Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Unified neutral theory of biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Invasive species wikipedia , lookup
Overview of impacts of alien invasive plankton species Anastasija Zaiko, Irina Olenina and Sergej Olenin [email protected] Types of plankton (Greek ‘planktos’ – errant, wanderer, drifter) • Phytoplankton • Zooplankton • Ichtyoplankton • Bacterioplankton • Mikoplankton (fungi) • Virioplankton Images from: http://aquamarinediscovery.blogspot.com; www.fishingcy.com; www.ngsprints.co.uk; www.mbari.org; Mann 2005 What is invasive plankton? • An alien species, whose complete life cycle or part of it lies within the plankton, spreading and having impacts on environment and/or economy and human health Based on Clinton 1999 Traits of the invasive plankton • Size: from 2 µm (nanoplankton) to >20 mm (megaplankton) • Pathway: the main pathway of introduction is ballast water, but also can be present and transported in bait buckets, in tanks holding aquarium or research animals, etc. • Origin: the identification of plankton species origin in difficult and in most cases is impossible There are also some other uncertainties…. Inconsistency between species inventories Validity of categorizing the non-indigenous dinoflagellates and diatoms in European Seas (Gomez, 2008) Species Regions Comments Gessnerium mochimaensis Halim ex Halim (valid name: Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) Balech) Bl Synonym, doubtful record Alexandrium minutum Halim Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech At At,B,M,N Marginal dispersal Alexandrium andersoni Balech A. catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech Thalassiosira tealata Takano M M N Difficult identification, overlooked Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) Balech Bl Doubtful record Gymnodinium catenatum Graham At,B,M,N Cryptogenic species Thalassiosira punctigera (Castracane) Hasle B,N Cosmopolitan Pleurosira leavis f. polymorpha (Grunow in Van Heurck) Compére B Native species Ar = Arctic; At = Atlantic; B = Baltic; Bl = Black; M = Mediterranean; N = North Number of plankton species recorded in an area is constantly growing! Examples from the Baltic Sea and from the Curonian Lagoon, SE Baltic •875 spp (Olenina, 2003) 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 •610 spp (Olenina, 1997) 251 1988 •244 spp (Schmidt-Ries, 1940); Cumulative number of genus found 1987 Species inventory in the Curonian lagoon: 875 Cumulative number of species found 1986 • ~2000 species (Hallfors, 2004) Total number of species per year 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1985 • ~ 700 species (Edler et al, 1984); Cumulative number of phytoplankton species and genera recorded in the Curonian Lagoon 1984 Phytoplankton checklist of the Baltic Sea: During 20 years period of studies, some 10 to 70 species new for the Lagoon have been found every year (Olenina, 2003) Types of invasive plankton impacts Changes in native phytoplankton community Eutrophication Phytoplankton Harmful (toxic) algae blooms Changes in water quality: hydrochemistry, transparency, nutrients, etc. Types of invasive plankton impacts Competition with native species for food and space Changes in native zooplankton community Zooplankton Transfer of parasites and diseases Predation on native species 14-24 µm Examples: dinoflagellate P. minimum in the Baltic Sea 90 Electron microscope photo: S. Haidu % of total biomass 80 70 60 In some years the relative biomass of the P.minimum have reached >80% of the total phytoplankton community 50 40 30 20 10 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Maximum relative biomass of P. minimum in the Lithuanian coastal waters of the SE Baltic, 1995 - 1999 Impacts on native phytoplankton communities caused by the dinoflagellate P. minimum Determined according to the level of overall dominance of the species within all of phytoplankton biomass • During outbreaks > 60 % of the phytoplankton biomass. • Situations where an invasive alien species dominates over native species in terms of biomass, yet former native dominant species still present = strong impact (C3); 24% of case studies. • Impact on communities Number of cases • A 25 20 15 10 5 0 C0 C1 C2 A massive impact (C4) was noted only once when the species was found at every sampling locality and its relative biomass comprised up to 98%. Olenina et al. (submitted) C3 C4 Impacts on pelagic habitat caused by the dinoflagellate P. minimum Impact on habitats Notable changes in water color (ranging from light brown to brown) declines in water transparency in most areas where blooms have been recorded. Number of cases • B 25 20 15 10 5 0 H0 H1 H2 H3 H4 9,2 Increase in pH of 8.28 to 9.02 (in Lithuanian waters) once an abundance of P. minimum exceeded 0,5 mln cells/L 9,0 8,8 8,6 8,4 pH • 8,2 8,0 7,8 7,6 7,4 <1.000 1.00010.000 10.000100.000 100.000500.000 500.0001.000.000 1.000.0003.000.000 Abundance (cells/L) Olenina et al. (submitted) >3.000.000 Impacts on ecosystem functioning caused by the dinoflagellate P. minimum • Using only monitoring data the impact on ecosystem functioning could only be deduced at a low level of confidence. • There are no studies showing the role of P. minimum in the alteration of the Baltic Sea food webs. • However, because P. minimum is mixotrophic (Stoecker et al., 1997), it is likely that there are shifts among the dominant functional groups, such as autotrophic phytoplankton species (cyanobacteria, diatoms) dominant in the summer-autumn community in the Baltic Sea. • Shifts in the abundance of the functional groups during blooms of P. minimum would be expected, even should there be other (native) mixotrophic species in the system. Olenina et al. (submitted) Examples: copepod A.tonsa in the Baltic Sea The species abundance is moderate in many localities or high in several localities within the assessment unit Biopollution Assessment System http://www.corpi.ku.lt/~biopollution Impacts on native zooplankton communities caused by the copepod A. tonsa Seasonally dominates the native copepod community Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.) Impacts on native habitats caused by the copepod A. tonsa No data from the Baltic Sea is available Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.) Impacts on ecosystem functioning caused by the copepod A. tonsa Contributes to the trophic interactions as a prey for some species Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.) Parameterization of invasive plankton impacts • Compilation of data on invasive plankton impacts • Classification of impacts Impacts of phytoplankton IS Impacts of zooplankton IS Impacts on Communities Impacts on Habitats Impacts on Ecosystem • Application of BPL and/or other (quantitative) parameters THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!