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AscentSession2–TheHistoryofChristianity
PhasesofChurchHistory
EarlyChurchHistory
• TheSpreadofChristianityintheEmpire(to100)
• TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)
• TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590)
MedievalChurchHistory
• TheRiseoftheEmpireandLatin-TeutonicChristianity(590-800)
• Feudalism,Islam,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054)
• TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305)
• MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517)
ModernChurchHistory
• ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation
(1517-1648)
• TheNewWorld(to1783)
• MissionsandModernism(1789-1914)
• ChurchandSocietyinTension(1914-Present)
Definitions
Catholic
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FromLatin:“universal”
Usedinmanyearlycreeds
Theterms“catholic”and“church”upuntil1517
“Roman”or“RomanCatholic”aftertheReformation
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FromGreek:“correctopinion”or“rightthinking”
SevenEcumenicalCouncilsheldbetween325and787withtheaimof
formalizingaccepteddoctrines(orthodoxy)
Stillusedtodefinebiblicalbeliefs
“OrthodoxChurch”intheEast(andRussia)aftertheSchismof1054
Orthodox
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Protestant
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From:LetterofProtestationwrittenbyGermanLutheranPrincesin
1529againstRomancondemnationofthe“Protestants”
AmovementtocorrecterrorsintheRomanchurch,whichleadtoa
fullbreakwithRome
Manycommoncorebeliefs(againstpapalauthority,twosacraments,
justificationsbyfaithalone)althoughthereisnocentralstructureand
moredividedtheologicallyandecclesiastically
EarlyChurchHistory
InTheFullnessofTime
• RomanContributions(POLITICAL):“unity”ofmankind;
freedomofmovement;roads;Romanarmy
• GreekContributions(INTELLECTUAL):language;emptinessof
gods&philosophy
• JewishContributions(RELIGIOUS):existenceofGod;
monotheism;messianichope;morallaw;OldTestament;
meaningofhistory;synagogue
TheSpreadofChristianityintheEmpire(to100)
• TotheJewFirst
• AndAlsototheGreek
TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)
• ExternalPressures
Ø Persecution
Ø PaganIntellectuals
• InternalPressures
Ø Heresy
• ApostolicFathers
Ø ClementofRome
Ø Ignatius
Ø Polycarp
TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)
• PeakofPersecution(Decius,Diocletion–3rdCentury)
Ø BanningofMeetings
Ø DestructionofChurches
Ø DepositionofOfficers
Ø Imprisonment
Ø BurningofScriptures
Ø Death
• EdictofMilan(313)
TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)
• StrongChurchCenters
• NearlyAllCornersof
theEmpire
• ByAD250,5to15%of
theRomanWorldwas
Christian
TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)
• DevelopmentoftheCanon
• CreationofaCreed(i.e.,TheApostle’sCreed)
• ObediencetotheBishops
Ø Expandedpower
Ø Hierarchicalorganization
Ø ApostolicSuccession
Ø ExaltationoftheLord’sSupper
• ALiturgy
• ABuilding
Ø BasedontheRomanBasilica
TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590)
• ConstantineandtheEdictofMilan(313)
• ThePriceof“Acceptance”
• NiceneCreed(325&381)
• Ambrose,Theodosius&the
ExpansionthethePowerof
theBishop
TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590)
• TheFallofRome
Ø Powervacuum
Ø Importanceofthemonasteries
• BarbarianInvasions
• AugustineofHippo
• Benedict&Scholastica
MedievalChurchHistory
TheRiseoftheEmpireandLatin-TeutonicChristianity(590-800)
• GregoryIBecomesPopeintheWest
Ø SupportsBenedictines
Ø Supportsmissionarywork,esp.England
Ø DevelopsDoctrineofPurgatory
Ø ShapedtheMass
Ø GregorianChant
• JustinianRulesintheEast
Ø CodeofCivilLaws
Ø ReconquersNorthAfrica
Ø BuildsHagiaSofia
Feudalism,Islam,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054)
• Feudalism
Ø AroseaftertheFallofRomeinthevacuumofacentral
temporalauthority
Ø Nosocialmobility
Ø DeclineinChristianfaith
Ø FarlessintheEast
• Islam
Ø Muhammad(570-632)
Ø Spreadofthefaithbythesword
Ø FinallyturnedbackbyCharles(The
Hammer)MartelattheBattleof
Tours(711)butremainedaconstant
threatintheEast
Feudalism,Islam,theFranks,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054)
• FrankishDominationofEurope
Ø Charlemagne
Ø BeginningoftheHolyRomanEmpire
• Schismof1054
Ø Severallong-standingdisputes
Ø EastwascutofffromtheWestforgood
andbad
Ø Madeformalaninformaldivision
alreadyexisting
Ø ResultingstagnationintheEast
TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305)
• TheCrusades
Ø JerusalemfelltotheMuslimsin638
Ø Access,allowedatfirst,becamefordifficult
Ø PopeUrbanII
Ø Peasant’sCrusade
Ø 1stCrusade(1096-1099)–captured
Jerusalem
Ø 2ndCrusade(1147)–failure
Ø 3rdCrusade(1189-1192)–somesuccess
Ø 4thCrusade(1200)–negotiatedsuccess
Ø Children’sCrusade(1212)
Ø FallofAcre(1291)
Ø CrusadesinEurope
TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305)
• OtherKeyEvents
Ø AlfredtheGreattranslatestheBibleinEngland
Ø Hungarians&PolesarewontoChristianity
Ø ChristianityreachesIceland&Greenland
Ø Bohemiaiswon
Ø Russiaiswon
Ø Popesbecomemorepolitical
Ø Canonizationofsaints
Ø BeliefintheimmaculateconceptionofMary
Ø WilliamtheConquerorinvadesEngland(1066)
Ø Monasteriescontinueasprimarylearning
centersandecclesiasticalreform
Ø BeginningsofGothicarchitecture
MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517)
• FeudalismwasFadingAway
• EarlyReformAttempts&NewOrders
Ø Waldensians(late12century)
Ø Franciscans,Dominicans,Augustinians
Ø TheScholastics(Anselm,Aquinas)
• MoralLowPoint
• HundredYear’sWar(1337-1443)
• BlackDeath
MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517)
• AdditionalReformers
Ø Wycliffe(England)
Ø Hus(Bohemia)
• RenaissanceinItaly
• FallofConstantinople(1453)
• Inquisition&Corruption
• Gutenberg
Ø 1stPrintingPress(1453)
ModernChurchHistory
ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)
• TheChristianHumanists
• Erasmus
• Zwingli
• Calvin
• Melanchthon
• MartinLuther
• ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounterReformation(1517-1648)
• MartinLutherWittenbergChapelDoor-31October1517
ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)
• UlrichZwingli
• JohnCalvin
• Anabaptists
• ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation
(1517-1648)
• Counter-Reformation
• IgnatiusLoyola
• FrancisXavier
• PopePaulIII
ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)
• Meanwhile,BackinEngland…
• HenryVIIIandHisQuestforaSon
Ø “DefenderoftheChurch”(1520)
Ø Henrywantsadivorce(1529)
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Ø Pope(Clement)refuses
Ø HenrydeclareshimselfHeadofthe
ChurchofEngland
Ø Catholic,notProtestant
Ø Henryinstitutessomereforms
Ø BloodyMary&ElizabethI
Tyndale&KnoxinScotland
ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation
(1517-1648)
Summary
ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)
• Copernicus&Galileo
• Politics&the30YearsWar
Ø PeaceofAugsburg(1555)
Ø Protestantsvs.Catholics
Ø HREmperorvs.Princes
Ø Francevs.Habsburgs
Ø PeaceofWestphalia(1648)
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PuritansinEngland
Ø FocusonScriptures
Ø KingJamesBible
Ø ThePilgrims
Ø The“MiddleRoad”ofQEI
TheNewWorld(to1783)
• Columbus(1492)
• QuicklyfollowedbyotherEuropeanPowers
Ø Spain&Portugal
Ø France
Ø GermanicStates
Ø Netherlands
Ø GreatBritain
• French&IndianWar
• AmericanRevolution
TheNewWorld(to1783)
• French&IndianWar(1754-1763)
• AmericanRevolution(1775-1783)
Revivalism,Missions,andModernism(1783-1914)
• Optimism&Modernism
Ø Britainabolishestheslavetrade(1807)
Ø Waterloo(1815)bringspeacetoEuropefor99years
Ø IndustrialRevolution=lowerprices&goodsformore
people
Ø Medicaldiscoveries
Ø TheAmericanWestiswon
StormClouds
Ø People=commodities
Ø Slavery
Ø Loveofthings&ofman’sabilityto
fixeverything
Ø Rationalism
Ø AmericanCivilWar
MissionsandModernism(1783-1914)
• PrevalenceoftheSocialGospel
• Response(i.e.,Spurgeon)
• ActionsoftheRomanCatholicChurch
Ø Confirmationof7sacraments
Ø AddedtheApocryphatotheBible
Ø SalvationonlythroughRome
Ø Denouncedharmonywithculture
Ø Denouncedanylimitstopapalauthority
Ø DeclaredthedoctrineoftheImmaculateConception
Ø VaticanII(1962-1965)loosenedmanyCatholicpositions
ChurchandSocietyinTension(1914-Present)
• TheWorldWars&Man’sEmptiness
• TheStruggleforMeaning
• ThePrevalenceofFalseDoctrine
Ø Claimsofadeeperunderstanding
Ø DenialofthefulldeityofChrist
Ø RejectionoftheinerrancyofScripture
Ø Self=God
Ø SalvationbyChristComing,notHisatonement
Ø RejectionoftheVirginBirth
Ø Salvationbyillumination
• OurGodReigns
Ø God,notman,issovereignoverall
Ø Hanginthere!
SuggestedResourcesforFurtherStudy
• Bruce,F.F.,NewTestamentHistory,Doubleday,1972.
• Cairns,EarleE.,ChristianityThroughtheCenturies,Revised&
EnlargedEdition,GrandRapids:AcademieBooks,1954,1981.
• Noll,Mark,A.,TurningPoints,DecisiveMomentsintheHistoryof
Christianity,GrandRapids:BakerBooks,1997.
• Schaff,P.,&D.S.Schaff.HistoryoftheChristianChurch.Oak
Harbor,WA:LogosResearchSystems,Inc.,1997.
• Vos,HowardF.,IntroductiontoChurchHistory,Nashville:Thomas
NelsonPublishers,1994.
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