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Transcript
Name ________________________________________
Chapter 9 Reading Guide
The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200-1200
KEY TERMS
Sasanid Empire
Mecca
Muhammad
Muslim
Islam
Medina
umma
caliphate
Quran
Shi’ites
Umayyad Caliphate
Sunnis
Abbasid Caliphate
Mamluks
Ghana
ulama
hadith
THE SASANID EMPIRE, 224-651
Politics and Society
Who were the main neighbors, trading partners, and rivals of the Sasanids?
How did the Arab pastoralists living in the desert between Syria and Mesopotamia benefit from
the trade between these empires?
Religion and Empire
What was the official state religion of the Sasanid Empire?
What was the official state religion of the Byzantine Empire?
Why did the Byzantines consider Armenian Christians (Nestorians) to be heretics?
How did religion permeate all aspects of life in the Byzantine and Sasanid empires?
THE ORIGINS OF ISLAM
How did the Sasanids view the Arabs in the Arabian peninsula?
The Arabian Peninsula before Islam
What led to the emergence of desert caravan cities?
What development became so important that it allowed wheeled vehicles to completely
disappear from the area?
What 3 things contributed to Mecca becoming a pilgrimage site?
Muhammad in Mecca
What was Muhammad’s occupation before he began receiving revelations?
What did Muhammad’s revelations call on all people to do (doing so makes them Muslim)?
Why did Muhammad’s followers consider his revelation more perfect than the Bible?
Why did many Meccan leaders choose not to accept Muhammad as the sole agent of God?
What is the hijra?
The Formation of the Umma
What happened in 630?
Succession to Muhammad
What happened in 632?
What were Abu Bakr’s 2 immediate tasks as caliph?
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
Explain the difference between Sunnis and Shi’ites.
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CALIPHATE
The Islamic Conquests 634-711
What policy kept the armies together and ready for action and preserved life in the countryside
virtually unchanged?
What did the million or so Arabs who participated in the conquests constitute?
The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, 661-850
Where was the Umayyad capital?
From whom did the Umayyad and previous caliphs adopt and adapt their administrative
practices?
What were 3 complaints against the Umayyad government?
Where was the capital of the Abbasid dynasty?
What 3 things lead some to call the early Abbasid period as a “golden age”?
When did the gradual conversion to Islam of the conquered population accelerate?
Political Fragmentation, 850-1050
What were some of the issues of having a huge empire with which the Abbasid caliphs had to
deal?
How did revolts change from the 8th to the 9th century?
What happened when the Abbasid government couldn’t pay the mamluks?
List 3 outlying areas that broke off from the Abbasid caliphate and established their own
Muslim dynasties.
What was the earliest-known sub-Saharan beneficiary of the new trans-Saharan trade?
Assault from Within and Without
What group overshadowed both Arabs and Kurds after 1000?
Who established the first Turkish Muslim state based on nomadic power?
What gulf deepened as few Turks participated in urban cultural and religious life?
Who unified Egypt and Syria in 1171 and recaptured Jerusalem from Europeans in 1187?
What group destroyed what was left of the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258?
ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
Law and Dogma
What is Shari’a?
By the 11th century, what did most Islamic legal thought agree was the best model for society?
What was the problem with the hadith?
Converts and Cities
List 2 reasons new converts to Islam often moved to Muslim cities?
Why was there great local variation in the way people practiced Islam?
What information did Muslim doctors and astronomers use to develop new skills and theories?
Islam, Women, and Slaves
From where did the practice of secluding women in their houses and veiling them in public
originate?
List some of the rights of Muslim women.
What did Muslim men fear most about women?
What 2 women were seen as models for other Muslim women?
Who could not be enslaved?
“A hereditary slave society…did not develop.” Why not?
The Recentering of Islam
What was the madrasa?
What was the basic Sufi belief/doctrine?
Conclusion
What was the effect on the Muslim world of the post-11th century adoption of new religious
institutions?