Download Insight TherapiesPsychoanalysis – designed to Free association

Insight TherapiesPsychoanalysis – designed to ______________________________________________
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Free association – patient talks_________________________________________________
Transference – clients feelings about authority figures,______________________________________________
Insight – Awareness of previously ______________________________________________________
Client-Centered Therapy – developed by __________________________
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Goal is to help clients become _____________________
Therapist expresses _________________________________
Therapy is _____________________________
Therapist reflects clients’ __________________________
Gestalt Therapy 
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Outgrowth of the work of ______________________
Emphasizes the _________________________
Attempts to reawaken people to their ____________________________________ in the here-and-now
Encourages confrontation with issues
Therapist is __________________________________
Recent Developments
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Short-term psychodynamic _____________________________
Focused on trying to help people correct ____________________________________ in their lives
Virtual therapy -Therapy delivered online
Behavior Therapies
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Based on the belief that all behavior is _______________________________
Objective of therapy is to teach ____________________________________________________________
Using Classical Conditioning Techniques
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Systematic ________________________________
o Gradually associating relaxation with what was _______________________
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o Ending of old __________________________________________
Flooding
o Full-intensity ___________________________________
Aversive conditioning
o Eliminate undesirable behavior by _________________________________________
Operant Conditioning
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Behavior contracting
o Client and therapist set behavioral goals and agree on reinforcements the person will receive
Token economy
o Clients earn tokens for desired behaviors and exchange them for desired items or privileges
o Often used in schools and hospitals
Modeling
Person learns new behaviors by watching others perform those behaviors
Sometimes used in conjunction with operant conditioning
Cognitive Therapies
Stress-Inoculation Therapy
Type of cognitive therapy that trains people to cope with stressful situations by learning a more useful patterns of selftalk
Taught to suppress negative and anxiety-provoking thoughts in times of stress
Particularly effective for treating anxiety disorders
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
A directive therapy based on the idea that psychological distress is caused by irrational and self-defeating beliefs
Core problem is belief in “musts” and “shoulds” that leave no room for making mistakes
Therapist’s job is to challenge client’s irrational beliefs
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Aimed at identifying and changing inappropriately negative and self-critical patterns of thought
Good treatment for depression
Group Therapies
Family Therapy
Form of group therapy that sees the family as at least partly responsible for the individual’s problems
Seeks to change all family members’ behavior to the benefit of the family and the individual
Couple Therapy
A form of group therapy intended to help troubled partners improve their communication and interaction
Empathy training
Partners taught to share feelings and listen to and understand partner’s feelings
Self-Help Groups
Small, local gatherings of people who share common problems and provide mutual assistance at very low cost
Alcoholics Anonymous is an example
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Does Psychotherapy Work?
Psychotherapy helps about 2/3rd of people treated
Approximately 1/3 would improve without therapy
Which Type of Therapy is Best for Which Disorder?
No one type of therapy is better
Key is to match the problem with the appropriate therapy
Biological Treatments
Drug Therapies
Major reasons for widespread use of drugs
Drugs are effective at treating disorders
Drug therapies are often less expensive that psychotherapy
Antipsychotic Drugs
Used for schizophrenia or psychosis
All antipsychotics block dopamine receptors in the brain
Phenothiazines (Thorazine)
Antidepressant Drugs
Tricyclics and MAO inhibitors
Most common antidepressants prior to late 1980s
Work by increasing amount of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine
Effective, but have serious side effects
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Effexor
Action of SSRIs
Lithium
A naturally occurring salt that is used to treat bipolar disorder (manic depression)
Nobody knows how lithium works to alleviate symptoms
Problem with people stopping medication when symptoms ease
Other Medications
Psychostimulants
Use to treat disorders such as AD/HD
Concern that psychostimulants are being overused
Antianxiety medications
Use to treat anxiety disorders
Produce a feeling of calm and mild euphoria
Valium is a common antianxiety medication
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Commonly known as “shock therapy”
Used as a treatment for severe depression
Causes brief convulsions and temporary loss of consciousness
Memory loss is a side-effect
Newer techniques minimize effects on memory
Psychosurgery
Brain surgery performed to change a person’s behavior or emotional state
A prefrontal lobotomy is an example
Psychosurgery is rarely used today
Institutionalization and Its Alternatives
Deinstitutionalization
Releasing people with severe psychological disorders into the community
Can cause problems
Some people are ill-prepared to deal with life outside of a hospital
Up to 40% of homeless are mentally ill
Alternative forms of treatment (many)
Half-way houses
Family-crisis interventions
Day-care
Prevention
Primary prevention
Improve the social environment so that new cases of mental disorders do not develop
Family planning
Genetic counseling
Secondary prevention
Interventions with high risk groups (e.g., suicide hot-line)
Tertiary prevention
Help people adjust after they are released from the hospital in order to help prevent a relapse
Gender Differences in Treatment
More women admit problems and go to therapy
Women are more likely to take medication
Psychotherapy is seen as more acceptable for women
Recent increases in number of males seeking psychotherapy
Cultural Difference in Treatment
Eye contact and body language varies across cultures and may be misinterpreted as symptomatic of a disorder
Another challenge is treating post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees
There may be disorders in other cultures that do not appear in U.S.