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Psychotherapy Notes
Psychotherapy Goals
 Psychotherapy can provide relief to a client for issues relating to:
 Disturbed ________________
 Disturbed _________________
 Disturbed _________________
 Interpersonal and life difficulties
 Biomedical Disturbances
Drug Therapy
Biomedical therapy may administer drugs to improve abnormal behavior
 Drug classes include:
1) Antianxiety drugs relieve ________________
2) Antipsychotic drugs improve thought processes, but they can have major adverse ____________________
3) Antidepressant drugs can help with depression
Electroconvulsive Therapy
 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can alleviate profound _________________
 Electrodes are used to pass electrical current through one of the brain hemispheres, thereby provoking a brain
seizure (anesthesia is given to minimize trauma)
 How ECT lifts depression is _________________
Psychosurgery
 Physicians have long recognized that the _________________ is key to the control of behavior
 Trephining: the opening of the skull to release evil spirits
 Roman Times: sword wound of the head was noted to relieve insanity
 1940s: Moniz argued that the frontal lobes could be surgically altered to alleviate mental illness
1) ____________________ procedure cut fibers in the frontal lobes
2) Problem: patients were calm after the procedure but also had changed _____________________ and drive
Psychoanalysis
 Psychoanalysis, as devised by Freud, involves techniques that move issues from the unconscious to the conscious
level for resolution
 Therapy assumes that some issues may relate to __________________ experiences
1) The ego serves to keep these issues below the level of consciousness (__________________ mechanisms)
2) _____________________ is an emotional energy that is released when early conflicts are relived
Psychoanalytic Techniques
 Moving issues from the unconscious to the conscious can be achieved through
1) Free association: patient says whatever comes to mind
2) Dream analysis: Dreams express unconscious issues
 __________________ content: the actual content of a dream
 __________________ content: symbols that are disguised unconscious issues or motives
3) Resistance: Therapist looks for evidence that the patient is _________________ an issue
4) Transference: Does the patient treat the therapist in ways that are __________________ to their parents?
5) Interpretation: Therapist provides analysis of the meaning of the thoughts, behaviours, and dreams of the patient –
interpretation leads to understanding and resolution of unconscious issues
Cognitive Therapies
 Assumes that problem behaviours and emotions result from _____________ thought processes and beliefs
 Analyzes a person’s thought processes
 Attempts to restructure thought processes – changing thought ________________ will in turn alter problem
behaviours and emotions
Cognitive Therapy: Depression
 Selective perception: Depressed person focuses on ________________events, while ignoring positive life events
 Overgeneralization: Depressed person draws negative conclusions about their self-worth, based on minimal data
 Magnification: Person __________________ the significance of a negative event
 All-or-none thinking: Everything is good or bad
Humanistic Therapy
 Rogers’s Client-Centered Approach
 Treats people as clients rather than __________________
 Creates an atmosphere that emphasizes the clients’ tendency toward ______________
 Therapeutic techniques include:
1) Empathy
2) Unconditional positive regard
3) Genuineness
4) Active _______________
Behavior Therapies
 The focus of behavior therapies is the use of __________________ techniques to change behaviors
 Therapist determines frequency of maladaptive and adaptive behaviors
Behavior Therapy Techniques
 Classical conditioning:
 Aversion therapy pairs an aversive ______________ with the unwanted behavior
 Operant Conditioning:
 Shaping new behaviors
 Punishment: making an aversive stimulus contingent on the unwanted behavior
 Extinction: removing all ____________ for the target behavior
 Modeling: client observes and __________________ appropriate behaviors
Group Therapy
 Some approaches offer treatment to a group of persons rather than to one client
 Advantages of group therapy:
1) Economy: group therapy is less ______________
2) Group support: there is comfort in knowing that others have _____________ problems
3) Feedback: group members learn from each other
4) Behavioral rehearsal: group members can ________________ the activities of the key persons in a member’s life
Therapy Cultural Universals
 Naming the problem
 Qualities of the therapist
 Establishing __________________
 Placing the problem in a familiar framework
 Applying techniques to bring ________________
 A special time and place