Download Chapter 13-Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 13-Renaissance and
Reformation Pages 408-441 text
Renaissance in Italy
• *Why Italy
• *Artist and new ideas
• *Writers
1350-1550
• Renaissance means
rebirth: medieval – modern –
transition
• Interested in Classic Greek and
Roman traditions
• Scholars-human experience vs.
Spirituality
• “Renaissance Man” many talents
in many fields (well-rounded)
• high regard for human worth
• Pico della Mirandola “[to man] it
is granted to have whatever he
chooses-to be whatever he
wills.”
Humanism-study of classics
• Humanities: Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, and
History-education was the key
• Francesco Petrarch-library of Greek and Roman
manuscipts-Cicero, Homer, Virgil again known
• Italy was the Cradle
• *people could study art and architecture
• *Church supported many artist and scholars
• *Location-trade/banking
• *Muslim trade with Rome-Scientific and technical
knowledge
Why Italy?
• City-States: Urban society, govern
themselves, wealthy from trade,
merchants and bankers make up
powerful middle class, middle
class=political leadership, time and
money to support arts.
• Secular or Worldly spirit emerges
• Medici Family-powerful-ran Florencehired local painters, sculptors to
beautify the city
• Line of Popes
Humanist art:
• Jesus and Mary-Greek/Roman
backgrounds
• Also well known figures of the time
for their individual accomplishments
• Donatello-Soldier on a Horse, first like
this since Middle ages
• Perspective: vanishing point-3D
• Study Anatomy
• Architecture was considered social art
Perspective
Renaissance Man
• Filippo Brunelleschi:
• Dome modeled after Pantheon
• Also an inventor who studied
with Donatello
Leonardo da Vinci
1452-1519
Early Life
• Madonna of the Rocks
– Geometrical
arrangement of figures
– Chiaroscuro
– Sfumato
– Foreshortening
– Background
treatments
– Artists live on
commissions
The Last Supper
• Last Supper
– Used new fresco
method
– Built into the room's
end
• Light from the side
with the window
• Door cut below
• During WWII a
bomb hit the
monastery
• Destroyed by
erosion
Mona Lisa
• The greatness of
the Mona Lisa
– What do you see?
Notebooks
• Coded
– Read R
a mirror
L with
• Scientific
illustration
– Used science to
support art
Military
Aeronautics
Anatomy
Technology
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•
Machines
Hydraulics
Vehicles on land
Architecture
Scientific
method
Legacy
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•
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•
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Only 17 paintings
Notebooks
Drawings of unfinished works
Diverted rivers to prevent
flooding
Principles of turbine
Cartography
Submarine
Flying machine
Parachute
…And much more….
Renaissance Man
• Michelangelo Buonarroti
1475-1564 “melancholy
genius”
• David
• Pieta-Mary with dead Jesus
• Sistine Chapel
• Designed St. Peters Cathedral
(US Capitol Building modeled
after that)
Early Life
• Born outside of Florence
• Apprenticed as a sculptor
– Master recognized his talents
Commissions by Medici
• Lived in the
Medici palace
• Studied
anatomy
• Several
pieces for the
Medici tombs,
etc.
Rome
• Commissioned
to do Pietá
Return to Florence
• Commissioned
to do David
David
Return to Rome
• Worked on tomb
for Julius II
• Sistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel
The Last Judgement
Moses
• Received funding from
Pope Leo X
– The Moses
(coronu=crown)
– (cornu=horn)
St. Peter’s
• Architect for
St. Peter’s
Legacy
• World’s greatest
sculptor
– See the figure
inside the stone
and remove excess
• Painter
– Mannerism
• Poet
• Architect
• Engineer
Renaissance Man
• Raphael 1483-1520
• The School of
Athens (Plato,
Socrates, Aristotle…)
• Madonna and Childtrademark
• Younger than the
other great artists.
Died at 37.
School of Athens
School of Athens
Madonna of the Meadow
Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi 1386 – 1466)
Saint George
David
Mary Magdalene
Another artist: Titian and the
Venetian School
• Characteristics:
– Vivid colors
– Dynamics and dramatic
movement
– Sensuality
Renaissance Man
• Writing: Philosophy
and Scholarship
• Castiglione-Book of
the Courtier
• Manners-skillsvirtues-members of
the court
• Double standard
Renaissance Man
• Machiavelli-The Prince
• Guide for rulers to gain
maintain control
• “Ends justify the means”
• “It is better to be feared
than loved.”
Renaissance in Northern Europe
• 1455 Johann
Gutenberg of Germany
invented the printing
press with movable
type
• Before the printing
press, only a few
thousand books in all
of Europe-by 1500, 1520 million volumes had
been produced
Flanders
• Flanders was a northern
area, including parts of
France, Belgium, and
the Netherlands
• Famous Flemish
painters were 1400’s,
Jan van Eycktownspeople, religious
figures, realistic
• Peiter Bruegel,
“Peasant Bruegel”vibrant colors to portray
peasant life
Bruegel: Peasant Wedding
Northern Renaissance
• 1600’s-Peter Paul Rubens,
realistic tradition blended
with classical themes
• Albrecht Durer, 1494,
Germany-traveled to Italy
to learn, and spread the
ideals to the north—
“Leonardo of the North”
• Durer specialized in
engraving-many contain
religious upheaval
On the right Rubens:
The Massacre of Innocents
Below Rubens:
The Judgment of Paris
Durer: Melancholia I
• Magic Square in
the art
Durer: The Last Supper
Humanists
Humanists
• Instead of writing in Latin,
wrote in Vernaculareveryday language of
ordinary people
• Dutch Priest, Erasmus,
1466, called for church
reform and translation of
the bible to vernacular
• Sir (Saint) Thomas More,
Utopia
Humanists
• French Humanist,
Francois Rabelais,
monk, Gargantua and
Pantagruel, offer
serious subjects in
comedy form-critical of
the church
• William Shakespeare,
between 1590 and
1613, 37 plays,
classical themes in
common language
The Protestant Reformation
• Unless I am convicted by
the scriptures and by plain
reason - I do not accept the
authority of popes and
councils for they have
contradicted each other –
my conscience is captive to
the Word of God. I cannot
and will not recant
anything, for to go against
conscience is neither right
nor safe.
• Martin Luther
Reformation
• Began with the question of
SALVATION – A key figure (who we’ll
talk about later was)
• Martin Luther – German – felt his
answer did not fit traditional
teachings of the Catholic Church
• Reformation got its start with
Christian Humanism – Humans
improve themselves. In order to
change society, one must first
change humans who make up
society.
Reformation
• Desiderius Erasmus – Christian
Humanist
• Christianity shows people how to
live good lives on a daily basis
rather than a system of beliefs to
be saved. Such as:
• Pilgrimages -Fasting -Relics
• ALL UNIMPORTANT
• He felt the church was abusing
its power (also the monks)
CORRUPTION IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
• Too concerned with politics
• Patrons of the arts – caused
them to be too caught up in
finances
• Clergy bought their
positions (also
absenteeism)
• Collection of relics for
salvation
• Pay for indulgences to
reduce time in purgatory
MARTIN LUTHER
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•
•
Born in 1483 Germany
Monk – rid of guilt
Studies theology ad University of Wittenberg
Received doctorate and lectured on the bible
Wanted certainty of salvation – began to search
for answers
• Catholic Church at the time stressed faith and
good works
Luther’s Conclusions:
• Humans are powerless in the sight of a
powerful God
• Humans could never do enough to earn
their own salvation
• Humans are saved by faith alone in the
promises of God through the sacrifice of
Christ
• FAITH ALONE became the chief teaching
of the Protestant Reformation
• The Bible was the only guide to religious
truth
Luther
• 1517 – Luther posted his 95 Thesis on the
door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.
•
It was his attack on the church (he
wanted them to “clean up their act”)
•
His intentions were not to start a
new church
•
In his thesis he:
• Attacked church on sale of
indulgences
• Attacked pope for such sales
• Attacked the sacraments
• He only kept 2 of the 7 sacraments
Baptism and the Lord’s Supper (Holy
Communion)
• Clergy could marry
Luther
• Luther was excommunicated
from the Church
• His works were to be
burned
• He was to be captured and
taken to the emperor
• He was forced into hiding
• Caused the church to split –
Catholics and followers of
Luther who were Protesting
against the church –
Protestants
Luther
• Luther gained a huge following in Germany
(ESPECIALLY THE NORTHERN HALF)
• Many however were motivated by political
and economical reasons
• Created German nationalism and pride
• Lutheran churches began to grow in Northern
Germany and Scandinavia
Luther
• State dominated churches
• Political leaders not the
pope had the last word
• Mass was replaced by
worship services of bible
reading, preaching and
songs
Influence on politics and religion in the
German Reformation
• - Luther’s movement was closely tied to
political affairs
• ie. Charles V – emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire vs. The Lutheran Princes of Germany
• - Religious warfare came to an end with the
Peace of Augsburg
• Lutheran states were to have the same legal
rights as Catholic states
• However pure religious freedom did not exist
SWITZERLAND - Home to two major
reform Movements
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Zwinglianism –
Ulrich Zwingli – a priest in Zurich, Switzerland
Religious Reforms:
Relics and images abolished
Paintings and decorations in churches removed
Mass replaced by church services of bible reading, prayer and
sermons
• Monasticism, pilgrimages, popes authority – ABOLISHED
Swiss Protestants
• Zwingli tried to unite Luther
with the Catholics
• Unable to agree on the
meaning of the Lord’s Supper
• “Body and Blood of Christ”
Literal or Symbolic meaning
• He died in battle vs. Catholics
Swiss Protestants
• 2. John Calvin
• From France (a Catholic
country)
• Forced to flee from
France to Switzerland
• Wrote institutes of
Christian religion
(summary of protestant
thought)
Calvin
•
•
•
•
•
•
Beliefs
Like Luther, justification was by “faith alone” for salvation
Placed much emphasis on: absolute sovereignty of God
(All-powerful nature of god) “Power Grace and Glory of God”
PREDESTINATION: God knows who will be saved from Hell and who will not
However, no one knows what God knows! Some followers believed that they
were chosen to be saved. How did they know if they were chosen?
• Only God knows
Calvin
• Geneva, Switzerland became the
powerful center for the Protestants
• Missionaries trained in Geneva
• Calvinism soon was established in:
• France – French Huguenots
• Netherlands – Reformed, Christian
Reformed etc
• Scotland – John Knox –
Presbyterian-
Calvin
• West Michigan Connection – Camp Geneva,
Calvin College!!
Henry the VIII
• Henry went from the defender of the faith
to protesting the Catholic Church
• 1527 After 18 years of marriage to Catherine
of Aragon, a Spanish/Catholic wife, only one
surviving child, Mary Tudor.
• mid-1520's, he met and fell in love with Ann
Boleyn, a lady in waiting to Catherine. He
wished to annul his marriage to Catherine
and marry Ann
• The pope denied the divorce/annulment
(Charles V-Catherine’s nephew).
Henry the VIII
• fired his closest advisor, Cardinal
Wolsey, the Lord Chancellor of
England.
• Replaced him with Thomas
Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell.
• Both sympathetic to the new ideas
of Martin Luther.
• Split the English church off from the
Roman church. Rather than the
pope, the king would be the
spiritual head of the English church.
Henry the VIII
• 1529, the English Parliament began to debate
this question--seven years
• Power over clergy went to the king. In 1531,
the clergy of England recognized Henry as the
head of the church
• married Ann Boleyn, already pregnant with his
second daughter, Elizabeth.
• In 1534 Parliament stopped all contributions to
the Roman church
• Act of Succession declared the children of Ann
Boleyn to be the heirs
Henry the VIII
• almost no change in the practices or dogma
• Use English Bibles
• the transubstantiation of the Eucharist
(that is, that the Eucharist was mystically
transformed into the body and blood of
Christ), confession, private masses, celibate
vows, and the sanctity of the Eucharistic
cup.
• The only substantive change Henry made
merely involved the head of the church
English Reformation
• Edward VI (ruled 1547-1553) was
Henry's third child, born by his third
wife, Jane Seymour.
• Church of England into a thoroughly
Protestant church
• Thomas Cranmer's Book of Common
Prayer on all church services.
• He also ordered any and all images and
altars to be removed from churches.
English Reformation
• Edward died--succeeded by Mary (15531558), Henry's first child by Catherine of
Aragon.
• Mary devoutly Catholic.
• declared England to be a Catholic
country and assertively went about
converting churches back
• Images and altars were returned
• because of the sheer number of
executions of Protestant leaders, the
English would eventually call her "Bloody
Mary."
English Reformation
• Mary was succeeded by Elizabeth, the
daughter of Ann Boleyn
• Henry had executed Ann as an
adulterer and Elizabeth was declared
a bastard child.
• Assumed the throne in 1558 and
reigned until 1603.
• Elizabeth was perhaps the greatest
monarch in the history of England,
and possibly the greatest and most
brilliant monarch in European history.
English Reformation
• repealed Mary's Catholic
legislation, she did not return to
Edward's more austere
Protestantism. Rather, she
worked out a compromise
church
• pope excommunicated her
• She managed to avoid
assassination she executed her
cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, in
1587.
English Reformation
• Mary Queen of Scots-cousin of Elizabeth's and
the next in line for the English throne. She was a
committed Catholic.
• Elizabethan Compromise pleased Catholics by
retaining several important aspects of
Catholicism and also managed to please
moderate Calvinists
• English Calvinists (called "Puritans“) allowed to
participate in Parliament and to set up
semiautonomous congregations that practiced
Calvinist doctrine but still recognized the Queen
The Counter-Reformation
• The Council of Trent reaffirmed
Catholic Teaching-the bible is a major
source for Christian beliefs, but not the
only source
• The church took steps to end abuses
and created schools to ensure better
clergy
• Index of Forbidden Books-Luther, Calvin,
Petrarch (protestants and humanists)
• Spanish knight, Ignatius of Loyola,
became a soldier of God and formed
the Jesuit Monks to defend and spread
Catholic beliefs (Asia, Africa, and the
Americas, as well as Europe
• Witch hunts became popular-Jew placed
into ghettos in some cities
•
Image: Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680), The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1645-52),
marble, Santa Maria della Vittoria at Rome. Image source: CGFA.
The Scientific Revolution
• Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543,
Poland) –heliocentric universe-most
experts reject the theory
• 1543 De Revolutionibus Orbium
Caelestium (On the Revolution of the
Heavenly Orbs)
• University of Padua
• Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601) –observes the skies and
supports Copernicus
• 1572-73 Crab Nebula
• 1577 new comet
• German astronomer, (Brahe’s
asst) Johannes Kepler (15711630)
• Three Laws of Planetary
Motion
• One of the laws: An equal
area of the plane is covered in
equal time by planet revolving
around the Sun. (or the period
of revolution around the Sun
is proportional to distance
from the Sun.)
Galileo
• Italian scientist, Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642)
• 1633 Galileo banned by the
Church
• Accused of heresy and forced
to publicly state that the
earth stands still in the center
of the universe.
• Englishman, Francis Bacon
(1561-1625) stressed
experimentation and
observation for better lives
from practical technologies
• Frenchman, Rene Descartes
(1596-1650) “I think, therefore
I am.”
• 1637 Discourse on Method,
Theory of Deduction
• Englishman, Isaac Newton (16421727)
• 1687 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy)
• Newton's Three Laws of Motion
• A body moves in a straight line unless
impeded. (Inertia).
• Every action has equal and opposite
reaction.
• Every body attracts every other body
with a force proportional to the
distance between.
Anatomy and Medicine
• Vesalius 1543-first accurate,
detailed study of human
anatomy
• William Harvey-1628 On the
Movement of the Heart and
the Blood-circulatory system
• Robert Boyle-opened the
way to modern chemical
analysis of the matter
composition
Notes
• Scientific method
developed
• Hypothesis tested
through observation
• Calculus, developed
partially by Newton