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AscentSession2–TheHistoryofChristianity PhasesofChurchHistory EarlyChurchHistory • TheSpreadofChristianityintheEmpire(to100) • TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313) • TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590) MedievalChurchHistory • TheRiseoftheEmpireandLatin-TeutonicChristianity(590-800) • Feudalism,Islam,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054) • TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305) • MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517) ModernChurchHistory • ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation (1517-1648) • TheNewWorld(to1783) • MissionsandModernism(1789-1914) • ChurchandSocietyinTension(1914-Present) Definitions Catholic • • • • FromLatin:“universal” Usedinmanyearlycreeds Theterms“catholic”and“church”upuntil1517 “Roman”or“RomanCatholic”aftertheReformation • • FromGreek:“correctopinion”or“rightthinking” SevenEcumenicalCouncilsheldbetween325and787withtheaimof formalizingaccepteddoctrines(orthodoxy) Stillusedtodefinebiblicalbeliefs “OrthodoxChurch”intheEast(andRussia)aftertheSchismof1054 Orthodox • • Protestant • • • From:LetterofProtestationwrittenbyGermanLutheranPrincesin 1529againstRomancondemnationofthe“Protestants” AmovementtocorrecterrorsintheRomanchurch,whichleadtoa fullbreakwithRome Manycommoncorebeliefs(againstpapalauthority,twosacraments, justificationsbyfaithalone)althoughthereisnocentralstructureand moredividedtheologicallyandecclesiastically EarlyChurchHistory InTheFullnessofTime • RomanContributions(POLITICAL):“unity”ofmankind; freedomofmovement;roads;Romanarmy • GreekContributions(INTELLECTUAL):language;emptinessof gods&philosophy • JewishContributions(RELIGIOUS):existenceofGod; monotheism;messianichope;morallaw;OldTestament; meaningofhistory;synagogue TheSpreadofChristianityintheEmpire(to100) • TotheJewFirst • AndAlsototheGreek TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313) • ExternalPressures Ø Persecution Ø PaganIntellectuals • InternalPressures Ø Heresy • ApostolicFathers Ø ClementofRome Ø Ignatius Ø Polycarp TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313) • PeakofPersecution(Decius,Diocletion–3rdCentury) Ø BanningofMeetings Ø DestructionofChurches Ø DepositionofOfficers Ø Imprisonment Ø BurningofScriptures Ø Death • EdictofMilan(313) TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313) • StrongChurchCenters • NearlyAllCornersof theEmpire • ByAD250,5to15%of theRomanWorldwas Christian TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313) • DevelopmentoftheCanon • CreationofaCreed(i.e.,TheApostle’sCreed) • ObediencetotheBishops Ø Expandedpower Ø Hierarchicalorganization Ø ApostolicSuccession Ø ExaltationoftheLord’sSupper • ALiturgy • ABuilding Ø BasedontheRomanBasilica TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590) • ConstantineandtheEdictofMilan(313) • ThePriceof“Acceptance” • NiceneCreed(325&381) • Ambrose,Theodosius&the ExpansionthethePowerof theBishop TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590) • TheFallofRome Ø Powervacuum Ø Importanceofthemonasteries • BarbarianInvasions • AugustineofHippo • Benedict&Scholastica MedievalChurchHistory TheRiseoftheEmpireandLatin-TeutonicChristianity(590-800) • GregoryIBecomesPopeintheWest Ø SupportsBenedictines Ø Supportsmissionarywork,esp.England Ø DevelopsDoctrineofPurgatory Ø ShapedtheMass Ø GregorianChant • JustinianRulesintheEast Ø CodeofCivilLaws Ø ReconquersNorthAfrica Ø BuildsHagiaSofia Feudalism,Islam,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054) • Feudalism Ø AroseaftertheFallofRomeinthevacuumofacentral temporalauthority Ø Nosocialmobility Ø DeclineinChristianfaith Ø FarlessintheEast • Islam Ø Muhammad(570-632) Ø Spreadofthefaithbythesword Ø FinallyturnedbackbyCharles(The Hammer)MartelattheBattleof Tours(711)butremainedaconstant threatintheEast Feudalism,Islam,theFranks,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054) • FrankishDominationofEurope Ø Charlemagne Ø BeginningoftheHolyRomanEmpire • Schismof1054 Ø Severallong-standingdisputes Ø EastwascutofffromtheWestforgood andbad Ø Madeformalaninformaldivision alreadyexisting Ø ResultingstagnationintheEast TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305) • TheCrusades Ø JerusalemfelltotheMuslimsin638 Ø Access,allowedatfirst,becamefordifficult Ø PopeUrbanII Ø Peasant’sCrusade Ø 1stCrusade(1096-1099)–captured Jerusalem Ø 2ndCrusade(1147)–failure Ø 3rdCrusade(1189-1192)–somesuccess Ø 4thCrusade(1200)–negotiatedsuccess Ø Children’sCrusade(1212) Ø FallofAcre(1291) Ø CrusadesinEurope TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305) • OtherKeyEvents Ø AlfredtheGreattranslatestheBibleinEngland Ø Hungarians&PolesarewontoChristianity Ø ChristianityreachesIceland&Greenland Ø Bohemiaiswon Ø Russiaiswon Ø Popesbecomemorepolitical Ø Canonizationofsaints Ø BeliefintheimmaculateconceptionofMary Ø WilliamtheConquerorinvadesEngland(1066) Ø Monasteriescontinueasprimarylearning centersandecclesiasticalreform Ø BeginningsofGothicarchitecture MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517) • FeudalismwasFadingAway • EarlyReformAttempts&NewOrders Ø Waldensians(late12century) Ø Franciscans,Dominicans,Augustinians Ø TheScholastics(Anselm,Aquinas) • MoralLowPoint • HundredYear’sWar(1337-1443) • BlackDeath MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517) • AdditionalReformers Ø Wycliffe(England) Ø Hus(Bohemia) • RenaissanceinItaly • FallofConstantinople(1453) • Inquisition&Corruption • Gutenberg Ø 1stPrintingPress(1453) ModernChurchHistory ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648) • TheChristianHumanists • Erasmus • Zwingli • Calvin • Melanchthon • MartinLuther • ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounterReformation(1517-1648) • MartinLutherWittenbergChapelDoor-31October1517 ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648) • UlrichZwingli • JohnCalvin • Anabaptists • ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation (1517-1648) • Counter-Reformation • IgnatiusLoyola • FrancisXavier • PopePaulIII ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648) • Meanwhile,BackinEngland… • HenryVIIIandHisQuestforaSon Ø “DefenderoftheChurch”(1520) Ø Henrywantsadivorce(1529) • • • Ø Pope(Clement)refuses Ø HenrydeclareshimselfHeadofthe ChurchofEngland Ø Catholic,notProtestant Ø Henryinstitutessomereforms Ø BloodyMary&ElizabethI Tyndale&KnoxinScotland ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation (1517-1648) Summary ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648) • Copernicus&Galileo • Politics&the30YearsWar Ø PeaceofAugsburg(1555) Ø Protestantsvs.Catholics Ø HREmperorvs.Princes Ø Francevs.Habsburgs Ø PeaceofWestphalia(1648) • PuritansinEngland Ø FocusonScriptures Ø KingJamesBible Ø ThePilgrims Ø The“MiddleRoad”ofQEI TheNewWorld(to1783) • Columbus(1492) • QuicklyfollowedbyotherEuropeanPowers Ø Spain&Portugal Ø France Ø GermanicStates Ø Netherlands Ø GreatBritain • French&IndianWar • AmericanRevolution TheNewWorld(to1783) • French&IndianWar(1754-1763) • AmericanRevolution(1775-1783) Revivalism,Missions,andModernism(1783-1914) • Optimism&Modernism Ø Britainabolishestheslavetrade(1807) Ø Waterloo(1815)bringspeacetoEuropefor99years Ø IndustrialRevolution=lowerprices&goodsformore people Ø Medicaldiscoveries Ø TheAmericanWestiswon StormClouds Ø People=commodities Ø Slavery Ø Loveofthings&ofman’sabilityto fixeverything Ø Rationalism Ø AmericanCivilWar MissionsandModernism(1783-1914) • PrevalenceoftheSocialGospel • Response(i.e.,Spurgeon) • ActionsoftheRomanCatholicChurch Ø Confirmationof7sacraments Ø AddedtheApocryphatotheBible Ø SalvationonlythroughRome Ø Denouncedharmonywithculture Ø Denouncedanylimitstopapalauthority Ø DeclaredthedoctrineoftheImmaculateConception Ø VaticanII(1962-1965)loosenedmanyCatholicpositions ChurchandSocietyinTension(1914-Present) • TheWorldWars&Man’sEmptiness • TheStruggleforMeaning • ThePrevalenceofFalseDoctrine Ø Claimsofadeeperunderstanding Ø DenialofthefulldeityofChrist Ø RejectionoftheinerrancyofScripture Ø Self=God Ø SalvationbyChristComing,notHisatonement Ø RejectionoftheVirginBirth Ø Salvationbyillumination • OurGodReigns Ø God,notman,issovereignoverall Ø Hanginthere! SuggestedResourcesforFurtherStudy • Bruce,F.F.,NewTestamentHistory,Doubleday,1972. • Cairns,EarleE.,ChristianityThroughtheCenturies,Revised& EnlargedEdition,GrandRapids:AcademieBooks,1954,1981. • Noll,Mark,A.,TurningPoints,DecisiveMomentsintheHistoryof Christianity,GrandRapids:BakerBooks,1997. • Schaff,P.,&D.S.Schaff.HistoryoftheChristianChurch.Oak Harbor,WA:LogosResearchSystems,Inc.,1997. • Vos,HowardF.,IntroductiontoChurchHistory,Nashville:Thomas NelsonPublishers,1994. •