Download Studies in detail: Blatter et al. (2002)

Health Psychology Workbook
Name:
Group:
Exam Dates:
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Contents
Specification ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Health Psychology ................................................................................................................................... 6
Disorders of Substance Misuse ............................................................................................................... 7
Biological Explanation of Substance Misuse ........................................................................................... 9
Drugs and the Brain .............................................................................................................................. 10
Evaluation of the Biological Explanation............................................................................................... 11
Learning Explanations of Substance Misuse: ........................................................................................ 13
Operant Conditioning ........................................................................................................................... 13
Evaluation of the Learning Explanation ................................................................................................ 15
Comparison: explanations of substance misuse ................................................................................... 16
Drugs ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Heroin ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Nicotine ................................................................................................................................................. 20
Biological Treatment: Treating Heroin addiction with Methadone ............................................ 22
Evaluation of Methadone as a Treatment for Heroin Addiction .......................................................... 23
Learning Treatment: Aversion Therapy ........................................................................................ 24
Evaluation of Aversion Therapy ............................................................................................................ 25
Anti-Drug Campaigns ...................................................................................................................... 26
Studies in detail: Blatter et al. (2002) ............................................................................................ 29
Studies in detail: .............................................................................................................................. 31
Key issue – How to Prevent Drug Abuse ........................................................................................... 33
Evidence in Practice – Content Analysis ............................................................................................... 35
Methodology: use of animals ............................................................................................................... 39
Methodology: use of humans ............................................................................................................... 40
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Specification
1 – Definition of the approach
1a:
Define health psychology, showing understanding that health psychology is about
understanding health from study of the biological bases of behaviour (such as the
study of drugs and their effects) and the cognitive and social bases for behaviour
and that health psychology is about promoting good health.
1b:
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Define and use psychological terminology appropriately and accurately including
the terms:
i substance misuse
ii synapse
iii tolerance
iv physical dependence
v psychological
dependence
vi withdrawal.
2 – Methodology/How Science Works
2a:
Describe and evaluate the use of animals in laboratory studies when researching into
drugs.
2b:
Describe and evaluate two research methods using humans to study the effects of
drugs.
2c: Evaluate, including relative strengths and weaknesses, research methods using
animals (including both practical and ethical strengths and weaknesses) and humans
(including issues of reliability and validity).
Note: In examination, students may be asked about the methods used in the
application and asked to describe and evaluate, drawing on other methods both within
the application and the five psychological approaches in AS.
3 – Content
3a:
Describe two explanations of substance misuse. One explanation must be from the
Biological Approach, and one from the Learning Approach. Suitable examples for the
explanation from the Learning Approach:
i social learning theory and the role of models
ii operant conditioning and positive reinforcement of short-term effects
iii negative reinforcement of avoidance of withdrawal.
3c: Describe, with reference to heroin and one other drug from alcohol, cocaine,
ecstasy, marijuana, smoking/nicotine:
i mode of action (eg at the synapse)
ii effects
iii tolerance (or absence of tolerance)
iv physical and/or psychological dependencies
v withdrawal.
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3d: Describe and evaluate two ways of treating substance misuse including drug
treatment in heroin dependence (the Biological Approach) and one other.
Suitable examples:
aversion therapy for smoking or alcohol abuse (the Learning Approach)
token economy for drug use (the Learning Approach)
the AA Approach.
e Describe and evaluate one campaign that has encouraged people not to use
recreational drugs.
Note: In examination, students may be given stimulus material about the
application and asked to describe and evaluate, drawing on knowledge of the
application and the five psychological approaches in AS.
4 – Studies in Detail
4a: Describe and evaluate one study on heroin: Blattler et al (2002) Decreasing
intravenous cocaine use in opiate users treated with prescribed heroin and one other
study. This must be selected from a study on alcohol, cocaine, ecstasy, marijuana, or
smoking/nicotine.
Suitable examples:
Alcohol: Stacy et al (1991) Cognitive motivations and sensation seeking as long-term
predictors of drinking problems
Ecstasy: Wareing et al (2000) Working memory deficits in current and previous users
of MDMA
Marijuana: Brook et al (1999) Consequences of adolescent marijuana use:
incompatibility with the assumption of adult roles
Smoking: Morgan and Grube (1991) Closeness and peer group influence
Smoking: Ennett et al (1994) variability in cigarette smoking within and between
adolescent friendship cliques.
5 – Evidence in practice: short practical on a key issue
5a: Describe one key issue in health psychology, using the content studied within the
application.
Suitable examples:
the issue of how drug abuse can be treated
the issue of how to prevent drug abuse
cross-cultural differences in drug taking
And either
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5b: Conduct a content analysis of magazine or newspaper articles (can include TV or
web-based material) concerning the key issue. Write up the findings. Draw
conclusions about the findings, linked to concepts, theories and/or research (as
appropriate) from the topic of relevance.
Or
5c: Summarise two magazine or newspaper articles (can include TV or web-based
material) concerning a topic covered within this application. Write up the summaries.
Draw conclusions about their findings, linked to concepts, theories and/or research
(as appropriate) from the topic of relevance.
Students can conduct either of these activities but must complete one content
analysis and one article analysis with summary across their two options.
Health Psychology
What is Health Psychology?
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What do Health Psychologists do?
Why do you think people use drugs?
Can you categorise these into:
Biological
explanations
Social
explanations
Others e.g.
dependence
Disorders of Substance Misuse
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What is dependence?
What is withdrawal?
What is tolerance?
Give 2 explanations for tolerance…


There are recognised disorders of substance misuse in the DSM-IV including chronic substance
dependence and acute or episodic substance abuse.
Do some research for the criteria of having one of these clinical disorders:
Chronic substance dependence:
Acute or episodic substance abuse:
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Biological Explanation of Substance Misuse
Think back to the Biological approach last year and complete the following table:
Neurone
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Post-synaptic
membrane
Pre-synaptic
membrane
Receptor
As you may know, not all neurotransmitters cause the next neurone to ‘fire.’
Excitatory messages
Inhibitory messages
The next neurone will ‘fire’ if…
Neurotransmitters fit into different categories based on their structure and function. Below are a
few examples:
Monoamine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Noradrenaline
Endorphins
GABA
Stands for
Function/role
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Drugs and the Brain
Drugs that have an affect at synapses can be categories into two types
Antagonists
Agonists (works in 2 ways)


Affect on frequency of nerve impulses….
Affect on frequency of nerve impulses….
Which of these would you call a stimulant and which would you call a depressant drug? Why?
In the space below draw a synapse and illustrate how and why the different agonist and antagonist
drugs affect the number of nerve impulses:
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Evaluation of the Biological Explanation
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
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The Dopamine Reward System
What is the dopamine reward system?
Genetic Predisposition
Are some people more likely to take drugs or become addicted to them than others?
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Learning Explanations of Substance Misuse:
Operant Conditioning
Think back to when you learnt about the Learning approach last year.
Define the following terms:
Positive
reinforcement
Example
Negative
Reinforcement
Example
Punishment
Example
How would you explain drug taking using two of these concepts?
Positive
reinforcement
Negative
reinforcement
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Drug self-administration
What is drug self-administration?
Pickens & Thompson
(1968)
Craving
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Evaluation of the Learning Explanation
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
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Comparison: explanations of substance misuse
Biological explanation
Learning explanation
Comparison issue
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Drugs
Drugs can be classified in many ways:
Legal Classification is based on likelihood to cause the most harm:
Examples
Penalty for possession
Class
A
Class
B
Class
C
Psychologists often group drugs depending on their neural activity:
Effect
Examples
Stimulants
Depressants
Drugs can also be grouped according to the effect they have:
Effect
Examples
Sedatives
Hallucinogens
Or on chemical structure:
Opiates
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Heroin
What is heroin?
Mode of action
Effects of heroin
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Tolerance
Dependence
Withdrawal
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Nicotine
What is nicotine?
Mode of action
Effects of heroin
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Tolerance
Dependence
Withdrawal
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Biological Treatment: Treating Heroin addiction with
Methadone
What is methadone?
How is methadone used to treat heroin addiction?
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Evaluation of Methadone as a Treatment for Heroin
Addiction
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
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Learning Treatment: Aversion Therapy
Aversion therapy is based on the principles of classical conditioning. To remind you of classical
conditioning complete the diagram using the example of Pavlov’s dogs.
1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
2. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
+
Neutral stimulus (NS)
3. Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned response (CR)
How would aversion therapy be used to treat an addiction?
Give an example:
4. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
5. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
+
Neutral stimulus (NS)
6. Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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Unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned response (CR)
24
Evaluation of Aversion Therapy
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
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Anti-Drug Campaigns
The 2008 anti-smoking campaign
‘Scared’
Description of the campaign:
Target Audience:
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Mechanisms used to get the message across:
Which psychological theories are applicable?
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Evaluation of the ‘Scared’ Campaign
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
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Studies in detail: Blatter et al. (2002)
Aim
Procedure
Findings
Conclusions
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Evaluation of Blatter et al. (2002)
GRAVE
Generalisability
Reliability
Application
Validity
Ethics
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Studies in detail:
Aim
Procedure
Findings
Conclusions
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Evaluation of:
GRAVE
Generalisability
Reliability
Application
Validity
Ethics
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Key issue – How to Prevent Drug Abuse
Describing the issue…
What do we mean by ‘drug abuse?’
Why is it important to prevent drug abuse?
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Applying concepts and research to the issue….
Social Approach
Cognitive
Approach
Psychodynamic
Approach
Biological
Approach
Learning
approach
Campaigns
Conclusion
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Evidence in Practice – Content Analysis
The key issue you have completed was ‘how to prevent drug abuse.’
The content analysis you are about to do is based on this key issue and the Social Learning Theory.
How does the Social Learning Theory explain substance misuse?
How then can the Social Learning Theory also be used to prevent drug abuse?
Consider the following music artist:
Is she a good ‘role model’ with regard to drug misuse?
How does Amy Winehouse’s song called ‘rehab’ relate to this issue?
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Content Analysis
What is a content analysis?
You are going to do a content analysis on drug references in popular music.
What are you going to compare?
e.g. genres of music – be specific
How are you going to collect the data you need to do the analysis?
What type of data will it be and what will you do with it?
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Content Analysis
Aim
Procedure
Findings
Conclusions
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Evaluation of:
GRAVE
Generalisability
Reliability
Application
Validity
Ethics
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Methodology: use of animals
Laboratory Studies using animals
Examples:
Evaluation
Practical strengths:
Practical weaknesses:
Ethical strengths:
Ethical weaknesses:
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Methodology: use of humans
Laboratory studies:
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
Surveys:
Strengths:
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Weaknesses:
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