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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2016 ISSN 2250-3153 64 Genomic Studies in Bacteria, Mitochondria and Chloroplast in Relation with Endo-Symbiotic Theory Waseemuddin MD M.SC-Genetics, PGT-Biotechnology, Institute: Manuu Model School, Hyderabad. Abstract- Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes. It states that several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as a symbiosis between separate singlecelled organisms. According to this theory, mitochondria, plastids (for example chloroplasts), and possibly other organelles representing formerly free-living bacteria (prokaryotes) were taken inside another cell as an endosymbiont around 1.5 billion years ago. According to Endo-symbiotic theory, mitochondrion and chloroplast has originated from bacteria. But if we compare the genomes of bacteria, chloroplast and mitochondrion there is a difference in the protein synthesizing machineries of all the three structures indicating that they have origination is some thing different from endo-symbiotic theory. Index TermsEndo-symbiotic theory, mitochondrion, pre-cells, evolution, DNA Ribosomes, BIO-EDIT software. chloroplasts, comparisions, It is thought that over millennia these endosymbionts transferred some of their own DNA to the host cell's nucleus (called "endosymbiotic gene transfer") during the evolutionary transition from a symbiotic community to an instituted eukaryotic cell. The endosymbiotic theory is considered to be a type of saltational evolution. II. RESEARCH ELABORATIONS Here we have compared the protein synthesizing machineries i.e. Ribosomes of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplast using DNA similarity analyzing BIO-EDIT software. III. RESULTS OR FINDINGS It has been found that there is a huge difference among the genes involved in the production of protein synthesizing machinaries of bacteria, mitochondrion and chloroplast. I. INTRODUCTION T he theory of symbiogenesis was first articulated by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschowsky in 1910, although he described the fundamental elements of the theory in a paper five years earlier. Mereschkowski was familiar with work by botanist Andreas Schimper, who had observed in 1883 that the division of chloroplasts in green plants closely resembled that of free-living cyanobacteria, and who had himself tentatively proposed (in a footnote) that green plants had arisen from a symbiotic union of two organisms.[8] In 1918 the French scientist Paul Portier published Les Symbiotes in which he claimed that the mitochondria originated from a symbiosis process. Ivan Wallin extended the idea of an endosymbiotic origin to mitochondria in the 1920s. A Russian botanist Boris KozoPolyansky was the first to explain the theory in terms of Darwinian evolution. In his 1924 book Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution he wrote, "The theory of symbiogenesis is a theory of selection relying on the phenomenon of symbiosis." The theory was advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in a 1967 paper, On the origin of mitosing cells. In her 1981 work Symbiosis in Cell Evolution she argued that eukaryotic cells originated as communities of interacting entities, including endosymbiotic spirochaetes that developed into eukaryotic flagella and cilia. This last idea has not received much acceptance, because flagella lack DNA and do not show ultrastructural similarities to bacteria. IV. CONCLUSIONS It has been found that there is a huge difference among the genes involved in the production of proyein synthesizing machinaries of bacteria, mitochondrion and chloroplast. It is a matter of investigation that mitochondrion and chloroplast might have originated as per the need of the cell in the pre-biotic environment. Before the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplast, the ancestral cells of eucaryotes were thriving in O2-containing atmosphere without proper O2 utilising maechanism and depletion of chemicals from haldane`s soup made the ancestral cells of eukaryotes to develop mitochondrion and chloroplast separately and a few cell developed both. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] A TEXT BOOK OF EVOLUTION BY—T. S. SUBRAMANIUM. EVOLUTION IS-- ERNST MAYR. EVOLUTION BY-- CHARLES DARWIN. AUTHORS First Author – Waseemuddin MD, M.SC-Genetics, PGTBiotechnology, Institute: Manuu Model School, Hyderabad. www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2016 ISSN 2250-3153 65 www.ijsrp.org