Download growth hormone (GH)

BIO102 Unit 9
Drugs & Endocrine System
Glossary
acromegaly
a condition resulting from an increase in growth hormone production after adult height has been
reach.
addison disease
a disease caused by low level of adrenal cortex hormones resulting in the loss of sodium and low
blood pressure; this disease can be fatal.
adrenal glands
there are two adrenal glands located one on top of each kidney. Each of these glands are divided
into two endocrine glands the inner adrenal medulla and the outer adrenal cortex with each part
secreting different hormones.
adrenal cortex
the outer portion of the adrenal glands that function as endocrine glands by secreting the
hormones aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones.
adrenal medulla
the inner portion of the adrenal glands that function as endocrine glands by secreting the
hormones epinephrine and norephinephrine which prepares the body for flight or fight..
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex gland to
secrete their own hormones during times of physiological stress like when injured or exercising.
alcohol
the most abused drug in the United States; a depressant that inhibits neurotransmitters and can
disrupt normal liver functioning.
aldosterone
one of the mineralocorticoid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex gland which maintains the
sodium and potassium blood levels.
anterior pituitary gland
a portion of the pituitary gland that produces six different hormones that is controlled by
hypothalamic releasing hormones.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that is produced by the hypothalamus that
increases the absorption of water by the kidney tubules which decreases the amount of urine
formed.
calcitonin
a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland which lowers the calcium blood levels; the target organs
of this hormone are the bones, intestine and the kidneys.
cocaine
a stimulant derived from the cocoa shrub which causes the user to experience a sensation of a
rush; can lead to experiences of withdrawal and intense craving sensations.
cortisol
a glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases the use of fat and excess
amino acids for energy; causes the “glucose sparing effect” during times of physiological stress.
depressants
a type of drug which decreases the likelihood of neuron excitation by impacting on the limbic
system or inhibiting neurotransmitters.
diabetes mellitus
condition characterized by a high blood glucose level and the appearance of glucose in the urine
due to a deficiency of insulin production.
endocrine gland
one of the several hormone producing glands of the body that secrete their hormones directly
into the blood and are therefore termed ductless glands.
estrogen
a hormone secreted by the ovaries that promotes maturation of the ovum and prepares the uterus
for a fertilized egg; also responsible for secondary sexual female characteristics.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland whose target organs are either the ovaries or
the testes.
glucagon
a hormone secreted by the pancreas that raises the glucose blood levels; the target organ of this
hormone is the liver.
growth hormone (GH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, sometimes galled somatotropin, that
stimulates growth of the body by increasing the metabolism and reproductive rates of the cells of
the body.
heroin
a depressant drug derived from morphine which can produce a feeling of euphoria and relieve
pain; this drug can produce a strong physical dependency and violent withdrawal symptoms.
hormones
chemicals produced and secreted by the various endocrine glands that effect specific target
organs of the body.
insulin
a hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers that blood glucose levels; target organs of this
hormone are cells of the body and the liver.
islets of Langerhans
the hormone producing cells of the pancreas gland that secrete insulin and glucagon.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland responsible for ovulation and the stimulates
the production of progesterone in females; in males, this hormones stimulates the production of
testosterone in the testes.
marijuana
a drug derived from a the dried flowering tops leaves and stems of the cannabis plant; usually
smoked this drug can result in mild euphoria, alterations in vision and judgment distorting space
and time.
melatonin
a hormone produced by the pineal gland which helps regulate a persons daily cycle or circadian
rhythms; levels are high at night promoting sleepiness and low during the day as we awake.
methamphetamine
a stimulant sometimes called speed which causes a sensation of a rush similar to cocaine but the
effects last longer.
nicotine
a stimulant that is a derivative of tobacco products that can lead to cardiovascular diseases and
cancer; this drug can also induce physical and psychological dependency.
ovaries
reproductive and endocrine glands in females that are located in the pelvic cavity; they secrete
the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
oxytocin
a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that is produced by the hypothalamus which
stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth and effects the release of milk from the
mammary glands.
pancreas
an endocrine gland located in the upper left region of the abdominal cavity that secretes the
hormones insulin and glucagon.
parathormone or parathyroid hormone (PTH)
a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that raises the blood calcium levels; this hormone
works as an antagonist to calcitonin.
parathyroid gland
there are four of these glands located on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland; they produce
the hormone parathormone.
pineal gland
an endocrine gland located in the brain that produces the hormone called melatonin.
pituitary dwarf
underdevelopment of a person due to the lack of sufficient growth hormone production during
childhood.
posterior pituitary gland
the portion of the pituitary gland that releases the hormones ADH and oxytocin that are produced
by the hypothalamus.
progesterone
a hormone secreted by the ovaries that helps maintain pregnancy and helps prepare the mammary
glands for milk production.
prolactin
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that is responsible for lactation by initiating
and maintaining milk production by the mammary glands.
simple goiter
a disorder which causes an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to constant stimulation by the
pituitary gland.
stimulant
a type of drug which increases the likelihood of neuron excitation by impacting on the limbic
system or inhibiting neurotransmitters.
testes
reproductive and endocrine glands located in the scrotum, a sac of skin between the upper thighs,
that secrete the hormone testosterone.
testosterone
a hormone secreted by the testes in males that promotes the maturation of sperm; also this
hormone is responsible for the male secondary sexual characteristics.
thymosin
a hormone secreted by the thymus gland that aids in the maturation of the T-lymphocytes.
thymus gland
a lobular endocrine gland located beneath the sternum which secretes the hormone thymosin.
thyoid gland
an endocrine gland located on the anterior and lateral surface of the trachea just below the larynx
that secretes the hormones thyroxine and calcitonin.
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete a
hormone of its own
.
thyroxine
a hormone secreted by the thyoid gland whose target organ is all the tissues of the body which
stimulates energy production and protein synthesis contributing to the overall growth of the
body.