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Fact Sheet for Texas A&M Floriculture Program Common Name Pansy and Viola or Johnny-Jump-Up Botanical Name Origin Product sizes Cultivars Propagation Cost/propagule Flowering control Temperature Light Water Viola X wittrockiana (pansy); Viola tricolor (viola) Hybrid (pansy); European naturalized in North America (viola) Bedding plant, sold in autumn, survive winter, commence flowering late winter and early spring, wither in hot summer; cut flower Hundreds for pansy organized into 3 flower sizes: 1.5-2.5, 2.5-3.5, 3.5-4.5-inch; violas come in various color combinations of yellow, purple-red, violet-blue, or white, 0.75-inch flowers Seed, germinate in dark, 60-64% germination at 65-750 F; use primed seed in hot weather; violas like night temperature =600 F $0.02 – 0.20 seed or seedling plug Long day decreases days to flower, increases flower number and internode length; night interruption increases height; short day produces short, sturdy stems High summer temperatures limit flowering by causing a decline in vigor; 40-550 F after root establishment; >600 F growth is weak and internodes elongate Supplemental HID decrease days to flower and increases flower number; use full light unless shade is needed to reduce temperature Never allow to be water stressed Nutrition (know Moderate feeder; 100 ppm N is sufficient, use symptoms and only nitrate N; B and Ca deficiency cause treatment for ones cupping & distortion of new foliage underlined below) N P K Ca Mg S Fe Mn Zn Cu B Mo Cl Ni E.C. ? Height reduction pH 5.5-6.0 if too high or too much Ca = B deficiency; <5.5 = Ca deficiency or Fe & Mn toxicity = rusty mottling on foliage Not needed if cool temperatures and high light prevail; Bonzi 2-15 ppm; Sumagic 3-6 ppm; Bnine 2500 ppm; DIF; water stress Spacing Pinching/disbud In garden beds 8 to 9-inches apart (pansy); 6 to 8-inch apart (viola); in flats space flat to flat None Support NA Insects (be able to identify those listed) Diseases (know symptoms and treatments for those listed) Physiol. Disorders (know symptoms and treatments for those listed) Aphids; thrips When to harvest (plant development stage) Improving postharvest quality and longevity Shipping requirements Expected postharvest longevity Market period Market price Damping off (Pythium and Rhizoctonia); leaf spot; Botrytis; Root and crown rot Insufficient flower size due to high production temperature and/or late application of growth retardants; Mottled Pansy Syndrome = elongated, twisted, streaked leaves, cause unknown Cut flowers, when flower is almost fully open, store in water at 34-410 F, up to 7 days Plugs can be stored 16 weeks at 410 F with 5 fc and at 32-360 F in the dark; moderately sensitive to ethylene NA Fall sales for fall planting and late winter and spring flowering in the south; spring sales in the north ?