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WARM UP • Based on your notes on Alexander the Great and the video we watched yesterday, do you believe Alexander was a hero or not? Write your opinion on the back of page 23 in your notebook. Choose three facts from your notes or the video to support your opinion. Write them as bullet points under your opinion statement. THE LEGEND OF ROMULUS AND REMUS EXPLAINS THE CREATION OF ROME. EARLY INHABITANTS 1. First settlers on the Italian Peninsula arrived during prehistory. 2. By 1000 – 500 BCE three groups battled for control. a. b. c. The Latins, who were headquartered at Rome, the Greeks, who had colonies on the southern coast and Sicily, and the Etruscans, who were native to northern Italy. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 1. Early Rome was dominated by two social classes; the Patricians and the Plebeians. a. Patricians - wealthy aristocratic class, Latin nobles. b. Plebeians - non-aristocratic townspeople and landowners as well as merchants and farmers. GOVERNMENT DURING THE REPUBLIC 2. Early Roman government was divided into two branches; executive and legislative. a. The executive branch consisted of two consuls who directed the government and commanded the army. b. The legislative branch consisted of a Senate that led foreign and domestic policy. Originally, the Senate was completely made up of aristocrats. Later, plebeians were allowed in the senate. • During times of crisis, consuls would choose dictators who would be elected by the senate. RELIGION AND FAMILY 1. Early Romans worshiped nature spirits which later became gods and goddesses. a. The Romans borrowed Greek deities giving them Roman names. (Jupiter / Zeus) 2. The family was the basic unit of Roman society with the father the head of the household. a. Roman wives had few legal rights, but had more freedom than Greek women. ROMAN LAW 1. One of Rome’s chief gifts to the Mediterranean world of its day and to later generations was its system of law. 2. Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve Tables, adopted in 450 BCE This code was a product of a simple farming society and proved inadequate for later Roman needs THE ROMAN ARMY 1. Rome’s success in war was due to its strong army. 2. Every male citizen had to serve in the military when needed. 3. Roman generals improved on Greek military tactics by employing smaller, more mobile divisions of troops. (Legions) ROMAN EXPANSION 1. Rome’s power grew slowly and steadily as the legions battled for control of Italy. 2. Eventually they defeated the Etruscans to the north and the Greek city-states to the south. 3. By 265 BCE the Romans controlled almost all of Italy. 4. People in different conquered areas received different treatment. a. Conquered Latins (central Italy) were allowed full citizenship. b. Territories farther from Rome were allowed citizenship, but not the vote. c. All other territories were not considered citizens, but allies of Rome. 5. The lenient policy toward defeated enemies helped in Rome’s growth. 6. Rome’s location gave it easy access to the riches of the lands ringing the Mediterranean Sea. 7. Rome traded olive oil and wine for foods, raw materials, and manufactured goods from other lands. 8. Other large and powerful cities interfered with Roman access to the Mediterranean. THE PUNIC WARS 1. 2. 3. 4. A series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage Rome won all three wars Were over control of trade in the Mediterranean Rome won the Third Punic War a. They burned Carthage and sold its people into slavery. b. Then tilled (plowed) salt into the soil 1. HOW MANY MILES DID HANNIBAL’S FORCES MARCH TO REACH CANNAE? 2. WHAT TERRITORIES DID ROME ADD BETWEEN 264 BCE AND 146 BCE?