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Introduction to Ecology What is Ecology? • • Eco – comes from the Greek root “oikos” meaning ______________________ Ecology is the study of the interactions between ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Levels of Organization • Just like there is a hierarchy of organization among different organisms, there is a hierarchy within the environment as well The Biosphere • The biosphere includes everywhere life exists, including 3 main parts: - ______________________________ - _____________________________ - _____________________________ • The biosphere is a thin film of life covering an otherwise lifeless planet – If the Earth were an apple, the biosphere would be the skin of the apple Biomes & Ecosystems • A Biome is a grouping of ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ • • Ecosystems includes all of the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place The environmental factors that interact in an ecosystem are divided into two classes – – Biotic factors • _________________________________________________________________ Abiotic factors • _________________________________________________________________ Biotic and abiotic factors are dependent on each other. Communities, Populations, & Organisms • A community is a group of ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ • A population includes groups of individuals _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ • An organism is an _____________________________________________________________ Ecology of Organisms • A species survival in a given habitat is dependent on the environmental conditions and the availability of resources. – Resources are the ______________________________________________________. • Ex: food, energy, nesting sites, water, sunlight The Niche • A niche is • Niche includes – _______________________________________________________________________ – _______________________________________________________________________ – Range of conditions that the species can tolerate – Methods by which the species can obtain the needed resources – The number of offspring it has – Time of reproduction – All of the species other interactions with its environment Realized vs. Fundamental Niche • The fundamental niche is the _________________________________________ that a species can potentially tolerate and the range of resources it can _______________________. • • The realized niche of a species is the range of resource ______________________________. The fundamental niche will usually contain a broader set of conditions that the realized niche Niche Differences • A species niche can change within a single generation • Generalists are species with ____________________________________________ – Ex: caterpillar to butterfly – The species can tolerate a range of conditions and use a variety of resources Example ___________________________________________ • Specialists are species that _____________________________________________ Example ______________________________________________