Download Mitosis and Asexual Reproduction

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Chapter 5.1
5.1 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
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Due to the loss and death of cells  must replace them.
How many cells in your body?
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50-100 million trillion
Every minute your body produces about 300 million new cells
Three stages in the cell cycle:
1. Interphase: cell carries out normal functions.
2. Mitosis: nucleus contents duplicated and divided into
two equal parts.
3. Cytokinesis: separation of two nuclei and cell contents
into two daughter cells.
See pages 150 - 153
Parts of the Cell Cycle
Interphase
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Interphase - the longest cell cycle stage (lasts 15 hrs.
– months).
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cell performs normal functions and grows.
In late interphase, DNA copies itself in the process
of replication.
Replication involves several steps:
1. The DNA molecule unwinds with the help of an enzyme.
2. New bases pair with the bases on the original DNA.
3. Two new identical DNA molecules are produced.
 Now, double the amount of DNA in nucleus it divides (Mitosis)
DNA Unraveling (video)
Late Interphase cont’d.
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Chromatin is in its loosely
coiled form so that DNA can
be copied into RNA for
proteins to be made in
preparation for cell division.
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At the end of interphase, the
cell continues to grow and
make proteins in preparation
for mitosis and cytokinesis.
Chromosomes
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As the nucleus prepares
to divide, replicated
DNA in interphase joins
to form sister
chromatids, joined by a
centromere.
Mitosis Overview:
Mitosis is the shortest stage of the cell cycle where
the nuclear contents divide, and two daughter nuclei
are formed.
It occurs in 4 stages:
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(BC Science 9 animation)
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Helpful saying to remember the order:
“I picked many apples today.”
Mitosis - Prophase
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Chromosomes start to coil
and become visible.
Pairs of centrioles start to
separate.
The nuclear membrane
disappears.
Spindle fibers start to form
between the centriole pairs.
Chromosomes move more
evenly throughout the
nucleus.
Mitosis - Metaphase
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Centriole pairs move to
opposite ends of the cell.
Spindle fibers are still
attached to the centriole
pairs.
Chromosomes line up
along the midline of the
cell and are attached to
the spindle fibers.
Mitosis - Anaphase
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The pair of chromatids split at
the centromere and move to
opposite ends of the spindle.
Now there are twice the number
of chromosomes within the cell
membrane.
Movement of the chromosomes
towards the opposite ends of
the cell membrane is aided by
the spindle fibers.
Mitosis - Telophase
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Nuclear membranes form
around the two new sets of
chromosomes.
The spindle fiber disappears.
Chromosomes start to uncoil
(chromatin) and become less
visible.
Cell starts to make a groove
(furrow) in the middle to
eventually split into two
identical cells.
Cytokinesis
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The division of material outside of the nucleus.
• Occurs after telophase.
Divides the organelles and other substances in the
cytoplasm into roughly two equal halves.
Animal cells furrow while plant cells form a cell
plate
# chromosomes in daughter cell = the #
chromosomes in parent cell.
Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent.
Cytokinesis
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Video
Cell Cycle Problems
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Checkpoints in the cell cycle will prevent
cell division if:
• If the cell is short of nutrients
• If the DNA within the nucleus has not been
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replicated
If the DNA is damaged
Cell Cycle Problems
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Mutations in genes involving checkpoints can
result in an out-of-control cell cycle. The result
can be uncontrolled cell division: cancer (12 slides of
Flash animation)
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Cancer cells have large, abnormal nuclei
Cancer cells are not specialized, so they serve no function
Cancer cells attract blood vessels and grow into tumours.
Cells from tumours can break away to other areas of the
body
See pages 159 - 161
Cancer
Asexual Reproduction
Chapter 5.2
5.2 Asexual Reproduction
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Reminder, most (~95%) of the time the cell is
in interphase (doing its job, growing,
surviving, etc.)
Reminder, when the cell gets too big (If its
volume outgrows its surface area), it must
divide/reproduce
5.2 Asexual Reproduction
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is how the cells of multi-cellular organisms
(like your body cells) reproduce and multiply
is a common method of reproduction among
single-celled organisms, such as the
paramecium
clone – offspring is an identical genetic
copy of its parent
• E.g. used in agriculture and research to copy
desired organisms, tissues and genes
Types of Asexual Reproduction
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Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Vegetative reproduction
Spore formation
Binary fission
– a single cell
(unicellular) splits into
identical copies
(Ex. Bacteria)
Budding
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can occur in unicellular
or multi-cellular
organisms. Buds
develop into a new
organism (Ex. Hydra)
Fragmentation
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Part of an organism breaks off due to injury
The part grows into a clone of the parent
Example: Starfish, milfoil
Vegetative reproduction
-special cells in plants that develop into structures that
form new plants identical to the parent (Ex. Spider plants,
grafting fruit trees, runners and rhizomes, tubers and bulbs)
Spore formation
some bacteria, micro-organisms
and fungi can form spores - single
cells that can grow into a whole
new organism
(ex. Penicillium)
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Asexual Reproduction
See page 175
Human Assisted Cloning
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Two types: reproductive and therapeutic cloning
Reproductive cloning - purpose is to produce a
genetic duplicate of an existing or dead organism.
Steps involved (adult DNA cloning) :
1. Remove nucleus from an egg cell
2. A mammary gland cell is removed from an adult
female
3. Electricity fuses mammary and egg cell
4. Fused cell begins dividing
5. Dividing embryo is inserted into surrogate mother
See pages 176 - 177
Reproductive Cloning
Therapeutic cloning
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purpose is to correct health problems
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Stem cells
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cells that can become different types of cells
can be used to replace cells
damaged from injuries or disease
Diabetes, spinal injuries, Parkinson’s
disease are only a few that can
benefit from stem cell therapy
Controversial because the best
stem cells are from embryos which
are destroyed when harvesting cells
Cloning - debate
See pages 177 - 178
Therapeutic Cloning