Download Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity

Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
Ancient World History
Chapter 6
Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity
Notes:
Section 1
a. The Roman World Takes Shape
A. Geography and Peoples of Italy
a. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
b. Geography
i. Rome is located right in the center of the Italian
peninsula
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
ii. Unlike Greece, the Italian peninsula is better
built to support a larger population
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
c. Peoples
i. The Latins settled along the Tiber River about
800 B.C.
1. Greek Colonist as well
ii. Etruscans ruled much of the Italian peninsula for
some time
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
B. The Roman Republic
a. Romans drove out their Etruscan ruler in 509 B.C.
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 1
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
ii. Republic
1. __________________________________
2. Keep any individual from gaining to much
power
b. The Government takes shape
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
ii. All the members of the Senate were patricians
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
iii. Every year senators elected two consuls
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
a. Serve only one term
2. __________________________________
iv. In event of war, senate sometimes chose a
dictator
1. __________________________________
2. Given power to rule for ______________
c. Plebeians Demand Equality
i. Initially the government was completely run by
patricians
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. __________________________
2. in 450 B.C. plebeians had the laws written
down on tablets
a. called “The Laws of the Twelve
Tables”
b. ______________________________
______________________________
iii. Eventually Plebeians could elect tribunes to veto
laws that were harmful to plebeians
Notes:
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 2
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
d. Lasting Legacy
i. Romans gained political power without resorting
to war or revolution
Notes:
C. Roman Society
a. It was a patriarchal society
i. ______________________________________
b. Changing Role of Women
i. _______________________________________
ii. All classes of women ran a variety of businesses
1. most worked at home though
iii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
c. Education
i. _______________________________________
1. Including the poor classes
ii. Many wealthy Romans hired private tutors from
Greece
1. rhetoric an important subject for future
politicians
d. Religion
i. ______________________________
1. Roman’s supreme God was Jupiter
a. Similar to Greek Zeus
2. Roman God of Sea was Neptune
a. Greek was Poseidon
3. Roman God of War was Mars
ii. _______________________________________
1. Had temples throughout cities to celebrate
and worship their gods
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 3
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
D. Expansion of Italy
a. Citizen-Soldier
i. By 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the
Italian peninsula
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
ii. Army broken up into Legions
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
__________________________________
3. Valued loyalty, courage and respect for
authority
iii. Commanders mixed rewards with harsh
punishments
b. Conquered Lands
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Some conquered people were given
citizenship in the Roman society
c. Protection and Unification
i. Posted soldiers and built roads to easily connect
distant territories in the Empire
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Notes:
Section 2
d. From Republic to Empire
E. Winning an Empire
a. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
i. As Rome expanded, they became more in
conflict with the city-state of Carthage
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 4
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
b. Wars with Carthage
i. Rome fought three wars against Carthage
between 264 B.C. -146 B.C.
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
2. __________________________________
ii. First Punic War
1. Rome won and captured Sicily, Corsica
and Sardinia
iii. Second Punic War
1. Hannibal surprised Rome by marching
through France to Italy
a. ______________________________
______________________________
b. Fought for 15 years, engulfing much
of Italy, except Rome
c. ______________________________
______________________________
iv. Third Punic Wars
1. Rome demolished the Carthage lands
2. __________________________________
__________________________________
c. Other Conquests
i. Rome was committed to imperialism
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
2. While still fighting the Punic Wars, Rome
began expanding towards the east
a. ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
b. Those areas became provinces
i. _________________________
3. Eventually Rome controlled all the lands
surrounding the Mediterranean Sea
Notes:
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 5
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
d. Social and Economic Effects
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. New classes of wealth emerged and bought
Latifundia
a. ______________________________
2. __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
ii. A continued gap between rich and poor led to
angry mobs
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
e. Attempts at Reform
i. Sought to help struggling farmers, however, the
reformers were murdered
Notes:
F. Decline of the Republic
a. Civil wars began in Rome over who should control the
political power
b. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
c. Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Julius refused and crossed the Rubicon
River in northern Italy
iii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Then crushed any remaining rebellions
throughout the Roman empire
a. “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – “I came, I saw, I
conquered”
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 6
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d. Caesar’s Reforms
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
ii. _______________________________________
iii. __________________, based on the Egyptian
knowledge, mostly what we use today
e. Assassination and Civil Wars
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Beware the Ides of March, March 15
ii. Led to new round of civil wars
1. Main struggle between Octavian and Mark
Antony (who had allied with Cleopatra of
Egypt)
2. __________________________________
__________________________________
Notes:
G. Roman Empire and Roman Peace
a. ___________________________________________
i. Exalted One
ii. He ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D.
b. A Stable Government
i. He left the Senate be, but created a civil service
to enforce the laws
1. __________________________________
a. ______________________________
ii. To fix the tax system, he enacted a census
1. __________________________________
iii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
c. Bad Emperors and Good Emperors
i. _______________________________________
1. Caligula and Nero were possibly evil and
insane
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 7
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ii. Good emperors from 96 A.D.-180 A.D.
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
2. _____________ probably the most famous
a. ______________________________
______________________________
3. “Hour by hour resolve firmly… to do what
comes to hand with correct and natural
dignity” Aurelius
d. The Pax Romana
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Empire stretched from the Euphrates River
to present-day Britain
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
e. Bread and Circuses
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Circus Maximus – Rome’s largest
racecourse
2. Gladiators were greatly popular
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
Notes:
Section 3
f. Roman Achievement
H. Greco-Roman Civilization
a. Rome absorbed ideas from the Greek culture
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 8
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
i. Leading to the development of the Greco-Roman
Civilization
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
Notes:
I. Literature, Philosophy, and History
a. Poetry
i. Aeneid, Virgil tried to show that Rome’s past
was as heroic as that of Greece
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
ii. Others used poems to satirize Roman society
1. _____________________________
2. Generally make fun of human folly
b. History
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Tacitus, wrote negatively about Rome
c. Philosophy
i. Hellenistic and Stoic philosophy greatly
influenced Rome and it’s leaders (Marcus
Aurelius)
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
2. __________________________________
J. Art and Architecture
a. Art
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Very much idealistic as well
ii. Romans made their homes into works of art
1. Used mosaics
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 9
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
a. ______________________________
______________________________
b. Architecture
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
ii. Used concrete, rounded domes to roof large
spaces
1. Example: Pantheon
K. Technology and Science
a. ______________________________________
i. Application of science and mathematics to
develop useful structures and machines
b. They built roads, bridges, harbors and aqueducts
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Used to give the wealthy water in the cities
ii. Many of these different structures were still used
long after the fall of the Roman Empire
c. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
i. Ptolemy proposed ________________________
ii. Galen codified a _________________________
iii. Pliny the Elder, compiled volumes on assorted
subjects
L. Roman Law
a. Possibly greatest achievement was the rule of law,
___________________________________________
b. Two Systems
i. Under the Republic they had codified civil law
1. __________________________________
ii. Then they developed the law of nations
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 10
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
1. dealing with those under Roman influence,
who were not citizens
c. Common Principles
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
ii. _______________________________________
iii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
Notes:
Section 4
d. The Rise of Christianity
M. Religious Diversity in the Early Empire
a. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
b. Mystery Religions
i. Emphasized secret rituals and promised special
rewards
c. Religious Toleration
i. Rome was tolerant as long as citizens recognized
Roman Gods and Caesar’s divine spirit
1. __________________________________
d. Divisions in Judea
i. By 63 B.C., Judea was under Roman control
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
2. believed that a messiah would soon appear
to lead the people as a King
a. ______________________________
e. Jewish Revolt
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 11
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
i. A.D. 66 Jews rebelled and Romans destroyed
the Jewish Temple
1. Forced many Jews to leave Judea
Notes:
N. Jesus and His Message
a. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
b. Life of Jesus
i. Born in Bethlehem about 4 B.C.
1. Grew up in Nazareth, and likely was a
carpenter
ii. At the age of 30, he began preaching and chose
12 apostles
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
iii. Grew greatly in popularity due to word of
miracles and parables
c. The Message
i. Defended Jewish law, however He preached new
ideas as well
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
2. __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
d. Death on the Cross
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Tried and condemned to be crucified
ii. Disciples were initially confused, however The
Gospels proclaimed that Jesus rose again,
_______________________________________
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 12
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
O. Spread of Christianity
a. After Jesus’ death, Disciples spread Jesus’ message
and helped establish Christian communities
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
b. Work of Paul
i. Never actually saw Jesus and actually initially
persecuted Christians
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
2. He wrote letters to churches explaining
important Christian ideals
a. Now a part of the New Testament
3. __________________________________
__________________________________
c. Persecution
i. Since Christians were unwilling to bow to
Roman Gods, they were constantly persecuted
and many became martyrs
1. __________________________________
ii. Nero most famous Caesar who persecuted
Christians
1. __________________________________
d. Reasons for Christianity’s Appeal
i. People found comfort in the message of Jesus
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
e. Triumph
i. Emperor Constantine ended the persecution of
Christians in A.D. 313 with the _____________
Notes:
P. The Early Christian Church
a. Patterns of Life and Worship
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 13
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
b.
c.
d.
e.
i. Believers joined Christianity by going through
the baptizing of their sins, receiving forgiveness
by the grace of God
ii. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
Role of Women
i. Often led the way to Christianity
Structure of the Church
i. Each community had a priest
1. __________________________________
a. a church official who was responsible
for all Christians in an area called a
diocese
2. Eventually bishops gained more power,
and became a patriarch
a. ______________________________
______________________________
Divisions in the Church
i. Major divisive force was rivalry among
patriarchs
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
2. __________________________________
__________________________________
ii. Differences over what was heresies
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
iii. To deal with disagreements, the church set up
councils of Church leaders to decide official
Christian teachings
Theology and Scholarship
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Origen and Clement greatly influenced
Christianity
Notes:
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 14
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
ii. Most influential scholar was Augustine, Bishop
of Hippo in North Africa
Notes:
Q. Looking Ahead
a. ___________________________________________
Section 5
b. The Long Decline
R. Crisis and Reforms
a. The decline of the Romans was a process that took
decades
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
b. Struggles for Power
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Created instability and violence
c. Economic and Social Problems
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
d. Emperor Diocletian
i. Diocletian split Rome into two parts
ii. Fixed prices of good and services to contain
inflation
1. __________________________________
e. Emperor Constantine
i. 312 A.D. Constantine continued many of
Diocletian’s reforms
1. Granted toleration for Christians
2. __________________________________
ii. However, unable to ultimately keep Rome from
declining
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 15
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
S. Foreign Invasions
a. Impact of the Huns
i. Wars in East Asia sent a nomadic people from
Central Asia, the Huns
1. __________________________________
__________________________________
2. Unable to support the legions, the
Germanic tribes ultimately began defeating
and _______________________________
b. Rome Defeated
i. In 387 A.D. Roman army suffered a stunning
defeat at Adrianople
ii. In 476, Germanic leader Odoacer ousted the
emperor of Rome
Notes:
T. Causes of the Fall of Rome
a. Military Causes
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
1. Rome had hired mercenaries
a. ______________________________
______________________________
ii. However, Germanic invasions were powerful
b. Political Causes
i. Government became more oppressive and
authoritarian
1. __________________________________
c. Economic Causes
i. Heavier and heavier taxes were required to
support the vast government
1. __________________________________
d. Social Causes
i. Lake of patriotism, discipline and devotion to
duty
1. __________________________________
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 16
Name: ______________________________ Date: __________ Block: __________
e. Did Rome Fall?
i. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
ii. Though Roman civilization dwindled, the
Christian Church continued to grow and
influence
Notes:
Chapter 6 Notes: Page 17