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Environment & Ecology 001 Introduction Environment – the natural world that we live in and interact with. Ecology – the study of the interaction of organisms with their environments. The word "ecology" coined from Greek word "oikos", which means "house" or "place to live”. It involves understanding biotic and abiotic factors influencing the distribution and abundance of living things. Biotic Factors Biotic factors are all the living things or their materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism in its environment. Some Biotic Factors • • • • • • • Parasitism Disease Predation Food availability Habitat availability Competitors Symbiotic Relationships Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors are the nonliving things in an environment. Some Abiotic Factors • • • • • • • • pH Temp Nitrates Rainfall Climate Conditions Natural disasters Salinity O2 levels Fig. 52-2 Organism Studies in Environment & Ecology Population Community Ecosystem Landscape Biosphere Population • A population is all the members of a given species in a given area. Example - All the green turtles in Kaneohe Bay Community • Community - all the species in a given area. Example - all the living things in Kaneohe Bay Ecosystem • Environment – encompasses the interaction between the living and nonliving world in a particular geographic area. Ex. Rocks and Trees Niche • A plant's or animal's niche is a way of life that is unique to that species. • Niche and habitat are not the same. While many species may share a habitat, this is not true of a niche. Each plant and animal species is a member of a community. • The niche describes the species' role or function within this community. Niche • Moray eel’s habitat might include coral reefs, coral rubble, and caves, is shared with many animals . • The niche is that of a predator. • Only the moray occupies this niche in the coral reef community. However, a different species of animal may occupy a similar niche to that of the moray. Niche What niche does the Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse fill? Niche What niche does the Ewa blenny fill? Niche No two animals can occupy the same niche at the same time. Result = competition Environmental Science An interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, (including physics, chemistry, biology, soil science, geology, and geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmentalism A social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from undesirable changes brought about by human actions. Environmental Ethics A process of applying a set of ethical standards to the relationships between human and nonhuman entities. Sustainable Ethics • The earth has a limited supply of resources. • Humans must conserve resources. • Humans share the earth's resources with other living things. • Growth is not sustainable. • Humans are a part of nature. • Humans are affected by natural laws. • Humans succeed best when they maintain the integrity of natural processes sand cooperate with nature. Environmental Ethics Anthropocentrism Cost-benefit analysis • • • • Loggers Nuclear Power Oil Companies Hydroelectric plants Environmental Ethics Biocentrism Environmental Ethics Ecocentrism Nature has moral consideration because it has intrinsic value, value aside from its usefulness to humans. http://www.malamahawaii.org/ Environmental Ethics Ecocentrism10 Voluntary Human Extinction Movement http://www.vhemt.org/ Environmentalists Alfred Leopold- wildlife ecology John Muir Rachel Carson Chico Mendes- Brazil Wangari Maathai- green belt S. Africa Environmental Justice Fair and equitable treatment of all people with respect to environmental policy and practice, regardless of their income, race or ethnicity. Ecological Footprint http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ind_calculator.html Sustainable Solutions How would you address the following concerns? • Energy demands • Water use • Population • Land management • Waste management Mass Extinction Events Recent Extinctions Recent Extinctions Yangtze river dolphin 2007 West African Black Rhino 2006 Tasmanian Tiger 1936 Golden toad 2007 Who’s next? Steller’s sea cow ~1770 Pre-European contact Amazon Rainforest Deforestation Indigenous cultures Dustbowl Potato Famine BP Deepwater Horizon 2010 Fukushima Power Plant 2011 Natural Disasters Hurricane Katrina (2005) Natural Disasters Earthquakes/Tsunami Haiti 2010 Chile 2010 Indonesia 2005 Japan 2011 Polynesian Migration Rapa Nui • Polynesians arrived 700 AD, sailing from the west. • They lived an isolated existence for the next thousand years Ecological Disaster • Rapa Nui (Easter Island) – Isolated Pacific island with poor soil and little water – Originally covered by Chilean Wine Palms – No native edible plants – Rich in seafood and nesting animals Ecological Disaster • Rapa Nui (Easter Island) – Settled by 25-50 Polynesians in 5th century • Survived easily on seafood, chickens, bananas, taro and yams, plenty of free time • Developed elaborate competition between clans with moai (statues) – Civilization peaked at 1550, with population of ~12000 Carrying Capacity • Rapa Nui (Easter Island) – Reached by a Dutch ship in 1722 • Found about 2,000 people living in caves • Primitive society, constant warfare – Rapa Nui’s carrying capacity had been drastically lowered by society’s actions: • Transportation of moai had required cutting down trees • Erosion of soil made yams scarce • Lack of canoes made fishing difficult and escape impossible Moai • Ancestor worship • With their backs to the sea they could inspire and protect the Islanders. • Moai carving and transport were in full swing from 1400 to 1600, just 122 years before first contact with European visitors to the island. The Cost of the Moai • The Moai took a tremendous amount of natural resources and human energy • Movement required human energy, ropes, wooden sledges, lifting logs and/or rollers. • There are nearly 900 moai in various stages of completion, some stones weighed 80t, and were transported 16km from the quarry. Catastrophe Archaeological evidence includes: • disappearance of trees • disappearance the island's bird life • disappearance of evidence of people eating porpoise and tuna. • wooden carvings of emaciated people • the appearance of a new implement spear tips. Stone Tools chisels Fish hooks knives Civil Warfare Rapa Nui’s Lesson The islanders carried out for us the experiment of permitting unrestricted population growth, profligate use of resources, destruction of the environment and boundless confidence in their religion to take care of the future. The result was an ecological disaster leading to a population crash … Do we have to repeat the experiment on a grand scale? … Is the human personality always the same as that of the person who felled the last tree? Paul Bahn and John Flenley, Easter Island, Easter Island 1992 http://sendables.jibjab.com/originals/big_box_mart QUESTION: Review The term “environment” includes: a) b) c) d) Living things, such as animals and plants Non-living things, such as rivers and soil Buildings and cities All of the above are included in this term QUESTION: Review A Neo-Malthusian would say that predicted massive human starvation has not yet occurred because: a) b) c) d) Diseases have been eradicated Enough people are dying from war and conflict Agriculture has postponed massive starvation People are too dumb to limit their population growth QUESTION: Review Which of the following is correct about the term “environmentalism”? a) It involves pursuing knowledge to understand the natural world. b) It is a social movement to protect the environment. c) It usually does not include advocacy for the environment. d) It requires trying to remain objective. QUESTION: Review An anthropocentric worldview would consider the impact of an action on: a) Plants only b) Animals only c) Humans only d) All living things e) All non-living things QUESTION: Review Which ethic holds that resources should be wisely used? a) Preservation ethic b) Land ethic c) Conservation ethic d) Deep ecology e) Biocentrism QUESTION: Review What is the definition of “sustainable development”? a) Using resources to benefit future generations, even if it means lower availability now b) Letting future generations figure out their own problems c) Letting each country decide what is its best interest d) Using resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Which do you think is the best way to protect commonly owned resources (i.e., air, water, fisheries)? a) Sell the resource to a private entity b) Let organizations themselves decide if they want to participate in protecting the resource c) Enact governmental regulations d) Do nothing and see what happens QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Do you think the rest of the world can have an ecological footprint as large as the footprint of the United States? a) b) c) d) Yes, because we will find new technologies and resources to overcome environmental problems. Yes, because the footprint of the United States is not really that large compared to other countries. Definitely not. The world does not have that many resources. It does not matter. It’s not that important. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this graph, what has happened to the population over the last 500 years? a) It has grown enormously. b) It has grown slower than food production. c) It has decreased. d) It has slowed down recently.