Download chapter 15 – therapies

CHAPTER 15 – THERAPIES
PSYCHOTHERAPY –still evokes image of
 There are many
 Many people do not know
 Many experimental psychologists see it is
 Impossible to measure
 Other psychologists feel differently
 Most therapists
I.
INSIGHT THERAPIES
INSIGHT THERAPY – some differences, main
goal is to
A. Psychoanalysis
1. Classic
2. Based on the belief
3. Usually concerned with
4. Psychoanalysis reverses this
5. Successful psychotherapy
a. person cannot inhibit
b. analyst must remain
6. Analysis proceeds
7. After initial awkwardness
8. May start to
9. When analyst
10.Transference
a. positive –
b. negative –
11.Analysts begin to
12.Traditional – depends on
13.Some psychologists believe
14. Now psychoanalysts get clients cope
B. Client Centered – or Person Centered –
Rogers
1. Goal is to help clients become
2. Client-centered didn’t like image of
3. Rogers ideas about therapy
4. Therapist must show that accept
5. Nondirective – try to reflect
6. If provide atmosphere openness
C. Rational-Emotive Therapy – Ellis
1. Look on selves
2. Ellis (1973) compare selves and others
3. Regardless of past – solely
4. Goal – show own misinterpretation
5. RET believe people seek help when
6. Do not baby
7. Very
D. Recent Developments
1. Short-term dynamic therapy
2. Not construct narrative
3. See individuals as more in control
4. More direct guidance
5. Proliferation behavior
a. Active not
b. Concentrate on overt
c. Brief, not
d. Research evaluation
II.
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
*Teach people to respond with
*Based on belief
A. Operant Conditioning
1. Person learns behave in
2. Behavioral contracting
3. Token Economies
B. Aversive Conditioning
1. Aimed at eliminating
2. Associate pain and discomfort
3. Sometimes use real physical pain
C. Desensitization – Wolpe (1973)
1. Method for gradually
2. Process of establishing
3. Teaches clear mind,
4. Once master deep relaxation,
5. Most clients transfer
D. Modeling – Bandura – Social Learning
1. Process learning by
2. Can also
3. Bandura, Blanchard, & Ritter (1969)
4. Combo modeling and reinforcement
5. LaGreca, Stone, and Bell (1983) –
E. Cognitive Behavior Therapy – Beck
1. Clients suffer from
2. Beck(1967) – depression results from
3. Focuses clients attention
4. Techniques – depressed person
5. Stress-Inoculation Therapy – trains to
a. 3 stages
1) client and therapist explore
2) develop new and more
3) applies strategies
6. How Effective?
III. GROUP THERAPIES
 People attach great importance
 Some countertransference
 Sessions not like
 Group Therapies
*Show therapist and client
*Let people shed inhibitions
*Source of
A. Family Therapy
1. If one person
2. Primary goal- improving
3. Concentrate changing ways
4. Problems between
5. When client’s progress in
6. Family members may
7. Not all
a. Some problems
b. Important family member
c. One member
8. Marital Therapy –
a. Videotape –
b. Behavioral
B. Group Therapy and the Interpersonal Perspective
1. Family and marital therapy
2. Harry Stack Sullivan –
3. Distorted perceptions shape
4. Unsatisfactory relationship
5. DSM-III-R
6. Depression seen as
7. Sullivan – emphasized
8. Therapist as participant observer –
9. Therapies must resolve own
C. Gestalt Therapy
1. Frederick (Fritz) Perls – Esalen
2. Emphasizes here and now
3. Designed to make
4. Most frequently group
5. Emphasis on “whole person”
6. Try to make
7. Many techniques may be used –
8. If want to discuss third person
9. May use dreams
D. Large-Group Awareness Training
1. est – Erhard
2. Pre-training session
3. Training over
4. Authoritarian trainer –
5. If express anger –
6. Lives can be made to
7. Powerful feeling released –
8. Final sessions – learn emotional
9. Afterwards generally
IV. EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPIES
A. Eysenck (1952) – 19 published
B. Concluded individual psychotherapy
C. Meltzoff& Kornreich (1971) – review of
D. Bergin & Lambert (1978) – evidence
treatment
E. Sloane, et al. (1975) psychoanalytic
F. Smith & Glass (1977) – typical therapy client
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
Landman & Dawes (1982) – initiating any
Few if any differences in
Insight – need extensive scrutiny
Behavioral – specific
Trend to
V. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
 Cannot reach
 Restrain clients,
A. Electroconvulsive Therapy
1. Prolonged and severe
2. One electrode each side
3. Brief convulsion
4. Muscle relaxants –
5. Amnesia of period immediately before
6. Repeated treatments may result
7. Unilateral
8. Also less powerful
9. Convulsions produces
10. Clearly able to damage
11. Defenders say
B. Psychosurgery
1. Drastic –
2. Frontal lobes seem
3. Can work on one
4. Used in intractable
C. Drug Therapies
 Only
 Dosage
1. Antipsychotic Drugs
a. Before mid
b. Reserpine and Phenothiazines –
c. Phenothiazines –
d. Virtually all block
e. Undesirable side effects –
2. Antidepressant drugs
a. Increased amounts of
b. No more effective than
c. Not effective in significant