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America: The Last Best Hope, Volume IIE, Chapter 3—America and the Great War 1914-1921 Chapter Overview Handout for Students Key Historical Points 1. War broke out in Europe in 1914, caused by the reaction of entangling alliances to forces such as imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. 2. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson encouraged Americans to be neutral in thought as well as action. 3. Wilson sought to keep the U.S. out of the war so as to continue the implementation of progressive reforms at home. 4. Both the Allies and Central Powers violated U.S. freedom of the seas, eventually pulling America into the war on the Allied side. 5. Once the U.S. entered the war in 1917, all aspects of American culture were mobilized. The Sedition Act and powerful government propaganda suppressed resistance to the war. 6. Millions of fresh American troops led by General Pershing broke the stalemate on the Western Front in 1918, forcing Germany to seek an armistice. 7. Wilson headed to the Paris Peace Conference, hoping to draft a treaty based on his Fourteen Points. 8. Other allied leaders were much more interested in seeking vengeance against Germany than in Wilson's ideal of "peace without victory." 9. The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany severely, leading to long-term bitterness and the eventual rise of Adolf Hitler in reaction to its harsh terms. 10. Wilson failed to involve his political opponents in the treaty process. He thus faced stiff resistance to the treaty in the U.S. Senate. 11. With Wilson's refusal to compromise on any aspects of the treaty, the Senate failed to ratify the document and the U.S. never joined the League of Nations. Timeline of Key Events 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated; The Great War Begins; Belgium is invaded by Germany 1915 The Lusitania is sunk by Germany 1916 Sussex Pledge; Easter Rebellion in Ireland; Wilson is re-elected President on a slogan "He Kept Us Out of War"; Jeannette Rankin is the first woman elected to Congress 1917 Zimmerman Telegram; U.S. declares war on Germany; First Russian Revolution; Bolshevik Revolution in Russia 1918 Woodrow Wilson issues his 14 Points; World-wide flu epidemic kills over 20 million people; Armistice Declared 1919 Theodore Roosevelt dies; First Red Scare; Palmer Raids begin; XVIII "Prohibition" Amendment Ratified; Woodrow Wilson Suffers a stroke; Treaty of Versailles is rejected by the U.S. Senate 1920 U.S. Population reaches 106,000,000; XIX "Women's Suffrage" Amendment Ratified; Warren G. Harding pledges a "return to normalcy." 1921 Warren G. Harding inaugurated Historical Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. When World War I began in Europe, President Wilson strongly urged American neutrality. What key factors led to the failure of his aim? Evaluate the success of Woodrow Wilson as a progressive president. In what ways did his administration implement goals of the progressive movement? In what ways was the American home front impacted by the U.S. entry into World War I? Which of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points were reflected in the Treaty of Versailles and which met resistance from other Allied leaders? What impact did Wilson have on the overall treaty? Key People A. Mitchell Palmer Calvin Coolidge Colonel Edward House David Lloyd George Eddie Rickenbacker General Ferdinand Foch General John J. Pershing Georges Clemenceau Governor James Cox Eugene V. Debs Hapsburgs Henry Cabot Lodge Hohenzollerns Jeanette Rankin Kaiser Wilhelm II Louis Brandeis Otto von Bismarck Pancho Villa Vladimir Lenin Sergeant Alvin York Warren Harding William Jennings Bryan President Woodrow Wilson Key Events Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme Bolshevik Revolution Boston Police Strike Meuse-Argonne Offensive Historical Terms and Places Big Stick Diplomacy Schlieffen Plan Central Powers Allies Unrestricted Submarine Warfare "Hun" Zimmermann Telegram Sussex Pledge Laws and Legislation "Peace Without Victory" "He Kept Us Out of War" "Yellow" Press "The world must be made safe for democracy" American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Leathernecks Doughboys Spanish Influenza Palmer Raids Paris Peace Conference Deux ex machina "Lafayette, we are here!" Fourteen Points Hindenburg Line Hall of Mirrors Alsace-Lorraine Rhineland "Self-Determination" League of Nations "Article X" "Irreconcilables" "Reservationists" Weimar Republic Reparations Bitter ender "war guilt" clause "Stab in the Back" Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) This act created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC); the commission is a bipartisan board appointed by the president and given the power to stop unfair trade practices by major corporations Sixteenth Amendment (1913) this amendment established clearly the authority of the Congress to levy an income tax Seventeenth Amendment (1913) U.S. senators would from that time on be directly elected by the people of each state, rather than chosen by state legislatures Eighteenth Amendment (1919) this amendment ushered in the "noble experiment" of Prohibition during the 1920s Nineteenth Amendment (1920) granted women in all states the right to vote Zimmermann Telegram (1917) secret message from Germany invited Mexico to attack the southern United States in the event the U.S. joined the Allies in the war against Germany Fourteen Points (1918) President Wilson’s aims for the war; these points included a call for freedom of the seas, free trade, an end to imperialism, and self-determination for ethnic populations of Europe Sedition Act (1918) made it a crime to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American government, flag, or armed forces during the war Treaty of Versailles (1919) this treaty formally ending hostilities between the Allied Powers and Germany was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on June 28,1919 French Guarantee Treaty (1919) never ratified by the United States Senate, Britain and the United States promised to aid France in the event of Germany aggression Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) established Woodrow Wilson's dream – a body of nations that would collectively solve disputes and prevent future wars Five Themes of Geography Location Western Front, Paris, Versailles Place Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Belgium, Mexico, Ireland, Alsace-Lorraine Human/Environment Interaction The global spread of the Spanish influenza, ongoing danger of unexploded ordinance on Western Front Movement Naval blockades during the war, Teddy Roosevelt’s trip through the Amazon, the movement of opposing armies during World War I Region The Rhineland, Brazilian rainforest, maps of Europe in both 1914 and 1919, States ratifying the 18th amendment Key Economic Points 1. 2. 3. 4. Disruption of the “freedom of seas” (sinking of American merchant ships) led to the United States involvement in World War I (compare to reasons for entering War of 1812) Mass production of weapons and supplies makes possible the deadly war in history (up to that point) With mass mobilization of men for participation in World War I, women gain opportunities in factories and jobs normally performed by men World War I leads to more regulation and organization of industry