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Roman Empire
What
happened
in
CDLXXVI
What
did the
tortoise
teach the
Romans?
Why the
LONG FACE,
Senator?
?
Quid novi?
Translation: “What’s new?”
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Roman_Empire_FC.indd 1
3/13/17 11:01 AM
II (2)
The Empire Begins
and leopatra s eet in a sea attle at c
tium, in Greece.
Soon after that victory, Octavian became
The assassination of Roman ruler Julius
Caesar in 44 BCE led to civil war. Over the the sole ruler of Rome. He took the name
Augustus Caesar and the title princeps
next 13 years, the Roman world suffered
first one . he oman ep lic was
from an ongoing struggle among political
over. But because Augustus was both
rivals. Those battling for power included
strong and wise, he won widespread s p
Caesar’s adoptive son Octavian and Marc
Antony, who had served as a general under port. Augustus reigned until his death in
14 CE. The empire he established would
Caesar. Antony eventually allied himself
with Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen. But in last for hundreds of years.
31 BCE, Octavian’s forces defeated Antony
RULERS
THE FORUM WAS Rome’s main
political, religious, and business center. Built on flat ground
surrounded by the city’s hills,
the forum was home to many
important temples, monuments,
and public buildings. The
Roman senate met there, in a
building called the Curia.
Roman_Empire_2-3.indd 2
l AUGUSTUS
Caesar, Rome’s
first emperor,
restored peace
to Rome.
l CALIGULA WAS
cruel. Some say
he wanted his
horse to be an
official!
l NERO IS REMEMbered as the ruler
who played his
fiddle while
Rome burned.
3/13/17 11:25 AM
III (3)
l UNDER AUGUSTUS’S
leadership, the
empire grew and
prospered. By the
end of his reign,
Rome controlled
lands in Africa,
Asia, and Europe.
Augustus helped
unify this diverse
empire by granting
citizenship to free
men in the provinces. He also made
taxation fairer and
tried to improve the
lives of the poor.
l TRAJAN, A
kind emperor,
encouraged
education and
the arts.
Roman_Empire_2-3.indd 3
l AUGUSTUS’S REIGN
marked the beginning of the Pax
Romana (Roman
Peace). For about
200 years, the entire
Mediterranean world
remained remarkably calm under
Rome’s protection.
Many provinces were
allowed to govern
themselves, but they
had to pay taxes
to Rome and submit to the Roman
army’s control. The
Pax Romana ended
during the reign of
Emperor Marcus
Aurelius (161–180
CE). Marcus (left)
faced revolts and
invasions at the
empire’s borders
in Syria, Germany,
Britain, and elsewhere.
TODAY
l HADRIAN WAS A
great emperor.
His architects
built many magnificent buildings.
l MARCUS AURELIUS,
last emperor of the
Pax Romana, campaigned against
the barbarians.
l CONSTANTINE
made Constantinople the capital
of the Eastern
Roman Empire.
3/13/17 11:25 AM
IV (4)
Trade and Money
The emperor Augustus believed that
building a network of roads across
the empire was vital, not only for
conquests and defense but – just as
important – for trade. The wealth
that trade created allowed Roman
c lt re to o rish.
Besides roads, the Mediterranean
Sea and the empire’s major rivers
served as essential trade routes.
Ships carried millions of sacks of
grain from Egypt to Rome each year.
Each province of the empire produced its own exports. For example,
Spain exported olive oil to other
provinces.
The Romans traded far beyond
their empire – with China, India,
Persia, and non-Roman Africa. Silk
cloth was a key import from China.
Asian and African traders introduced
the Romans to new spices. Pepper
from India became a Roman favorite
for cooking. Romans also used spices to make medicines, cosmetics,
and perfumes.
u THE ROMANS HAD
learned about the
use of coins from
the Greeks. But
it was not until
23 or 24 BCE that
Augustus established a standard
currency, or money,
for the whole
empire. He set a
Roman_Empire_4-5_v2.indd 4
value for each kind
of coin so that
traders across the
empire could use
the same money.
Coins were made
of gold, silver,
bronze, and copper. Julius Caesar
had issued coins
stamped with his
Roman Trade Network in 180
CE
Roman Empire
BRITAIN
Internal Trade Route
External Trade Route
GERMANY
Londinium
GAUL
(FRANCE)
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
Lugdunum
Arelate
Sirmium
Rome
Barcino
Thessalonica
SPAIN
GREECE
Carthage
Leptis Magna
N
W
portrait. Augustus
and the emperors
who followed him
continued this
practice. Most
Roman coins display the image of
the emperor who
ruled at the time
they were minted.
E
S
Alexandria
AFRICA
EGYPT
l MATERIAL GOODS
weren’t the only
things traded
throughout the
Roman Empire.
There was also a
busy trade in ideas
and beliefs. The
Romans spread
their state religion
across the lands
they conquered.
But the religions
of the conquered
peoples also made
their way to Rome.
Some Romans
worshipped gods
like Mithras (left),
from Persia, and
Isis, from Egypt.
Greek philosophy
also appealed to
many Romans,
who adopted the
ways of living
recommended by
Greek thinkers.
3/13/17 11:04 AM
By
M
V (5)
r THE ROMANS
were master roadbuilders. Over
centuries, they
constructed 50,000
miles of roads linking all parts of the
empire. Their roads
were higher in the
middle and lower
at the sides so that
rainwater would
drain into ditches.
The roads were
so well made that
stretches of Roman
road still exist
today in Europe,
Africa, and the
Middle East.
mium
Thessalonica
Byzantium
ASIA
MINOR
GREECE
Trapezus
Antiocha
Alexandria
EGYPT
Tyrus
ARABIA
u TRADE BETWEEN
the Roman Empire
and the far-off
land of China was
made possible by
the Silk Road. The
Silk Road was a
4,000-mile path
across central Asia.
Teams of merchants and their
animals – camels,
donkeys, and horses – transported
Roman_Empire_4-5_v2.indd 5
goods back and
forth along it. They
brought silk from
China to the West
and wool, gold,
and silver from
the Roman Empire
to China. Trade
along this route
reached its height
in about 200 CE,
during China’s Han
dynasty.
u WHEREVER THEY
went, the Roman
armies built forts.
Some of these
military outposts
developed into
cities that were
modeled on Rome
itself. Like the
empire’s capital,
they had their own
forums, markets,
bathhouses, theaters, and arenas.
The city of London,
England, originated
as a Roman city
called Londinium.
So did Lyon,
France; its ancient
Roman name was
Lugdunum.
3/13/17 11:04 AM
VI (6)
The
Roman
Army
The Roman Empire’s power
came from its well-trained
army. Roman soldiers made
conquest possible. Once
lands were captured, troops
kept conquered peoples under control and protected
the empire’s borders.
Roman soldiers were busy.
hen the weren t fighting,
the were ilding orts and
ridges, s per ising mines
and arries, or making
road repairs. On many days
the hiked miles carr ing
60-pound packs.
s emperor, g st s en
acted dramatic reforms, or
changes, to ome s arm .
He cut its size in half and organi ed it into militar
nits called legions, each
with a few thousand soldiers. or training and fight
ing, each legion was split in
to smaller gro ps, called
centuries, of about 100 men
each. Their commanders
were called centurions.
ring the time o the re
public, soldiers had been
paid not with money, but
with al a les taken rom
the people they conquered.
g st s changed this, too.
e ga e soldiers reg lar pa
and created a retirement
program or them. eca se
of these reforms, more men
made the army a career. The
army became more professional – and more loyal to
Rome than to any one army
leader.
Roman_Empire_6-7.indd 6
A PLATE OF ARMOR
made of metal
strips tied together
with leather straps
protected the upper
body. Although this
metal jacket was
heavy, the metal
strips allowed the
soldier some freedom of movement.
Soldiers had to
help each other
put on and lace
up their armor.
UNDER HIS METAL
jacket, the
soldier wore a
tunic of wool.
SOLDIERS CARRIED
metal-tipped
throwing spears,
daggers, and
short, doubleedged swords.
THIS BELT, OR APRON,
of leather strips
protected the
lower body. Heavy
weights on the
bottom of each
strip kept the
apron in place.
THE SOLDIER’S
heavy sandals
were studded
with nails.
3/13/17 11:06 AM
VII (7)
CENTURIONS AND
other commanding officers wore
crests on their
helmets so their
soldiers could
spot them easily
in battle. The helmet covered and
protected the head
without blocking
vision. Flaps
protected the
cheeks and neck.
r WHEN ATTACKING
a city, Roman
soldiers sometimes
linked their shields
above their heads
in what they called
the testudo, or tortoise. The shields
protected them
from the stones
and missiles
hurled by their
enemies. It made
a roof so strong
that other soldiers
could walk over it.
CENTURIONS WORE
red tunics under
their armor.
THE SOLDIER’S
rectangular shield
was made of many
layers of thick
wood wrapped in
leather, with an
iron rim at the top
and bottom. The
soldier’s heavy
pack held his personal gear, enough
grain for about
15 days, cooking utensils, the
stakes needed
to build a camp,
and a pick, an ax,
or a saw.
Roman_Empire_6-7.indd 7
u THE SIGHT OF A
huge battering ram
struck fear in the
hearts of Rome’s
enemies. Mounted
on a wheeled
platform, the ram
pounded against
the walls and gates
of a city or fort until
they splintered.
Then the Roman
army surged in.
r THE ROMANS
called this
giant slingshot
a ballista. It
fired heavy
rocks over
1,200 feet.
d CATAPULTS SENT
spears soaring into
the enemy’s camp.
Sometimes burning
rags were attached
to the tips of the
spears.
CENTURIONS GAINED
extra protection
from these metal
leg shields called
greaves.
3/13/17 11:06 AM
VIII (8)
The Life
of the Poor
In ancient Rome, there were
great differences between the
lives of rich and poor people.
The poor lived in the dirtiest,
noisiest, most crowded parts of
the city. Their houses were
poorly constructed four- and
fi e stor apartment ildings
that usually lacked heat, water,
and kitchens. The rooms of the
poor had little furniture – perhaps only a chair or stool and a
bed. Few poor children learned
to read or write. This lack of
education among the majority
of Romans was one of the empire’s great weaknesses.
SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH,
a new baby was
placed at its father’s
feet. The baby was
not accepted into
the family until the
father picked up and
held his newborn
child.
BECAUSE THEIR
apartments had
no kitchens, the
poor ate cooked
meats and other
hot food at stalls,
or they bought
cooked food to
bring home. Some
people cooked on
small stoves in the
street.
ENSLAVED PEOPLE,
like the young
boy getting water,
were poorest of
all. Many people
captured in battle
during Roman
conquests were
forced into slavery. The Roman
Empire’s dependence on slavery
was another of its
weaknesses.
IN THE STREETS,
children pushed
hoops, flew
kites, and played
games like blind
man’s buff.
Roman_Empire_8-9.indd 8
3/13/17 11:09 AM
IX (9)
BY THE FIRST
century CE, Rome
had over 45,000
blocks of apartment buildings.
Living in these tall,
narrow buildings
was often dangerous. Most were so
poorly made that
sooner or later they
collapsed. Walls
cracked or roofs
fell in, and fire was
a constant danger.
WALKING DOWN A
Roman street could
be messy, because
apartment dwellers
tossed all kinds
of garbage out of
their windows.
u WHEN BABIES
were nine days
old, they received
this charm, called
a bulla, which
was worn around
the neck to chase
away evil spirits.
u LIKE CHILDREN
today, Roman
children loved to
play with dolls.
This wooden doll
has movable arms
and legs.
FEW PEOPLE HAD A PRIVATE
water supply or indoor
plumbing. Water was
collected from public
fountains. But the very
rich had water piped
directly into their homes.
Roman_Empire_8-9.indd 9
3/13/17 11:09 AM
I T
A I N
R
B
IC
O
A
CE
IN
E
GER
M
A
N
Y
N
G A U L
(FRANCE)
LA
N
T
LONDINIUM
RH
AT
LUGDUNUM
RAVENNA
CORSICA
ROME
SPAIN
TINGIS
SARDINIA
M
TE
I
D
E
IT
RRANEAN SEA
SICILY
CARTHAGE
MA
T
URE
ANIA
S a h a r a
Roman_Empire_10-11.indd 10
D e s e r t
NUM
ID
IA
AFRICA
3/13/17 11:12 AM
an (right), Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius – were capable, tolerant, generous, and wise. They
faced problems, including plagues and
invasions. But they
successfully defended and even expanded the empire’s borders. During their
reigns, the Roman
Empire grew to its
largest size.
Some Roman emperors were bad at the
job. Some were just
ineffective – they
couldn’t get things
done. A few, like Caligula and Nero, were
selfish and corrupt,
or evil. But for a period lasting from 96 CE
to 180 CE, the empire
prospered under the
rule of five effective
emperors in a row.
These emperors –
Nerva, Trajan, Hadri-
Y
SAR MATIA
DA
VENNA
C
IA
D a n u b e
K
C
A
L
B
M
ICU
R
Y
L
IL
SEA
BYZANTIUM
D
CE
MA
ITALY
A S I A
O
M I N O R
N
IA
ICILY
ATHENS
S Y R I A
TYRE
CYRENE
Roman_Empire_10-11.indd 11
AICA
E G Y P T
e
N i l
CY
N
RE
ALEXANDRIA
U D
E A
G R E E C E
J
N
Five Good Emperors
3/13/17 11:12 AM
XII (12)
The Life
of the Rich
INSIDE A WEALTHY
Roman’s home
was a series of
rooms built around
a central courtyard,
called an atrium.
The home might
have a garden, a
dining room, several bedrooms, and
a kitchen, where
enslaved servants
did the cooking.
l IN THE ROMAN
Empire, only men
could be citizens.
Both rich and
poor citizens were
entitled to wear
the toga, a wide
square or rectangle
of cloth draped
over one shoulder and carefully
wrapped around
the body. However,
few poor people
could afford togas.
Rich Romans lived, dressed, and even ate
differently from the poor. In the city, they
built their houses far from the noisy, narrow streets of the poor. From the outside
their homes often looked plain. Inside they
were costl and com orta le, filled with
Roman_Empire_12-13.indd 12
l SOME WOMEN,
rich and poor
alike, wore a robe
called a stola.
Wealthy women
wore stolas of lin-
en. Some draped
a long scarf over
the stola to
protect their hair
when they went
outdoors.
furniture made of bronze, ivory, and rare
wood. Walls were decorated with brightly
painted murals. Homes had courtyards,
pools, and gardens. Many wealthy Romans
also had huge country estates called villas.
Only the children of the rich got a formal
3/13/17 11:14 AM
XIII (13)
l INSTEAD OF
carpets, the rich
decorated their
floors with beautiful
mosaics. Mosaics
are pictures or
designs made up
of several thousand
tiny pieces of colored stone laid in
wet plaster.
u SCHOOLS WERE
mostly single rooms
with classes taught
by teachers who
often were Greek.
Punishment for
misbehaving was
severe. Children
wrote on wax tablets with a stylus (a
pointed metal pen).
To erase a mistake,
the pupil simply
rubbed it out and
smoothed the wax
with the flat end of
the stylus.
l MEN AND WOMEN
curled their hair
with curling tongs.
The Romans
considered pale
skin beautiful,
so women put
powdered chalk
on their faces
and arms.
l MOST ROMAN
girls married in
their teens. On
her wedding day,
the bride wore a
special white
robe, a circle of
flowers on her
head, and a bright
orange veil.
education. They started school at about
age , and most le t age . irls fin
ished their schooling before boys and prepared for marriage. Some boys continued
their education and became the empire’s
leading citizens. Many wealthy citizens
Roman_Empire_12-13.indd 13
WEALTHY ROMAN
S
liked parties an
d
often held long
,
fancy dinners
at home. They
liked rich, exot
ic
foods. Guests
might enjoy
ostrich, jellyfis
h,
flamingo, mouse
,
sea urchins an
d
other delicacie
s.
Enslaved peop
le
made the food
and served it to
the diners.
were civic-minded. They spent their own
money to construct public buildings and
fund entertainments for the whole city.
Some, however, were corrupt, and rich
Romans’ dependence on slave labor played
a part in Rome’s decline.
3/13/17 11:14 AM
XIV (14)
The Romans at Play
Today, if you and your family want
to have fun, you might go to the
movies, play in a park, or watch a
ball game. When Romans wanted
to amuse themselves, they also
chose from an array of activities.
In ancient times, Romans went
to public bathhouses to talk, gossip, and even make business deals.
For an evening out, wealthy people
might go to a concert. The Romans
had learned about theater from the
Greeks, and Greek plays were popular. Poor people could choose
from chariot races or the bloody
fights known as gladiator games.
Emperors and other powerful public leaders paid for these entertainments to win the support of the
people. Politicians used the contests to help the poor forget their
troubles. At a chariot race or gladiator fight, the crowds expressed
their frustrations by yelling at the
players instead of at their leaders.
TODAY
Roman_Empire_14-15.indd 14
u THE PUBLIC BATHS
were a great place
to get clean and
catch up on the
latest news. Men
and women went
to separate bathhouses. Bathers
had several choices for their bath
temperature, from
icy cold to steaming hot. Public
baths were huge
complexes that
included a gym for
exercising and lifting weights, a
library for reading,
and gardens to
stroll through.
r SPECTATORS
packed the
Colosseum for the
gladiator games.
Hidden elevators
and trapdoors
allowed animals
and men to make
exciting surprise
entrances and exits.
Archers armed with
bows and arrows
stood on the top
level of the building,
ready to shoot any
wild animal that
escaped.
Which American
sports do you
think Romans
would enjoy
watching? Why?
d THE COLOSSEUM
was the largest arena in the
empire. Even today
it is one of Rome’s
most impressive
buildings. The
columns on the
outside are for
decoration only.
Arches do the real
work of supporting
the weight of the
building.
3/13/17 11:19 AM
XV (15)
l SOMETIMES THE
Colosseum floor
was flooded so that
gladiators could take
part in “sea battles.”
Crocodiles swam
around the small
ships in which the
gladiators fought,
ready to gobble up
anyone who fell
overboard.
u AT THE RACEcourse known
as the Circus
Maximus, fans bet
on their favorite
teams at all-day
chariot races.
Bettors put their
money on one of
four teams: the
Whites, Greens,
Blues, or Reds.
u BLOODY GLADIATOR
contests attracted huge
crowds. Spectators
cheered as the gladiators fought lions, tigers,
or each other to the
death. Some gladiators were convicted
criminals. Others were
enslaved people who
might win their freedom
if they pleased the
crowd. Audiences would
give an especially brave
gladiator the thumbsup sign. Thumbs down
meant “Let this one
die.”
u CHARIOT RACING
could be a deadly sport.
The lightweight chariots
tipped over easily. Riders
often fell from their chariots and were trampled
to death. Like the sports
u SOAP DID NOT
exist in Roman
times, but bathers
put olive oil on their
skin, then wiped
off both oil and dirt
with special scrapers called strigili.
stars and musicians
of today, some charioteers became crowd
favorites and earned
huge amounts of gold.
Most charioteers were
enslaved men.
Some Romans,
like the historian
Tacitus, objected
to gladiator
contests and
other forms of
entertainment. He
condemned “the
mania for gladiatorial shows and
horse-racing.”*
He thought such
shows interfered
with young people’s education.
Do you think that
spending time
watching sports
can be harmful?
Why or why not?
*Cornelius Tacitus. From
The Annals, translated by
Alfred Church and William
Brodribb. Macmillan, 1900.
Roman_Empire_14-15.indd 15
3/13/17 11:19 AM
XVI (16)
The End of
the Empire
l THE HUNS LIVED
in central Asia.
The Romans hated
them, thinking their
nomadic lifestyle
was uncivilized.
But the Huns were
far from uncivilized. They were
excellent metalworkers, farmers,
and warriors.
Around 370 CE, the
Huns began invading the Roman
Empire, helping
cause its final
collapse.
u THE FALL OF ROME
changed the map.
Barbarian tribes
like the Franks
turned Gaul into
Roman_Empire_16-17.indd 16
France, and the
Angles and Saxons
turned Roman
Britain into Saxon
England.
3/13/17 11:20 AM
XVII (17)
For centuries after the rule
o its first emperor, eg n
in 27 BCE, the oman m
pire was the most power l
state in the ancient world.
t eginning in the rd
century CE, fierce tri es o
people the omans called
ar arians in aded the em
pire. o the omans, an
one who was not oman
u BY THE END OF THE
3rd century CE,
civil wars and outside attacks had
greatly weakened
the empire. Emperor
Diocletian divided
the empire into two
parts, East and West.
Each had its own
emperor.
u WHEN ODOACER,
a German tribal
army commander,
declared himself
Roman_Empire_16-17.indd 17
u HISTORIANS GIVE
many reasons for
the Western Empire’s
fall. Instead of uniting
against the barbarian
threat, the Roman
emperors and politicians plotted against
king of Italy, the
Western Roman
Empire officially
was no more.
and did not speak atin was
a ar arian. oman armies
were na le to stop them.
he estern emperors lost
their power, and this part o
the empire slipped awa ,
piece piece.
inall , in
CE, ar
arians called oths
stormed ome, destro ed
its ildings, and carried
each other. As
the government
weakened, Roman
armies grew more
powerful. Groups of
soldiers fought one
another to make
their own favorite
leader emperor.
In the end, the
government lost
the loyalty of the
Roman people,
who were forced to
pay high taxes to
support the army.
Wealthy Romans
moved to their
country villas and
stopped participating in or caring
about the Roman
government.
awa its al a les. ot long
a terward, the omans were
orced to gi e p control o
ritain, a l rance , and
pain. he final low came
in
CE, when a ar arian
named doacer declared
himsel king o tal . he
estern oman mpire
ended. he astern mpire
lasted another ,
ears.
u EMPEROR CONstantine founded
Constantinople,
which became
the capital of the
Eastern Empire.
The Eastern
Empire survived
until 1453, when
it fell to the Turks.
Constantinople
is now known as
Istanbul.
u THE HUNS WERE
among the fiercest
of the barbarians.
Led by Attila, the
Huns attacked
many parts of the
Roman Empire
while Rome’s
armies were busy
fighting off other
barbarian tribes.
u AT THE BEGINNING
of the 5th century,
the Goths descended on Italy and
continued their
attacks on Rome
until Emperor
Honorius moved
the empire’s capital to the Italian
city of Ravenna.
The great city of
Rome had finally
fallen.
3/13/17 11:20 AM
XVIII (18)
Activities
WRITE AN
EXPOSITORY
PARAGRAPH
The Roman Empire didn’t fall
in a day, a month, or even a
year. But fall it did. Your job
is to write a paragraph that
explains the different reasons
the Roman Empire fell. Use
what you have learned in the
magazine. Be sure to discuss
the various invaders and the
emperors’ responses to them.
Use a Venn diagram, a timeline, or a T-chart to organize
your information.
DESIGN A COIN
Most currency, including coins, contains at
least one symbol of the country of origin.
What symbols might be on a coin used in the
Roman Empire? What images would represent
those symbols? Use your ideas to design a
coin that might have been used in the Roman
Empire. Draw a picture of the coin. Write a
caption that explains the symbols it contains.
Roman_Empire_18-19.indd 18
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MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES
Early Romans
It began as a collection of small farming villages and grew to become a city
that ruled over a vast empire. Along
the way, a king was overthrown, a
republic was begun, and a government
of checks and balances was created.
Find out the details behind Rome’s
early people and its extraordinary place
in history.
Christianity and
Rome’s Legacies
As an empire, Rome’s expansive
reach stretched far and wide across
the ancient world. Today, we see its
impact and influence across the globe.
Paramount to Rome’s empire lies the
religion of Christianity, a centerpiece in
the empire’s growth and legacy.
Early Greeks
From philosophy to democracy, ancient
Greece has had a profound impact on
human civilization. But how did Greek
culture and society get its start? Learn
about the geography of the region
and its direct impact on trade, which
gave birth to cities such as Sparta and
Athens.
CALIFORNIA
STANDARDS
HSS 6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during
the development of Rome.
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• Tacitus (above), a Roman historian
who lived several decades after
Augustus, really didn’t like Rome’s
transformation from a republic to
an empire. Read an excerpt from
one of his works on the subject.
• Greek influence on Roman civilization remained strong during the
time of the empire, especially in
the arts. Many educated Romans
preferred to speak Greek rather
than Latin.
Roman_Empire_18-19.indd 19
• Rome wasn’t the first civilization
to take an official count – or
census – of its people. But the
Roman Empire’s census was more
advanced than earlier censuses.
It was regular, usually occurring
every five years.
6.7.3 Identify the location of and the
political and geographic reasons for
the growth of Roman territories and
expansion of the empire, including
how the empire fostered economic
growth through the use of currency
and trade routes. 6.7.4 Discuss
the influence of Julius Caesar and
Augustus in Rome’s transition from
republic to empire.
Historical and Social Sciences
Analysis Skills:
Research, Evidence, and Point
of View
5. Students detect the different historical points of view on historical events
and determine the context in which
the historical statements were made
(the questions asked, sources used,
author’s perspectives).
• When the emperor Diocletian divided the empire, he strengthened
it. He ruled the eastern part and
put an officer named Maximian in
charge of the western part.
3/13/17 11:22 AM
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EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon
ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design
DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel,
David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech
PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine,
Elisabeth Morgan
ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank
PROOFREADER: Amy Handy,
Amy McIlwaine
FACT-CHECKER: Amy McIlwaine
AUTHOR: Linda Scher, James Waller
AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Amy K. Hughes
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CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine
GRADE 6 TITLES
World’s Early People
Ancient India
Mesopotamia
Indian Empires
Ancient Egypt
Ancient China
Archaeology
Early Romans
Language
Roman Empire
Ancient Hebrews
Christianity and Rome’s Legacies
Early Greeks
Olmec and Maya
Greece’s Golden Age
Civil Rights
Ancient Persia
ON THE COVER: Roman Empire ruins. Science Source: Brian Brake.
PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: Azoor Photo: p.3 top left (Augustus of Prima Porta); Adam
astland ome p. top arc s reli s ose ramon polo lope p. ottom le t oman
coins
orld istor rchi e p. ottom right ithras orth ind ict re rchi es
p. le t ilk oad cara an risma rchi o p. top right adrian alkenstein oto
p.
top center irc s axim s www. i le and ict res.com p.
pper le t
iocletian
p. top le t incinnat s recei ing the am assadors
alkenstein oto p.
ottom acit s . Ancient Art and Architecture Collection:
onald heridan p. ottom right catap lt spears . Art Resource: DEA Picture Library:
p. center attering ram cala p. right oman doll l m p.
pper right
(student), p.12 bottom left (togas). Bridgeman Images: Museo e Gallerie Nazionali
di apodimonte, aples, tal p. top right lla . agli rti e gostini ict re
i rar p.
ottom right hairdresser , p.
ottom right enari s o onori s
linari p.
pper le t gladiators against wildcats . Getty Images: DEA/G. Dagli Orti/
De Agostini Picture Library: p.3 bottom (Marcus Aurelius), p.2 bottom center (Caligula),
p.3 bottom left (Trajan); Fine Art Images/Heritage/Hulton Archive: p.2 bottom right
(Nero); Universal History Archive: p.3 bottom left (Hadrian); Lipnitzki: p.3 bottom
right onstantine , p.
pper right onstantine . Granger Collection, NYC: p.
top center a al attle p.
pper center Attila, the Scourge of God , p.
ottom
le t doacer aphael p. lower right ttila s horseman . iStock: diane
p.
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g st s aesar stand p. top right testudo); wjarek: p.13 bottom left
(altar), p.12 bottom center (stola asticcio p. top right mosaic
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oman ath lexe is p. top right earthenware gs rafissimo p.
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right oman gladiators ina encel p.
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r an so icki p. middle right oman or m diak p. top right oman road trip
mage p. ottom right o gga r ins ixachi p. middle le t olosse m, ome
Laia Design Studio: p.18 top (journal cartoon); Natsmith1: p.18 bottom (Roman Nero
coin
st dio p. top center atican .
ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS:
Brobel Design: aps pp.
, p.
.
Michael Kline Illustration: Cartoons, Cover.
Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: hil olprit, pp.
oman or m , pp.
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olosse m
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oldier, ent rion ni orms , p.
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