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Abdominal cavity
Anatomical position
Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
that contains the stomach, spleen, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and
part of the large intestine.
A position of the body universally used in
anatomical descriptions in which the body is
erect, the head is level, the eyes forward, the
upper limbs are at the sides, the palms
forward, and the feet are flat on the floor.
Anatomy
The structure or study of structure of the
body and the relation of its parts to each
other.
Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Equivalent to ventral in bipeds.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Arm
Autopsy
Axilla
Back
The part of the upper limb from the shoulder
to the elbow.
The examination of the body after death.
The small hollow beneath the arm where it
joins the body at the shoulders. Also called
the armpit.
The posterior part of the body; the dorsum.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Bilateral
Pertaining to two sides of the body.
Body cavity
A space within the body that contains various
internal organs.
Caudal
Pertaining to any tail-like structure; inferior in
position.
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head; superior in position.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Neck; any constricted portion of an organ,
such as the inferior cylindrical part of the
uterus.
Cervix
Congenital
Contralateral
Control center
Present at the time of birth.
On the opposite side; affecting the opposite
side of the body.
The component of a feedback system, such as
the brain, that determines the point at which
a controlled condition, such as body
temperature, is maintained.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Cranial cavity
A subdivision of the dorsal body cavity formed
by the cranial bones and containing the brain.
Deep
Away from the surface of the body or an
organ.
Diagnosis
Disease
Distinguishing one disease from another or
determining the nature of a disease from
signs and symptoms by inspection, palpation,
laboratory tests, and other means.
Any change from a state of health.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the
trunk; farther from the point of origin or
attachment.
Dorsal body cavity
Cavity near the dorsal (posterior) surface of
the body that consists of a cranial cavity and
vertebral canal.
Effector
An organ of the body, either a muscle or a
gland, that is innervated by somatic or
autonomic motor neurons.
Epidemiology
Study of the occurrence and distribution of
diseases and disorders in human populations.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Extension
An increase in the angle between two bones;
restoring a body part to its anatomical
position after flexion.
External
Located on or near the surface.
Face
The anterior aspect of the head.
Feedback system
A sequence of events in which information
about the status of a situation is continually
reported (fed back) to a control center.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Forearm
The part of the upper limb between the elbow
and the wrist.
Frontal plane
A plane at a right angle to a midsagittal plane
that divides the body or organs into anterior
and posterior portions. Also called a coronal
(ko–-RO–-nal) plane.
Groin
The depression between the thigh and the
trunk; the inguinal region.
Head
The superior part of a human, cephalic to the
neck. The superior or proximal part of a
structure.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Homeostasis
The condition in which the body’s internal
environment remains relatively constant,
within physiological limits.
Inferior
Away from the head or toward the lower part
of a structure. Also called caudad.
Intermediate
Between two structures, one of which is
medial and one of which is lateral.
Internal
Away from the surface of the body.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Lateral
Farther from the midline of the body or a
structure.
Leg
The part of the lower limb between the knee
and the ankle.
Lower limb
Medial
The appendage attached at the pelvic (hip)
girdle, consisting of the thigh, knee, leg,
ankle, foot, and toes. Also called lower
extremity.
Nearer the midline of the body or a structure.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Mediastinum
Midline
An imaginary vertical line that divides the
body into equal left and right sides.
Midsagittal plane
Neck
The broad, median partition between the
pleurae of the lungs, that extends from the
sternum to the vertebral column in the
thoracic cavity.
A vertical plane through the midline of the
body that divides the body or organs into
equal right and left sides. Also called a
median plane.
The part of the body connecting the head and
the trunk. A constricted portion of an organ
such as the neck of the femur or uterus.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Negative feedback
Oblique plane
The principle governing most control systems;
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus
initiates actions that reverse or reduce the
stimulus.
A plane that passes through the body or an
organ at an angle between the transverse
plane and either the midsagittal, parasagittal,
or frontal plane.
A structure composed of two or more
different kinds of tissues with a specific
function and usually a recognizable shape.
Organ
Organism
A total living form; one individual.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Parasagittal plane
A vertical plane that does not pass through
the midline and that divides the body or
organs into unequal left and right portions.
Parietal
Pertaining to or forming the outer wall of a
body cavity.
Pelvic cavity
Percussion
Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid
colon, rectum, and internal female and male
reproductive structures.
The act of striking (percussing) an underlying
part of the body with short, sharp blows as an
aid in diagnosing the part by the quality of the
sound produced.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Pharmacology
The science of the effects and uses of drugs
in the treatment of disease.
Physiology
Science that deals with the functions of an
organism or its parts.
Positive feedback
A feedback mechanism in which the response
enhances the original stimulus.
Posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body.
Equivalent to dorsal in bipeds.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Progeny
Offspring or descendants.
Proximal
Nearer the attachment of a limb to the trunk;
nearer to the point of origin or attachment.
Radiographic anatomy
Diagnostic branch of anatomy that includes
the use of x rays.
Receptor
A specialized cell or a distal portion of a
neuron that responds to a specific sensory
modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light,
or sound, and converts it to an electrical
signal (generator or receptor potential). A
specific molecule or cluster of molecules that
recognizes and binds a particular ligand.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Sagittal plane
Serous membrane
Stimulus
Superficial
A plane that divides the body or organs into
left and right portions. Such a plane may be
midsagittal (median), in which the divisions
are equal, or parasagittal, in which the
divisions are unequal.
A membrane that lines a body cavity that
does not open to the exterior. The external
layer of an organ formed by a serous
membrane. The membrane that lines the
pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal
cavities.Also called a serosa (se-RO–-sa).
Any stress that changes a controlled
condition; any change in the internal or
external environment that excites a sensory
receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fiber.
Located on or near the surface of the body or
an organ.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure.
Also called cephalad (SEF-a-lad) or craniad.
Surface anatomy
The study of the structures that can be
identified from the outside of the body.
System
An association of organs that have a common
function.
Systemic
Affecting the whole body; generalized.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Thigh
The portion of the lower limb between the hip
and the knee.
Thoracic cavity
Superior portion of the ventral body cavity
that contains two pleural cavities, the
mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity.
Trunk
The part of the body to which the upper and
lower limbs are attached.
Upper limb
The appendage attached at the shoulder
girdle, consisting of the arm, forearm, wrist,
hand, and fingers. Also called upper
extremity.
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Ventral
Pertaining to the anterior or front side of the
body; opposite of dorsal.
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral canal
Viscera
Cavity near the ventral aspect of the body
that contains viscera and consists of a
superior thoracic cavity and an inferior
abdominopelvic cavity.
A cavity within the vertebral column formed
by the vertebral foramina of all the vertebrae
and containing the spinal cord. Also called the
spinal canal.
The organs inside the ventral body cavity.
Singular is viscus (VIS -kus).
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson
Visceral
Pertaining to the organs or to the covering of
an organ.
Vital signs
Signs necessary to life that include
temperature (T), pulse (P), respiratory rate
(RR), and blood pressure (BP).
Terminology - Chapter 1
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition - Tortora and Derrickson