Download Chapter 13 Objectives

Psychology, A Journey 3e Objectives
Chapter 13
OBJECTIVE 13.1 — Define psychotherapy; describe the following aspects of various therapies: a.
individual therapy; b. group therapy; c. insight therapy; d. action therapy; e. directive therapy; f. nondirective therapy; g. time-limited therapy; h. supportive therapy; and i. positive therapy; discuss
what a person can expect the outcomes of therapy to be; and list the elements of positive mental
health.
OBJECTIVE 13.2 — Briefly describe the history of the treatment of psychological problems,
including trepanning, demonology, exorcism, ergotism, and the work of Philippe Pinel.
OBJECTIVE 13.3 — Discuss the development of psychoanalysis and its four basic techniques: a.
free association; b. dream analysis, including the terms latent content, manifest content, and dream
symbols; c. analysis of resistance; and
d. transference; and discuss the brief psychodyanamic
therapy used today and why it took the place of traditional psychoanalysis, including the concept of
spontaneous remissions.
OBJECTIVE 13.4 — Explain how the insight therapy of humanistic approaches differs from insight
gained through traditional psychoanalysis; and describe the core features of the following humanistic
approaches and compare them to each other: a. Rogers’ client-centered therapy; b. existential
therapy; and c. Perls’ Gestalt therapy.
OBJECTIVE 13.5 — Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of media (TV and talk-radio)
psychologists, telephone therapists, and internet therapy; describe the APA recommendation
regarding these therapies; and explain how videoconferencing can solve some of the problems of
these long-distance therapies.
OBJECTIVE 13.6 — Describe behavior therapy and contrast the goal of behavior therapy with the
goal of insight therapies; define behavior modification; and explain how classical conditioning
affects behavior and how it is used in aversion therapy, including the procedure known as rapid
smoking, the response-contingent shocks used in Vogler’s treatment of alcoholism; and the
justification of aversion therapy based on its long-term benefits.
OBJECTIVE 13.7 — Discuss the behavioral approach of desensitization, including
a. the
hierarchy; b. reciprocal inhibition; c. the problems desensitization is used to treat; d. how systematic
desensitization is performed; e. how to achieve relaxation using the tension-release method, and f.
the techniques of vicarious desensitization, virtual reality expsoure, and eye movement
desensitixation and reprocessing (EMDR).
OBJECTIVE 13.8 — List and briefly describe the seven operant principles most frequently used by
behavior therapists; explain how nonreinforcement and time-out can be used to bring about
extinction of a maladaptive behavior; and describe
a token economy.
OBJECTIVE 13.9 — Explain how cognitive therapies differ from behavioral therapies; describe the
three thinking errors which Beck said underlie depression and what can be done to correct such
thinking; and discuss Ellis’ rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), including the A-B-C of the
therapy, the ten most common irrational beliefs, and the three core ideas which Ellis’ said served as
the basis for most of these irrational beliefs.
OBJECTIVE 13.10 — List the advantages of group therapy; and briefly describe each of the
following group therapies: a. psychodrama, including role-playing, role reversal, and the mirror
technique; b. family therapy; and c. large group awareness training, including sensitivity groups,
encounter groups, large group awareness training, and the concept of the therapy placebo effect.
OBJECTIVE 13.11 — Discuss the effectiveness of therapy, in general; the four core features and
goals of all psychotherapies; the strengths of each type of psychotherapy (see Table 13.2); how
psychotherapy will likely look in the future; the skills necessary to be a culturally skilled therapist;
and the nine basic counseling skills and list of helping behaviors that can be used by anyone to
comfort a person in distress.
OBJECTIVE 13.12 — Discuss the three types of somatic therapy: a. pharmacotherapy, including
the three major types of drugs, examples of each type (see Table 13.4), and the benefits and
limitations of drug therapy, such as the risk-benefit ratio; b. electoconvulsive therapy (ECT),
including how it is performed and what most experts believe regarding this therapy; and c.
psychosurgery, including the prefrontal lobotomy and deep lesioning techniques.
OBJECTIVE 13.13 — Describe the role of hospitalization and partial hospitalization in the
treatment of psychological disorders; explain what deinstitutionalization is and how halfway houses
have attempted to help in easing the patient’s return to the community; and discuss the roles of the
community mental health centers and the work of paraprofessionals within these centers.
OBJECTIVE 13.14 — Describe how persons can apply behavioral principles to themselves in order
to solve everyday problems by using each of the following: a. covert sensitzation; b. thought
stopping; c. covert reinforcement; d. self-directed desensitization, including the procedure for
constructing a hierarchy and using the hierarchy.
OBJECTIVE 13.15 — Explain how a person can find professional help by discussing each of the
following topics: a. indicators that signal the need for professional help; b. sources for locating a
therapist (see Table 13.5); c. deciding on the type of therapist, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist,
counselor, social worker, peer counselor, or self-help group; d. finding out about the therapist’s
qualifications; and e. how to evaluate a therapist, including danger signals to watch for in therapy.