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Chapter 13-Renaissance and Reformation Pages 408-441 text Renaissance in Italy • *Why Italy • *Artist and new ideas • *Writers 1350-1550 • Renaissance means rebirth: medieval – modern – transition • Interested in Classic Greek and Roman traditions • Scholars-human experience vs. Spirituality • “Renaissance Man” many talents in many fields (well-rounded) • high regard for human worth • Pico della Mirandola “[to man] it is granted to have whatever he chooses-to be whatever he wills.” Humanism-study of classics • Humanities: Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, and History-education was the key • Francesco Petrarch-library of Greek and Roman manuscipts-Cicero, Homer, Virgil again known • Italy was the Cradle • *people could study art and architecture • *Church supported many artist and scholars • *Location-trade/banking • *Muslim trade with Rome-Scientific and technical knowledge Why Italy? • City-States: Urban society, govern themselves, wealthy from trade, merchants and bankers make up powerful middle class, middle class=political leadership, time and money to support arts. • Secular or Worldly spirit emerges • Medici Family-powerful-ran Florencehired local painters, sculptors to beautify the city • Line of Popes Humanist art: • Jesus and Mary-Greek/Roman backgrounds • Also well known figures of the time for their individual accomplishments • Donatello-Soldier on a Horse, first like this since Middle ages • Perspective: vanishing point-3D • Study Anatomy • Architecture was considered social art Perspective Renaissance Man • Filippo Brunelleschi: • Dome modeled after Pantheon • Also an inventor who studied with Donatello Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Early Life • Madonna of the Rocks – Geometrical arrangement of figures – Chiaroscuro – Sfumato – Foreshortening – Background treatments – Artists live on commissions The Last Supper • Last Supper – Used new fresco method – Built into the room's end • Light from the side with the window • Door cut below • During WWII a bomb hit the monastery • Destroyed by erosion Mona Lisa • The greatness of the Mona Lisa – What do you see? Notebooks • Coded – Read R a mirror L with • Scientific illustration – Used science to support art Military Aeronautics Anatomy Technology • • • • • Machines Hydraulics Vehicles on land Architecture Scientific method Legacy • • • • • • • • • • Only 17 paintings Notebooks Drawings of unfinished works Diverted rivers to prevent flooding Principles of turbine Cartography Submarine Flying machine Parachute …And much more…. Renaissance Man • Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475-1564 “melancholy genius” • David • Pieta-Mary with dead Jesus • Sistine Chapel • Designed St. Peters Cathedral (US Capitol Building modeled after that) Early Life • Born outside of Florence • Apprenticed as a sculptor – Master recognized his talents Commissions by Medici • Lived in the Medici palace • Studied anatomy • Several pieces for the Medici tombs, etc. Rome • Commissioned to do Pietá Return to Florence • Commissioned to do David David Return to Rome • Worked on tomb for Julius II • Sistine Chapel Sistine Chapel The Last Judgement Moses • Received funding from Pope Leo X – The Moses (coronu=crown) – (cornu=horn) St. Peter’s • Architect for St. Peter’s Legacy • World’s greatest sculptor – See the figure inside the stone and remove excess • Painter – Mannerism • Poet • Architect • Engineer Renaissance Man • Raphael 1483-1520 • The School of Athens (Plato, Socrates, Aristotle…) • Madonna and Childtrademark • Younger than the other great artists. Died at 37. School of Athens School of Athens Madonna of the Meadow Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi 1386 – 1466) Saint George David Mary Magdalene Another artist: Titian and the Venetian School • Characteristics: – Vivid colors – Dynamics and dramatic movement – Sensuality Renaissance Man • Writing: Philosophy and Scholarship • Castiglione-Book of the Courtier • Manners-skillsvirtues-members of the court • Double standard Renaissance Man • Machiavelli-The Prince • Guide for rulers to gain maintain control • “Ends justify the means” • “It is better to be feared than loved.” Renaissance in Northern Europe • 1455 Johann Gutenberg of Germany invented the printing press with movable type • Before the printing press, only a few thousand books in all of Europe-by 1500, 1520 million volumes had been produced Flanders • Flanders was a northern area, including parts of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands • Famous Flemish painters were 1400’s, Jan van Eycktownspeople, religious figures, realistic • Peiter Bruegel, “Peasant Bruegel”vibrant colors to portray peasant life Bruegel: Peasant Wedding Northern Renaissance • 1600’s-Peter Paul Rubens, realistic tradition blended with classical themes • Albrecht Durer, 1494, Germany-traveled to Italy to learn, and spread the ideals to the north— “Leonardo of the North” • Durer specialized in engraving-many contain religious upheaval On the right Rubens: The Massacre of Innocents Below Rubens: The Judgment of Paris Durer: Melancholia I • Magic Square in the art Durer: The Last Supper Humanists Humanists • Instead of writing in Latin, wrote in Vernaculareveryday language of ordinary people • Dutch Priest, Erasmus, 1466, called for church reform and translation of the bible to vernacular • Sir (Saint) Thomas More, Utopia Humanists • French Humanist, Francois Rabelais, monk, Gargantua and Pantagruel, offer serious subjects in comedy form-critical of the church • William Shakespeare, between 1590 and 1613, 37 plays, classical themes in common language The Protestant Reformation • Unless I am convicted by the scriptures and by plain reason - I do not accept the authority of popes and councils for they have contradicted each other – my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. • Martin Luther Reformation • Began with the question of SALVATION – A key figure (who we’ll talk about later was) • Martin Luther – German – felt his answer did not fit traditional teachings of the Catholic Church • Reformation got its start with Christian Humanism – Humans improve themselves. In order to change society, one must first change humans who make up society. Reformation • Desiderius Erasmus – Christian Humanist • Christianity shows people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than a system of beliefs to be saved. Such as: • Pilgrimages -Fasting -Relics • ALL UNIMPORTANT • He felt the church was abusing its power (also the monks) CORRUPTION IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH • Too concerned with politics • Patrons of the arts – caused them to be too caught up in finances • Clergy bought their positions (also absenteeism) • Collection of relics for salvation • Pay for indulgences to reduce time in purgatory MARTIN LUTHER • • • • • Born in 1483 Germany Monk – rid of guilt Studies theology ad University of Wittenberg Received doctorate and lectured on the bible Wanted certainty of salvation – began to search for answers • Catholic Church at the time stressed faith and good works Luther’s Conclusions: • Humans are powerless in the sight of a powerful God • Humans could never do enough to earn their own salvation • Humans are saved by faith alone in the promises of God through the sacrifice of Christ • FAITH ALONE became the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation • The Bible was the only guide to religious truth Luther • 1517 – Luther posted his 95 Thesis on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. • It was his attack on the church (he wanted them to “clean up their act”) • His intentions were not to start a new church • In his thesis he: • Attacked church on sale of indulgences • Attacked pope for such sales • Attacked the sacraments • He only kept 2 of the 7 sacraments Baptism and the Lord’s Supper (Holy Communion) • Clergy could marry Luther • Luther was excommunicated from the Church • His works were to be burned • He was to be captured and taken to the emperor • He was forced into hiding • Caused the church to split – Catholics and followers of Luther who were Protesting against the church – Protestants Luther • Luther gained a huge following in Germany (ESPECIALLY THE NORTHERN HALF) • Many however were motivated by political and economical reasons • Created German nationalism and pride • Lutheran churches began to grow in Northern Germany and Scandinavia Luther • State dominated churches • Political leaders not the pope had the last word • Mass was replaced by worship services of bible reading, preaching and songs Influence on politics and religion in the German Reformation • - Luther’s movement was closely tied to political affairs • ie. Charles V – emperor of the Holy Roman Empire vs. The Lutheran Princes of Germany • - Religious warfare came to an end with the Peace of Augsburg • Lutheran states were to have the same legal rights as Catholic states • However pure religious freedom did not exist SWITZERLAND - Home to two major reform Movements • • • • • • 1. Zwinglianism – Ulrich Zwingli – a priest in Zurich, Switzerland Religious Reforms: Relics and images abolished Paintings and decorations in churches removed Mass replaced by church services of bible reading, prayer and sermons • Monasticism, pilgrimages, popes authority – ABOLISHED Swiss Protestants • Zwingli tried to unite Luther with the Catholics • Unable to agree on the meaning of the Lord’s Supper • “Body and Blood of Christ” Literal or Symbolic meaning • He died in battle vs. Catholics Swiss Protestants • 2. John Calvin • From France (a Catholic country) • Forced to flee from France to Switzerland • Wrote institutes of Christian religion (summary of protestant thought) Calvin • • • • • • Beliefs Like Luther, justification was by “faith alone” for salvation Placed much emphasis on: absolute sovereignty of God (All-powerful nature of god) “Power Grace and Glory of God” PREDESTINATION: God knows who will be saved from Hell and who will not However, no one knows what God knows! Some followers believed that they were chosen to be saved. How did they know if they were chosen? • Only God knows Calvin • Geneva, Switzerland became the powerful center for the Protestants • Missionaries trained in Geneva • Calvinism soon was established in: • France – French Huguenots • Netherlands – Reformed, Christian Reformed etc • Scotland – John Knox – Presbyterian- Calvin • West Michigan Connection – Camp Geneva, Calvin College!! Henry the VIII • Henry went from the defender of the faith to protesting the Catholic Church • 1527 After 18 years of marriage to Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish/Catholic wife, only one surviving child, Mary Tudor. • mid-1520's, he met and fell in love with Ann Boleyn, a lady in waiting to Catherine. He wished to annul his marriage to Catherine and marry Ann • The pope denied the divorce/annulment (Charles V-Catherine’s nephew). Henry the VIII • fired his closest advisor, Cardinal Wolsey, the Lord Chancellor of England. • Replaced him with Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell. • Both sympathetic to the new ideas of Martin Luther. • Split the English church off from the Roman church. Rather than the pope, the king would be the spiritual head of the English church. Henry the VIII • 1529, the English Parliament began to debate this question--seven years • Power over clergy went to the king. In 1531, the clergy of England recognized Henry as the head of the church • married Ann Boleyn, already pregnant with his second daughter, Elizabeth. • In 1534 Parliament stopped all contributions to the Roman church • Act of Succession declared the children of Ann Boleyn to be the heirs Henry the VIII • almost no change in the practices or dogma • Use English Bibles • the transubstantiation of the Eucharist (that is, that the Eucharist was mystically transformed into the body and blood of Christ), confession, private masses, celibate vows, and the sanctity of the Eucharistic cup. • The only substantive change Henry made merely involved the head of the church English Reformation • Edward VI (ruled 1547-1553) was Henry's third child, born by his third wife, Jane Seymour. • Church of England into a thoroughly Protestant church • Thomas Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer on all church services. • He also ordered any and all images and altars to be removed from churches. English Reformation • Edward died--succeeded by Mary (15531558), Henry's first child by Catherine of Aragon. • Mary devoutly Catholic. • declared England to be a Catholic country and assertively went about converting churches back • Images and altars were returned • because of the sheer number of executions of Protestant leaders, the English would eventually call her "Bloody Mary." English Reformation • Mary was succeeded by Elizabeth, the daughter of Ann Boleyn • Henry had executed Ann as an adulterer and Elizabeth was declared a bastard child. • Assumed the throne in 1558 and reigned until 1603. • Elizabeth was perhaps the greatest monarch in the history of England, and possibly the greatest and most brilliant monarch in European history. English Reformation • repealed Mary's Catholic legislation, she did not return to Edward's more austere Protestantism. Rather, she worked out a compromise church • pope excommunicated her • She managed to avoid assassination she executed her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587. English Reformation • Mary Queen of Scots-cousin of Elizabeth's and the next in line for the English throne. She was a committed Catholic. • Elizabethan Compromise pleased Catholics by retaining several important aspects of Catholicism and also managed to please moderate Calvinists • English Calvinists (called "Puritans“) allowed to participate in Parliament and to set up semiautonomous congregations that practiced Calvinist doctrine but still recognized the Queen The Counter-Reformation • The Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic Teaching-the bible is a major source for Christian beliefs, but not the only source • The church took steps to end abuses and created schools to ensure better clergy • Index of Forbidden Books-Luther, Calvin, Petrarch (protestants and humanists) • Spanish knight, Ignatius of Loyola, became a soldier of God and formed the Jesuit Monks to defend and spread Catholic beliefs (Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as well as Europe • Witch hunts became popular-Jew placed into ghettos in some cities • Image: Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680), The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1645-52), marble, Santa Maria della Vittoria at Rome. Image source: CGFA. The Scientific Revolution • Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543, Poland) –heliocentric universe-most experts reject the theory • 1543 De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs) • University of Padua • Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) –observes the skies and supports Copernicus • 1572-73 Crab Nebula • 1577 new comet • German astronomer, (Brahe’s asst) Johannes Kepler (15711630) • Three Laws of Planetary Motion • One of the laws: An equal area of the plane is covered in equal time by planet revolving around the Sun. (or the period of revolution around the Sun is proportional to distance from the Sun.) Galileo • Italian scientist, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • 1633 Galileo banned by the Church • Accused of heresy and forced to publicly state that the earth stands still in the center of the universe. • Englishman, Francis Bacon (1561-1625) stressed experimentation and observation for better lives from practical technologies • Frenchman, Rene Descartes (1596-1650) “I think, therefore I am.” • 1637 Discourse on Method, Theory of Deduction • Englishman, Isaac Newton (16421727) • 1687 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) • Newton's Three Laws of Motion • A body moves in a straight line unless impeded. (Inertia). • Every action has equal and opposite reaction. • Every body attracts every other body with a force proportional to the distance between. Anatomy and Medicine • Vesalius 1543-first accurate, detailed study of human anatomy • William Harvey-1628 On the Movement of the Heart and the Blood-circulatory system • Robert Boyle-opened the way to modern chemical analysis of the matter composition Notes • Scientific method developed • Hypothesis tested through observation • Calculus, developed partially by Newton