Download PowerPoint 演示文稿

Qin & Han Dynasty
Qin Dynasty
The establishment of Qin Dynasty
• In 221B.C., King Zheng conquered its six rival
states of the Warring States Period, put the
long-time separatist lord regime to an end and
found the first unified, autocratic and powercentralized feudal empire in Chinese history,
making Xianyang as the capital.
• Qin Shihuang(秦始皇), the first emperor
• The Qin Empire relied on the philosophy of
legalism, standardizing legal codes and
bureaucratic procedure.
• Pyramid-like power system:
– The emperor perched on the top
– Central government composed of three chancellors
and nine ministers:
• 丞相(chénɡxiānɡ )
• 太尉(tàiwèi )
• 御史大夫(yùshǐ dàifu )
• The whole empire were divided into 36
prefectures, and each prefecture divided into
counties.
• All the regional governments were subordinate to
the central government, which was ruled by the
emperor himself. The imperial court extended its
control right down to the grass-roots units of the
household groups which supplied labour, taxation
and draftees.
• On the basis of the established Qin standards,
Qin Shihuang pushed forward economic and
cultural reforms, eliminating regional
diversities by every means, and consolidating
the stability and unification of the imperial
regime. The private ownership of lands, along
with standardized currency and weights and
measures promoted the development of
economy.
• Standardization of weights and measures
• Standardization of the writing system: Small
Seal character
• To prevent future uprisings, Qin Shihuang
ordered to confiscate weapons, to destroy the
city walls and military fortifications and to
move the old nobles and magnates of the six
states to the capital so as to weaken their
political and economic influence.
焚书坑儒
• Burning books and burying scholars: brutal
suppression in ideological field, esp. the
Confucianism
• Defeated the nomadic Xiongnu and recovered the
south area of Hetao plain.
• Repaired and augmented the old walls of previous
states and eventually linked these defense works
together to form the Great Wall.
• Tens of thousands of families were forced to migrate to
Hetao subsequently, which played a positive role in
land reclamation and frontier defence.
• All of these activities required enormous
levies of manpower and resources, not to
mention repressive measures. Endless labor,
heavy taxation and harsh laws in the later
years of the Qin Shihuang’s reign started to
provoke widespread social discontent.
• In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang led the
Dazexiang Uprising to overthrow Qin.
Although the uprising was crushed, several
other rebellions erupted consecutively all
around China over the next three years. Many
rebel forces claimed to be restoring the
former six states and numerous pretenders to
the thrones of the states emerged, resulting in
the formation of many insurgent states.
Chu-Han Contention
• Among all the rebel forces, the most powerful
one was the Chu kingdom. Xiang Yu, a Chu
general, won the support of many other rebel
leaders. Xiang Yu sent the ruler of Chu into exile
and murdered him, and then became the real
ruler of Chu himself.
• Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the
Eighteen Kingdoms, each governed by a vassal
king.
• Among them, Liu Bang in Sichuan as the king of
Han gained power and finally defeated Xiang Yu.
Chinese Chess
象棋
霸王别姬
• It tells the story of Xiang Yu besieged in Gaixia during
the late years of the Qin Dynasty in the Chu Han
Contention. Xiang Yu, hearing Chu folk songs from
everywhere and failed to break through the
besiegement, suspected the Chu soldiers had
surrendered to Liu Bang. He bid farewell to his
concubine Yu Ji with drinks in the camp. Yu Ji commits
suicide, while Xiang Yu broke through the heavy
besiegement, getting lost at the bank of Wujiang River.
Feeling he has no courage to see his hometown fellows
in Jiangdong, Xiang Yu kills himself at the Wujiang
bank.
Han dynasty
Han Dynasty
汉朝
• 汉族；汉字
• Western Han Dynasty(206 BC – 9 AD)
• Xin Dynasty
• Eastern Han Dynasty(25–220 AD)
政治
• At the beginning, the Han Empire was divided
into areas directly controlled by the central
government, known as commanderies, and a
number of semi-autonomous kingdoms.
• These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of
their independence, particularly following the
Rebellion of the Seven States.
Rebellion of Seven States
• During the reign of Han Wendi and Han Jingdi,
the conflicts between the imperial court and the
fief princes grew up.
• The official Chao Cuo of Han Jingdi suggested
cutting down the fiefs of princes, insulting in the
rebellion of seven princedoms.
• Han Jingdi suppressed the rebellion, relieved the
princes of their administrative powers, reduced
the numbers of officials in the principalities.
思想
• From Daoism to Confucianism
• At the beginning, Han Gaozu(Liu Bang) abolished harsh
laws of Qin dynasty, and adopted the Huang-Lao
thought which was based on Daoism, exerting a regime
of laissez-faire and carried out more humane policies:
– Lowering rental and taxes
– Reducing labor corvee
– Ordering officers, soldiers and refugees to return home
and providing them with houses and fields
– Restraining merchants and restricting the annexation of
the peasantry agriculture.
思想
• During the reign of Han Wudi, he adopted the
Confucianism as the official philosophy and
denied all other schools.
• Dong Zhongshu revised Confucianism by merging the
Confucian and Yinyang schools of thought
– He made the theory of the interaction between heaven (天) and
mankind (人) his central theme. The emperor is heaven’s
ambassador on earth, and natural catastrophes such as floods
and droughts are heaven’s way of warning the emperor to
examine his personal conduct and correct his mistakes.
– Yang (light, positive, male) and yin (dark, negative, female) are
the two fundamental forces of the universe and as such should
be kept in harmony. The ruler has the duty to preserve that
harmony. He must prevent disturbances by caring for and
educating his people. He may reform institutions when
necessary but may never alter or destroy the basic moral
principles of heaven.
In Dong’s system the ruler has the central position—
undoubtedly one of the major reasons that
Confucianism was accepted by Han Wudi .
军事
• In the early years of Han dynasty, Xiongnu
nomads were powerful. The Han rulers usually
adopted a conciliatory attitude towards them.
The chief policy to prevent its invasion was to
arrange marriages between the royal family
and the Xiongnu chieftains to maintain the
peace.
军事
• Under Han Wudi’s reign (r. 141–87 BC), the
Han empire changed from a relatively passive
foreign policy to an offensive strategy both in
order to deal with the increasing Xiongnu
incursions on the northern frontier and also
according to general imperial policy to expand
the domain. His generals Wei Qing and Huo
Qubing launched three large-scale expeditions.
外交
• Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia,
diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125
BC had established Chinese contacts with
many surrounding civilizations.
• These connections marked the beginning of
the Silk Road trade network that extended to
the Roman Empire, bringing Han items like silk
to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares
to China.
Wang Zhaojun
• One of the four beauties in Chinese history
• Married with the Chanyu of Xiongnu Empire,
spread the Chinese culture and made great
contribution to the peace between Han and
Xiongnu.
Decline of Western Han
• Because the frequent war with Xiongnu
Empire, the whole nation was exhausted. Han
Wudi put heavy burden on his people.
• His offsprings tried to reform and develop the
country but failed.
• In 6 B.C, Wang Mang, a nephew of the
empress of Han Yuandi, usurped the throne
and established a new dynasty with the name
Xin.
• During the reign of Wang Mang, heavy taxes
,labor corvee, harsh penality, natural disster in
successive years and roaring prices led to a
nationwide peasant uprising.
• After several years of competition, Liu Xiu
controlled the situation and established the
Eastern Han dynasty.
Eastern Han Dynasty
•
•
•
•
•
An era of technology development
Paper making
Natural science
Mathematics
Medicine
Paper making
• In 105, Cai Lun improved the old technique of
paper making, using tree barks, rags and old
fishing nets to make paper, which was called
Marquis Cai’s paper in honour of the inventor.
• It put an end to the use of bamboo slips as
writing materials and became one of the four
great ancient Chinese inventions.
• Chinese paper making was spread to Japan from
Korea in the 7th century, to Arabia in the 8th and
to Europe in 12th, which contributed greatly to
the development of world culture.
Natural Science
• Zhang Heng invented seismography and the
Armillary Sphere so as to observe the universe
and perceive earthquake.
• The theories of making this equipment are still
in a wide application.
Mathematics
• The Mathematics in Nine Sections
– Completed in early Eastern Han dynasty
– Systematically summarized the important
achievements in this field since the Spring and
Autumn and the Warring States periods
– Contained 264 applied mathematics problewms
and was divided into nine sections according to
the methods of solution and field of application
– Demonstrated that mathematics in China had
developed into a scientific system
Medicine
• Zhang Zhongjing wrote the medical
masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases,
himself regarded as the sage of Chinese
medicine.
• Hua Tuo first employed the method of
anesthesia in his surgical operation.
Buddhism
• In 64, Han Mingdi sent his official Cai Yin to
Central Asia to learn more about Buddhism after
a vision of golden figure appeared to him in a
dream, who a minister told him was Buddha.
• In 67, Cai Yin returned and brought back with him
not only the images of Buddha and Buddhist
scriptures but also two Buddhist monks, marking
the beginning of the spread of Buddhism in
China.