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Health Psychology Workbook Name: Group: Exam Dates: KES Psychology Department 1 Contents Specification ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Health Psychology ................................................................................................................................... 6 Disorders of Substance Misuse ............................................................................................................... 7 Biological Explanation of Substance Misuse ........................................................................................... 9 Drugs and the Brain .............................................................................................................................. 10 Evaluation of the Biological Explanation............................................................................................... 11 Learning Explanations of Substance Misuse: ........................................................................................ 13 Operant Conditioning ........................................................................................................................... 13 Evaluation of the Learning Explanation ................................................................................................ 15 Comparison: explanations of substance misuse ................................................................................... 16 Drugs ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 Heroin ................................................................................................................................................... 18 Nicotine ................................................................................................................................................. 20 Biological Treatment: Treating Heroin addiction with Methadone ............................................ 22 Evaluation of Methadone as a Treatment for Heroin Addiction .......................................................... 23 Learning Treatment: Aversion Therapy ........................................................................................ 24 Evaluation of Aversion Therapy ............................................................................................................ 25 Anti-Drug Campaigns ...................................................................................................................... 26 Studies in detail: Blatter et al. (2002) ............................................................................................ 29 Studies in detail: .............................................................................................................................. 31 Key issue – How to Prevent Drug Abuse ........................................................................................... 33 Evidence in Practice – Content Analysis ............................................................................................... 35 Methodology: use of animals ............................................................................................................... 39 Methodology: use of humans ............................................................................................................... 40 KES Psychology Department 2 Specification 1 – Definition of the approach 1a: Define health psychology, showing understanding that health psychology is about understanding health from study of the biological bases of behaviour (such as the study of drugs and their effects) and the cognitive and social bases for behaviour and that health psychology is about promoting good health. 1b: KES Psychology Department 3 Define and use psychological terminology appropriately and accurately including the terms: i substance misuse ii synapse iii tolerance iv physical dependence v psychological dependence vi withdrawal. 2 – Methodology/How Science Works 2a: Describe and evaluate the use of animals in laboratory studies when researching into drugs. 2b: Describe and evaluate two research methods using humans to study the effects of drugs. 2c: Evaluate, including relative strengths and weaknesses, research methods using animals (including both practical and ethical strengths and weaknesses) and humans (including issues of reliability and validity). Note: In examination, students may be asked about the methods used in the application and asked to describe and evaluate, drawing on other methods both within the application and the five psychological approaches in AS. 3 – Content 3a: Describe two explanations of substance misuse. One explanation must be from the Biological Approach, and one from the Learning Approach. Suitable examples for the explanation from the Learning Approach: i social learning theory and the role of models ii operant conditioning and positive reinforcement of short-term effects iii negative reinforcement of avoidance of withdrawal. 3c: Describe, with reference to heroin and one other drug from alcohol, cocaine, ecstasy, marijuana, smoking/nicotine: i mode of action (eg at the synapse) ii effects iii tolerance (or absence of tolerance) iv physical and/or psychological dependencies v withdrawal. KES Psychology Department 4 3d: Describe and evaluate two ways of treating substance misuse including drug treatment in heroin dependence (the Biological Approach) and one other. Suitable examples: aversion therapy for smoking or alcohol abuse (the Learning Approach) token economy for drug use (the Learning Approach) the AA Approach. e Describe and evaluate one campaign that has encouraged people not to use recreational drugs. Note: In examination, students may be given stimulus material about the application and asked to describe and evaluate, drawing on knowledge of the application and the five psychological approaches in AS. 4 – Studies in Detail 4a: Describe and evaluate one study on heroin: Blattler et al (2002) Decreasing intravenous cocaine use in opiate users treated with prescribed heroin and one other study. This must be selected from a study on alcohol, cocaine, ecstasy, marijuana, or smoking/nicotine. Suitable examples: Alcohol: Stacy et al (1991) Cognitive motivations and sensation seeking as long-term predictors of drinking problems Ecstasy: Wareing et al (2000) Working memory deficits in current and previous users of MDMA Marijuana: Brook et al (1999) Consequences of adolescent marijuana use: incompatibility with the assumption of adult roles Smoking: Morgan and Grube (1991) Closeness and peer group influence Smoking: Ennett et al (1994) variability in cigarette smoking within and between adolescent friendship cliques. 5 – Evidence in practice: short practical on a key issue 5a: Describe one key issue in health psychology, using the content studied within the application. Suitable examples: the issue of how drug abuse can be treated the issue of how to prevent drug abuse cross-cultural differences in drug taking And either KES Psychology Department 5 5b: Conduct a content analysis of magazine or newspaper articles (can include TV or web-based material) concerning the key issue. Write up the findings. Draw conclusions about the findings, linked to concepts, theories and/or research (as appropriate) from the topic of relevance. Or 5c: Summarise two magazine or newspaper articles (can include TV or web-based material) concerning a topic covered within this application. Write up the summaries. Draw conclusions about their findings, linked to concepts, theories and/or research (as appropriate) from the topic of relevance. Students can conduct either of these activities but must complete one content analysis and one article analysis with summary across their two options. Health Psychology What is Health Psychology? KES Psychology Department 6 What do Health Psychologists do? Why do you think people use drugs? Can you categorise these into: Biological explanations Social explanations Others e.g. dependence Disorders of Substance Misuse KES Psychology Department 7 What is dependence? What is withdrawal? What is tolerance? Give 2 explanations for tolerance… There are recognised disorders of substance misuse in the DSM-IV including chronic substance dependence and acute or episodic substance abuse. Do some research for the criteria of having one of these clinical disorders: Chronic substance dependence: Acute or episodic substance abuse: KES Psychology Department 8 Biological Explanation of Substance Misuse Think back to the Biological approach last year and complete the following table: Neurone Synapse Neurotransmitter Post-synaptic membrane Pre-synaptic membrane Receptor As you may know, not all neurotransmitters cause the next neurone to ‘fire.’ Excitatory messages Inhibitory messages The next neurone will ‘fire’ if… Neurotransmitters fit into different categories based on their structure and function. Below are a few examples: Monoamine Dopamine Serotonin Noradrenaline Endorphins GABA Stands for Function/role KES Psychology Department 9 Drugs and the Brain Drugs that have an affect at synapses can be categories into two types Antagonists Agonists (works in 2 ways) Affect on frequency of nerve impulses…. Affect on frequency of nerve impulses…. Which of these would you call a stimulant and which would you call a depressant drug? Why? In the space below draw a synapse and illustrate how and why the different agonist and antagonist drugs affect the number of nerve impulses: KES Psychology Department 10 Evaluation of the Biological Explanation Strengths: Weaknesses: KES Psychology Department 11 The Dopamine Reward System What is the dopamine reward system? Genetic Predisposition Are some people more likely to take drugs or become addicted to them than others? KES Psychology Department 12 Learning Explanations of Substance Misuse: Operant Conditioning Think back to when you learnt about the Learning approach last year. Define the following terms: Positive reinforcement Example Negative Reinforcement Example Punishment Example How would you explain drug taking using two of these concepts? Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement KES Psychology Department 13 Drug self-administration What is drug self-administration? Pickens & Thompson (1968) Craving KES Psychology Department 14 Evaluation of the Learning Explanation Strengths: Weaknesses: KES Psychology Department 15 Comparison: explanations of substance misuse Biological explanation Learning explanation Comparison issue KES Psychology Department 16 Drugs Drugs can be classified in many ways: Legal Classification is based on likelihood to cause the most harm: Examples Penalty for possession Class A Class B Class C Psychologists often group drugs depending on their neural activity: Effect Examples Stimulants Depressants Drugs can also be grouped according to the effect they have: Effect Examples Sedatives Hallucinogens Or on chemical structure: Opiates KES Psychology Department 17 Heroin What is heroin? Mode of action Effects of heroin KES Psychology Department 18 Tolerance Dependence Withdrawal KES Psychology Department 19 Nicotine What is nicotine? Mode of action Effects of heroin KES Psychology Department 20 Tolerance Dependence Withdrawal KES Psychology Department 21 Biological Treatment: Treating Heroin addiction with Methadone What is methadone? How is methadone used to treat heroin addiction? KES Psychology Department 22 Evaluation of Methadone as a Treatment for Heroin Addiction Strengths: Weaknesses: KES Psychology Department 23 Learning Treatment: Aversion Therapy Aversion therapy is based on the principles of classical conditioning. To remind you of classical conditioning complete the diagram using the example of Pavlov’s dogs. 1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) 2. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) + Neutral stimulus (NS) 3. Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned response (CR) How would aversion therapy be used to treat an addiction? Give an example: 4. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) 5. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) + Neutral stimulus (NS) 6. Conditioned stimulus (CS) KES Psychology Department Unconditioned response (UCR) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned response (CR) 24 Evaluation of Aversion Therapy Strengths: Weaknesses: KES Psychology Department 25 Anti-Drug Campaigns The 2008 anti-smoking campaign ‘Scared’ Description of the campaign: Target Audience: KES Psychology Department 26 Mechanisms used to get the message across: Which psychological theories are applicable? KES Psychology Department 27 Evaluation of the ‘Scared’ Campaign Strengths: Weaknesses: KES Psychology Department 28 Studies in detail: Blatter et al. (2002) Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions KES Psychology Department 29 Evaluation of Blatter et al. (2002) GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics KES Psychology Department 30 Studies in detail: Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions KES Psychology Department 31 Evaluation of: GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics KES Psychology Department 32 Key issue – How to Prevent Drug Abuse Describing the issue… What do we mean by ‘drug abuse?’ Why is it important to prevent drug abuse? KES Psychology Department 33 Applying concepts and research to the issue…. Social Approach Cognitive Approach Psychodynamic Approach Biological Approach Learning approach Campaigns Conclusion KES Psychology Department 34 Evidence in Practice – Content Analysis The key issue you have completed was ‘how to prevent drug abuse.’ The content analysis you are about to do is based on this key issue and the Social Learning Theory. How does the Social Learning Theory explain substance misuse? How then can the Social Learning Theory also be used to prevent drug abuse? Consider the following music artist: Is she a good ‘role model’ with regard to drug misuse? How does Amy Winehouse’s song called ‘rehab’ relate to this issue? KES Psychology Department 35 Content Analysis What is a content analysis? You are going to do a content analysis on drug references in popular music. What are you going to compare? e.g. genres of music – be specific How are you going to collect the data you need to do the analysis? What type of data will it be and what will you do with it? KES Psychology Department 36 Content Analysis Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions KES Psychology Department 37 Evaluation of: GRAVE Generalisability Reliability Application Validity Ethics KES Psychology Department 38 Methodology: use of animals Laboratory Studies using animals Examples: Evaluation Practical strengths: Practical weaknesses: Ethical strengths: Ethical weaknesses: KES Psychology Department 39 Methodology: use of humans Laboratory studies: Strengths: Weaknesses: Surveys: Strengths: KES Psychology Department Weaknesses: 40 KES Psychology Department 41