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YOUTH, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS INC.
New Psychoactive
Substances
A GUIDE FOR COMMUNITY
SERVICE WORKERS
A PROJECT OF YOUTH, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS INC.
FUNDED BY THE COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND AGEING.
SUBSTANCE MISUSE AND SERVICE DELIVERY GRANT FUND. 2012-2015
YOUTH, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS INC.
Disclaimer
Information contained in this document was relevant at August 2014. Given that authoritative
health research has not been undertaken on most of the substances at present, the information
contained in this document is anecdotal and has been compiled purely in response to the need to
obtain information on such substances for workers in the community services sector to be aware of.
Youth, Family and Community Connections Inc. do not condone the use of such substances and the
opinions shared in this document regarding experiences of such substances are those that have
been reported by users.
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INDEX
INDEX
Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Preamble ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Background ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
What are New Psychoactive Substances? .................................................................................................................................................... 5
What is a Psychoactive Substance? ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
New Psychoactive Substance Categories ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
New Psychoactive Substance Grouping ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
- Herbal Highs and Party Pills .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
- Synthetic Cannabis ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
- Research chemicals and drug analogues .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Availability and Marketing of New Psychoactive Substances................................................................................................................ 7
Are New Psychoactive Substances safer than already established substances? ........................................................................... 7
Are New Psychoactive Substances legal? .................................................................................................................................................... 8
NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE DRUG GUIDE
Synthetic Cannabinoids....................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
- DMT – Dimethyltryptamine (Ayahuasca) ................................................................................................................................................... 9
- MDVP – Methylenedioxypyrovalerone .....................................................................................................................................................10
- Alpha PVP – a-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone ............................................................................................................................................ 10
- 4-MEPPP – 4’-methyl-a-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone .............................................................................................................................11
- MDA – 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine ..............................................................................................................................................11
- 5-APB – 5-(2-amniopropyl) benzofuran ...................................................................................................................................................12
- 6-APB – 6-(2-amniopropyl) benzofuran ...................................................................................................................................................12
- TFMPP – 3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine ........................................................................................................................................14
- BZP - Benzylpiperazine ..................................................................................................................................................................................15
- 2CB – 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine ..................................................................................................................................15
- 2C-C – 2, 5-dimethoxy–4-chlorophenethylamine ................................................................................................................................16
- 2C-P - 4-propyl-2, 5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ...................................................................................................................................16
2C-T-2 – 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine ...........................................................................................................................17
AL-LAD – 6-allyl-6-nor-LSD ............................................................................................................................................................................17
Mephedrone - 4-methylmethcathinone ......................................................................................................................................................18
MXE - Methoxetamine .......................................................................................................................................................................................18
MXP - Methoxphenidine 1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenyl]piperidine .........................................................................................19
AMT – a-Methyltryptamine .............................................................................................................................................................................19
DXM - Dextromethorphan ................................................................................................................................................................................20
N-BOMe – N-Methoxybenzyl ..........................................................................................................................................................................21
NBOH - 2-(2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl ethylamino)methyl)phenol .........................................................................................22
DOC - 2, 5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine ..........................................................................................................................................22
DOI – 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine ..........................................................................................................................................23
Ketamine ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................23
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................................27
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YOUTH, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS INC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is a project of Youth Family and Community Connections Inc., funded by the Commonwealth Department of
Health – Substance Misuse and Service Delivery Grant Fund 2012-2015. Written by Nancy Thomas.
PREAMBLE
This guide has been developed for workers in
the Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug industry
in response to the increasing need to obtain
knowledge on new substances being used by
members of our local communities. These new
substances have the potential to have a significant
effect on the health and wellbeing of recreational
drug users. The information contained in this guide
has been collected over a number of years; however
hard authoritative research on the short term and
long terms effects of these substances has yet to
be undertaken by major health organisations. This
guide has been developed to be as comprehensive as
possible to help workers in the Alcohol, Tobacco and
Other Drug field to navigate this complex and ever
changing arena.
BACKGROUND
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World
Drug Report 2014 states;
(Countries Reporting Use of New Psychoactive
Substances, 2013) “Of 103 countries for which
information on new psychoactive substances
was available as of December 2013, 94 countries
reported the emergence of such substances on their
markets, up from 70 out of a total of 80 countries
as of July 2012. This increase was due to reports of
the emergence of new psychoactive substances in
countries in Europe (9 additional countries), Asia
(7 additional countries) and Africa (8 additional
countries)”.
“Europe and North America, as well as Oceania,
Asia and South America and in a number of African
countries. The use of new psychoactive substances
is thus emerging as a truly global phenomenon. The
largest increases in the spread of those substances
between July 2012 and December 2013 were
reported in Europe (9 additional countries), Asia
(7 additional countries) and Africa (6 additional
countries)”.
“The number of new psychoactive substances on the
global market more than doubled over the period
2009-2013. By December 2013, the number of such
substances reported to UNODC reached 348,209 up
from 251 such substances as of July 2012, 210 and
166 substances in 2009). Thus, by now, the number
of new psychoactive substances clearly exceeds the
number of psychoactive substances controlled at the
international level” (234 substances: 119 controlled
under the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
and 115 under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic
Substances).
“The overall increase over the period August
2012-December 2013 was mostly due to new
synthetic cannabinoids (50 per cent of newly
identified new psychoactive substances) followed by
new phenethylamines (17 per cent), other substances
(14 per cent) and new synthetic cathinones (8 per
cent)”
Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
World Drug Report 2014 (United Nations publication,
Sales No. E.14.XI.7), pp. 51-52.
LINK: http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/
World_Drug_Report_2014_web.pdf
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PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
WHAT ARE NEW Psychoactive Substances?
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are also known
by various names, including but not limited to; New
and Emerging Drugs (NEDs), Designer Drugs, Drug
Analogues, Research Chemicals, Synthetic Drugs/
Cannabis, Legal/Herbal Highs, Party Pills, Bath
Salts, Plant Fertiliser/Food, Herbal Incense and Tea
Infusions.
NPS are a series of drugs that are formulated to ‘mimic’
illicit drugs that have been available for a considerable
amount of time, such as; LSD, Cannabis, Ecstasy/MDMA
and Cocaine.
These substances change in chemical structure
constantly in order to stay ahead of the law and to
replace already banned substances.
WHAT IS A Psychoactive Substance?
A psychoactive or psychotropic substance is a
chemical compound that affects the central nervous
system and alters brain function. This temporarily
changes perception, mood, consciousness and
behaviour. These substances are used for various
reasons recreationally, similar to why people
consume coffee, alcohol or use cannabis. Entheogens
such as peyote cactus (mescaline) or mushrooms
(psilocybin) are used to alter consciousness, for spiritual
and/or divinatory purposes). Other substances are used
in controlling pain, treating neurological or psychiatric
illness. Stimulant and depressant substances can cause
addiction and can lead to substance abuse and misuse.
NEW PSYCHOACTIVE Substance Categories
Phenethylamines – most Phenethylamines
contain stimulatory properties and are similar
in effect to Amphetamines in that they
produce a concentration of the brain chemicals
norepinephrine and dopamine.
Tryptamines - are found in the brains of mammals,
plants and also fungi. It is believed tryptamines act
as a neuromodulator or a neurotransmitter.
Piperazines - are a variety of chemical compounds
which simulate the psychostimulant effect of
Ecstasy/MDMA. Piperazines are often used as a
cutting agent or as the main active ingredient in
some ecstasy pills.
Synthetic Cathinones – are similar to amphetamines
in that they cause stimulant effects by increasing the
concentration of brain chemicals such as dopamine,
serotonin, and norepinephrine in synapses.
Synthetic Cannabinoids – are herbs (such as coastal jack
bean, blue lotus, lion tail) that have been sprayed with
Research Chemicals/Drug Analogues which act similarly
to natural cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant.
Ketamine - an anaesthetic used in human and veterinary
medicine. Ketamine is stimulatory in low doses and
hallucinogenic in high doses.
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NEW PSYCHOACTIVE
Substance Grouping
Herbal highs or party pills – Piperazines
These substances generally branded and sold as natural substances.
They have a similar effect to Ecstasy and/or Amphetamines.
Labelling of these substances can be misleading and often doesn’t
list the correct ingredients, more often than not they do not contain
any natural substances.
Until 2009 in Australia, most Herbal Highs contained BZP
(Benzylpiperazine) and TFMPP (Trifluoro-Methyl-Phenylpiperazine).
Herbal Highs are available as pills or in small bottles of liquid. They
are usually consumed orally.
Synthetic Cannabis – Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synthetic Cannabis contains man-made chemicals that have a
similar effect to Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Research
Chemicals/Drug Analogues are then mixed with solvents and then
added to dried herbs. Reports suggest these chemicals create more
negative effects than naturally occurring Cannabinoids. Synthetic
Cannabis is sold under different brand names including; Kronic,
K-Spice, Northern Lights, Mojo, Lightning Gold, Lightning Red and
Godfather. They are also commonly marketed as; Aphrodisiac Tea,
Herbal Incense and potpourri. Synthetic Cannabis looks like dried
herbs and is sold in attractive colourful packets. It’s usually smoked
and is sometimes drank as a tea.
Research chemicals and Drug analogues – Synthetic Cathinones,
Tryptamines and Phenethylamines and Research Chemicals/Drug
analogues are all marketed as pure psychoactive substances. Similar
to other NPS, there is little substantial research available on health
the effects. Some of the active ingredients contained in Herbal
Highs/Party Pills and Synthetic Cannabis can be considered research
Chemicals/Drug analogues. These substances can be branded under
a range of names including Plant Food or Bath Salts, their labelling
can include warnings such as ‘not for human consumption’ or ‘only
for research purposes’. They are consumed orally, smoked, injected,
insufflated and rectally inserted.
“HERBAL HIGHS ARE AVAILABLE
AS PILLS OR IN SMALL BOTTLES
OF LIQUID. THEY ARE USUALLY
CONSUMED ORALLY.”
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PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
AVAILABILITY AND MARKETING
of New Psychoactive Substances
Certain NPS can be obtained online or in ‘head
shops’ and are available through street dealers
also. Packaging of NPS is generally colourful
and attractive with punchy slogans and catchy names.
Regulation and classification of NPS have made online
purchases decline.
ARE NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
safer than already established substances?
Marketing of NPS is very misleading and packaging
does not always include lists of active ingredients,
dosages or route of administration, and those that
are marketed as ‘legal highs’ or ‘herbal highs’ are
quite often deemed as ‘safe’ by the consumer.
No drug is ‘safe’, even if it is prescribed or over
the counter. Regulated substances all come with
directions, warnings and guidelines. If they are
misused there can be adverse and ill side effects.
It is well known that already established illicit
drugs can have negative side effects on individuals’
general health, mental health and wellbeing.
Likewise NPS can have negative impacts on
individuals and whole communities which can
become an inter-generational problem. The issue
with NPS is that we know very little about the short/
long term impacts and effects on health and mental
health. Little is known about ‘safer’ dosing and route of
administration. Overdose is more likely when NPS are
taken with alcohol and other drugs.
Amateur street dealers quite often are unaware of what
they are selling to consumers which is of another concern.
It can be difficult for medical practitioners to know how
to treat someone who has overdosed on or has health
problems caused by NPS. If the user is unaware that
they have taken a NPS and think they have taken an
already established substance, this can make treatment
very difficult and risky. The other big issue here is that
the chemical structure of these substances are always
changing to stay ahead of the law. Though the packaging
may be the same the contents can be very, very different.
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YOUTH, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS INC.
ARE NEW
Psychoactive Substances legal?
Current laws surrounding NPS are complex,
constantly changing, and differ between states/
territories. In Queensland, New South Wales,
and South Australia there is now a ‘blanket ban’
on possessing or selling substances that have
a psychoactive effect. The only exemptions are
alcohol, food and tobacco. In other states and
territories of Australia, certain substances are banned
and new ones are regularly added to the list, this list
differs between these states/ territories. Currently federal
legislation is being considered to ban all psychoactive
substances.
NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE Drug Guide
The substances listed in this guide have identified
through anecdotal research to be ‘commonly’
available in Australia. These are just a few
substances that are currently on the market. As
legislation and regulation in certain countries
prohibit the manufacturing and selling of particular
substances there will inevitably be another substance
developed to take their place. Therefore ongoing research
in this area will need to continue.
SYNTHETIC Cannabinoids
What is it?
Synthetic cannabinoids affect the brain in a similar
way to THC. There are a wide variety of synthetic
cannabinoid products available.
How is it used?
Generally, it is smoked but certain brands can be
drunk as tea.
Why is it used?
The way in which this substance is marketed can
give consumers the belief that if it is legal then it
is safer than Cannabis, and that they’re then are not
breaking the law. It can also be used to avoid drug
test detection. Also Synthetic Cannabis is known for
its potent effects to which an everyday user finds
preferable in terms of economics.
Side effects
Rapid heart rate, vomiting, agitation, confusion and
hallucinations. Some brands and can also raise
blood pressure and can cause reduced blood supply
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to the heart and in a few cases it has been associated
with heart attacks. Regular users may experience
withdrawal and addiction symptoms.
References
http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/fact-sheets/syntheticcannabinoids-web-fact-sheet
http://ncpic.org.au/ncpic/publications/factsheets/article/
synthetic-cannabinoids
https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/syntheticcannabinoids
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/
synthetic-cannabinoids
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/spicesynthetic-marijuana
http://www.drugs.com/illicit/synthetic-marijuana.html
Understanding the ‘Spice’ Phenomenon. European
Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Accessed
Dec 7, 2012. Available at:
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/
att_80086_EN_Spice%20Thematic%20paper%20—%20
final%20version.pdf
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
DMT Dimethyltryptamine (Ayahuasca)
What is it?
DMT is a psychedelic compound of the Tryptamine
chemical class. It is a powerful hallucinogenic drug
that dramatically affects the human consciousness
and is an Entheogen. DMT has been coined the
‘spirit molecule’ and has had a substantial amount of
literature and research undertaken on its properties
and effects. DMT occurs naturally in the human
brain and has been reported to be excreted in large
amounts upon death or near death experiences.
from native Americans to indigenous Australians and
African tribes, as well as among western users of this
substance. Other effects include profound euphoria,
time distortion, open/closed eye visuals and audial
hallucinations that defy all verbal or visual description,
also commonly reported are intense erotic visuals.
DMT when smoked is generally a fairly short lived ‘trip’
lasting anywhere between 10-30 minutes and has been
nicknamed ‘the businessman’s lunch’. When drunk in an
Ayahuasaca brew the trip can last up to 10-15 hours.
How is it used?
Smoked, injected, insufflated and orally consumed,
some users have reportedtheir route of
administration has been via rectal insertion however
they advise against it as it burned the rectum
profusely. DMT is inactive when consumed orally
unless it has been combined with a Monoamine
Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI).
In South American culture DMT is consumed in
a brew called Ayahuasca, or Yage. This drink is
generally brewed and administered by a Shaman. It
is made from boiling the Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis
caapi) with leaves of one or more plants containing
DMT, such as Psychotria Viridis, Psychotria
Carthagenensis, or Diplopterys Cabrerana.
Side effects
Rapid heart rate, anaesthetic like numbness, shallow
breathing, disassociation, paranoia, vivid hallucinations,
overdose leading to heart or respiratory failure in large
amounts.
Why is it used?
DMT has been used traditionally in South American
cultures as a medicine for many types of ailments;
however it has gained attention by the western
population for being a powerful psychedelic
Entheogen. Some reported experiences include;
pseudohallucinations of intelligent beings. This
experience has been found in many cultures ranging
References
http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/11/08/dmtdrug-produced-our-brain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine
https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.
aspx?g=posts&t=920
http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/318432-DMTNegative-Side-Effects-Asthma-Numbness-AllergicReaction
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt_journal1.
shtml
TIHKAL - The continuation. Alexander & Ann Shulgin
Pages 247-309.
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt.shtml
http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/drugsinc/videos/dmt-a-psychedelic-new-drug/
http://www.holistic-guide.com/ayahuasca/
http://www.stuartwilde.com/2012/01/dmt/
http://deoxy.org/smokedmt.htm
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YOUTH, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS INC.
MDVP Methylenedioxypyrovalerone
What is it?
MDVP is a substance of the Phenethylamine
chemical class. It is a psychoactive drug with
stimulant effects and is otherwise known as ‘bath
salts’. This drug is highly addictive and is more
potent than Crystalline Methamphetamine (ICE).
MDVP will soon be diminished as regulation and
classification of the manufacture of this substance
takes place.
How is it used?
Orally, insufflated, smoked, rectally inserted and
injected.
Why is it used?
Increase in; alertness, awareness, arousal, energy/
motivation, mental stimulation/ concentration,
sociability, sexual stimulation/aphrodisiac effects,
mild empathogenic effects and euphoria.
Side effects
Tachycardia, hypertension, prolonged panic attacks
(in high doses), sleep deprivation induced psychosis,
addiction – users have reported a compulsive desire to
continue re-dosing, forgetting or not feeling the need to
eat or sleep.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone
http://www.partyvibe.org/forums/drugs/researchchemicals/46624-mdvp.html
http://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuseaddiction-recovery/mind-altering-drug-mdvp
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aokUK0Z3WI
https://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=82988
ALPHA PVP a-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone
What is it?
Alpha PVP is a stimulant drug of the Cathinone
chemical class. Alpha PVP will soon take the place of
MDVP. Pharmacology of this substance is unknown,
however as use of this substance becomes wide
spread literature will soon arise.
How is it used?
Smoked, insufflated, injected and orally consumed.
Why is it used?
Decreased feelings of fatigue and/or lethargy.
Increase in mental/physical stimulation and
euphoria.
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Side effects
Loss of consciousness, difficulty breathing, hypertension,
hyperthermia and seizures may occur.
References
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/tags.php?tag=alphapvp
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=175636#ixzz371E9B12F
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=175636
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24418703
http://www.thepoisonreview.com/2014/03/14/thescience-of-alpha-pvp-gravel-a-second-generation-bathsalt/
https://www.caymanchem.com/app/template/Product.vm/
catalog/9001083
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
4-MEPPP 4'-methyl-a-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone
What is it?
4-MEPP is a substance of the Cathinone chemical
class that has been reported to be the active
ingredient in bath salt blends such as ‘NRG-3’,
4-MEPPP will eventually take the place of MDVP
as will Alpha PVP. Very little literature available
currently on this substance especially on the
side effects of this drug. However, as use of this
substance becomes wide spread literature will soon
arise.
How is it used?
Insufflated, injected and orally consumed.
References
http://www.google.com.au/l?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sou
rce=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBwQFjAA&url=
http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F4’-Methyl%25CE%25B1 pyrrolidinopropiophenone&ei=QRy_
usg=AFQjCNHNWmVB1V7c2ESBtU0Nr_3fkty8ag
https://www.caymanchem.com/app/template/Product.vm/
catalog/10446/promo/emolecules
www.bluelight.org%2Fvb%2Fthreads%2F6046204-MePPP-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-p-tolylpropan1-one)-CAS-28117-80-8&ei=QRy_7mrLYTIkw
Xs6oCoCA&usg=AFQjCNGBIm2IBrVT52oWfeoM25RCamOLEwm2IBrVT52oWfeoM25RCamOLEw
MDA 3, 4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
What is it?
MDA is a substance of the Phenethylamine and
Amphetamine classes.
How is it used?
Orally, insufflated, injected and rectally inserted.
Why is it used?
Mainly used recreationally. However it is used as an
Entheogen, and a tool to complement various types
of practices including; transcendence, meditation,
psychonautics, and as an agent in psychedelic
psychotherapy. It is bought, sold, and used as a
recreational ‘love drug’, due to its enhancement of
empathy. Users report an increase in enjoyment of
dance and having sex. It is very similar in effect to
MDMA.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4Methylenedioxyamphetamine
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=MDA#ixzz36qo8oBpG
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=41421
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mda/mda_article1.
shtml
http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/80283-MDA
Side effects
Agitation, sweating, increased blood pressure and
heart rate, dramatic increase in body temperature,
convulsions, and death. Death is usually caused by
cardiac effects and subsequent stroke.
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YOUTH, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS INC.
5-APB 5-(2-aminopropyl) benzofuran or
1-benzofuran-5-ylpropan-2-amine
What is it?
References
5-APB is a substance of the Phenethylamine and
Amphetamine chemical classes. 5-APB is otherwise
known as ‘Benzofury’. Very little is known about its
pharmacology.
How is it used?
Orally consumed and insufflated.
Why is it used?
Euphoria, increased empathy and color enhancement.
Effects reported were similar to MDA but not as
strong.
Side effects
Hyperthermia, dizziness, (possible) cardiotoxicity,
nausea/vomiting, bruxism and sleep deprivation.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/24012617?dopt=Abstract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-APB
https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/
exp_5APB.shtml
Stanczuk, A., Morris, N., Gardner, E. A., Kavanagh,
P. (2013) Identification of (2- aminopropyl)
benzofuran (APB) phenyl ring positional isomers
in internet purchased products. Drug Test
Analysis, 5(4), 270 - 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pubmed/23349125
Schmitt, K. C., Reith, M. E. (2010) et al. Regulation
of dopamine transporter: aspects relevant to
psychostimulant drugs of abuse. Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, 1187, 316 – 340
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20201860
6-APB - 6-(2-aminopropyl) benzofuran or
1-benzofuran-6-ylpropan-2-amine (6-APB)
What is it?
6-APB is a substance of the Phenethylamine and
Amphetamine classes. As with 5-APB, 6-APB is also
known as Benzofury and is often marketed as plant
food. It is similar in molecular structure to MDA.
How is it used?
Orally consumed, insufflated and rectally inserted.
Why is it used?
Uplifted mood, increase in visual and tactile
stimulation, euphoria, audial enhancement, audial
and visual hallucinations.
Side effects
Bruxism, nystagmus, headache, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhoea, loss of appetite, dilated pupils, panic
attacks, increased heart rate, increased blood
pressure and body temperature.
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References
Iversen, L.; Gibbons, S.; Treble, R.; Setola, V.; Huang, X.
P.; Roth, B. L. (2012). “Neurochemical profiles of some
novel psychoactive substances”. European Journal of
Pharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.006ethyl6-benzofuran Ethanamine ydrochloride (6-APB
Hydrochloride)”. United States Biological.
UK Home Office (2014-03-05). “The Misuse of Drugs
Act 1971 (Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014”. UK
Government http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/6_apb/
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=6-APB#ixzz377wYMNtZ
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=6-APB#ixzz377wkN1yG
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=6-APB#ixzz377wxbHfO
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=6-APB#ixzz377x5j1VV
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=6-APB#ixzz377xDidvS
http://www.pillreports.com/index.php?page=display_
pill&id=30392
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
TFMPP 3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
What is it?
TFMPP is a substance of the Piperazine chemical
class. It is usually used in combination with
benzylpiperazine (BZP) and is sold as a legal
alternative to MDMA. TFMPP is commonly marketed
as Legal X.
How is it used?
Orally consumed.
Why is it used?
Contains mild hallucinogenic properties, increased
sociability, increased desire to touch and love,
enhanced tactile sensations, ‘connectedness’ with
other people.
Side effects
Combination of BZP and TFMPP has been associated
with a range of side effects, including insomnia,
anxiety, nausea and vomiting, headaches, muscle
aches, seizures, impotence, and rarely psychosis.
These side effects tend to be significantly worsened
when the BZP/TFMPP mix is consumed alongside
alcohol.
References
Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Beasley DM, Gee P (March
2011). “The clinical toxicology of the designer “party pills”
benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine”.
Clin Toxicol (Phila) 49 (3): 131–41. doi:10.3109/15563650
.2011.572076.
Baumann MH, Clark RD, Budzynski AG, Partilla JS, Blough
BE, Rothman RB (March 2005). “N-substituted piperazines
abused by humans mimic the molecular mechanism
of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or
‘Ecstasy’)”. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (3): 550–60.
doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300585. PMID 15496938
Yarosh HL, Katz EB, Coop A, Fantegrossi WE (November
2007). “MDMA-like behavioural effects of N-substituted
piperazines in the mouse”. Pharmacology, Biochemistry
and Behaviour 88 (1): 18–27.
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/tfmpp/tfmpp_article1.
shtml
http://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_
Piperazines_TFMPP.shtml
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=34968
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) Expert
peer review on pre-review report 35th Expert Committee
on Drug Dependence, Hammamet, Tunisia June 4-8, 2012
– World Health Organisation Report.
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BZP Benzylpiperazine
Mainly consumed orally, rarely is injected or
insufflated.
increased hunger (and sometimes thirst), insomnia,
confusion, depression (particularly with frequent/heavy
use), adverse psychiatric events, respiratory failure,
serotonin syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, decreased appetite,
repetitive thought patterns, actual and perceived changes
in body temperature, bruxism, increased heart rate,
dilation of pupils, nausea, dry mouth. No deaths have been
reported following sole ingestion of BZP, although there
have been at least two deaths from the combination of
BZP and MDMA.
Why is it used?
References
What is it?
BZP is a substance of the Piperazine chemical
class. It is a recreational drug that has a euphoriant
and stimulant effect. BZP has a similar effect to
Amphetamines. BZP in freebase form is corrosive
and causes burns.
How is it used?
For a feeling of euphoria, wonder, amazement,
energy and elation, rapid mood elevation, enhanced
sociability, audial enhancement, increased desire to
move.
Side effects
Main side effects include; acute psychosis, renal
toxicity and seizures, dilated pupils, blurred vision,
dryness of the mouth, extreme alertness, insatiable
itching sensations, confusion, agitation, tremors,
extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, akathisia),
headache, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, vomiting,
chest pain, hallucinations, intense pins and needles,
tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, collapse,
hyperventilation, sweating, hyperthermia, urine
retention, mild headache, nausea, hangover-like
symptoms (common with high doses), fatigue,
indigestion (similar to acid indigestion/heartburn),
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/
bzp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine
http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=23485
Wilkins C, Girling M, Sweetsur P, Huckle T,
Huakau J. “Legal party pill use in New Zealand:
Prevalence of use, availability, health harms and
‘gateway effects’ of benzylpiperazine (BZP) and
triflourophenylmethylpiperazine (TFMPP)” (PDF). Centre
for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation
(SHORE).
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bzp/bzp.shtml
http://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_
Piperazines_BZP.shtml
http://addictions.about.com/od/Legal_highs/g/What-IsBzp.htm
http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs11/11052/
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
2C-B
2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine
What is it?
effects (especially when the drug is combined with
alcohol), irritability for roughly a day or so after use.
At doses over 30–40 mg the user may experience
frightening hallucinations, as well as tachycardia,
hypertension and hyperthermia.
How is it used?
References
http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/
pihkal020.shtml
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml
http://www.pillreports.com/index.php?page=display_
pill&id=19058
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_effects.shtml
http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/532891-2c-b-sideeffects http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jan/11/
six-in-hospital-hallucinogen-2cb
2C-B is a substance of the Phenethylamine chemical
class. It is a psychedelic drug similar in molecular
structure to Mescaline. 2C-B is marketed as an
aphrodisiac named ‘Eros’.
Orally consumed, rectally inserted and insufflated.
Why is it used?
Many 2C-B users are young adults who attend raves.
Though 2C-B is still used in the rave subculture, it is
commonly mistaken for and/or sold as Ecstasy and
its intentional use has become more common. Side
effects are rare and the drug is generally easier on
the body than Ecstasy/MDMA .
Side effects
Body tremors, shuddering breath, mild muscle
spasms, mild diarrhoea, gas, nausea and general
stomach discomfort, severe headaches, hangover
2C-C 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-chlorophenethylamine
What is it?
2C-C is a substance of Phenethylamine chemical
class, it is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family.
Why is it used?
It is sometimes used for its Entheogenic properties.
It is ‘visually’ similar to LSD or Psilocybin, though
much less intense. 2C-C has been reported as
incredibly relaxing almost sedating and has
hallucinogenic and entactogenic effects. Users
report it is a less intense psychedelic experience
than other Phenethylamines. It is also used for
feelings of euphoria, empathy, closeness with
others, open/closed eye hallucinations and audial
distortions.
Side effects
Anxiety, paranoia and headaches.
References
https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/
pihkal022.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-C
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=2C-C
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=2C-C#ixzz38pjzEHNW
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=2C-C#ixzz38pk8YjdA
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cc/2cc.shtml
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cc/2cc_effects.shtml
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2C-P 4-propyl-2, 5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
What is it?
It is a substance of the Phenethylamine class. It
has psychedelic properties. 2C-P is fairly new to the
psychedelic scene but its use is gaining in popularity
amongst users.
Side effects
Orally consumed and insufflated.
Stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting, gas, headache,
muscle spasms/jaw clenching, nasal discomfort/dripping
(when insufflated), muscle fatigue/pain, anxiety, fear/
paranoia, mental confusion, intense/overwhelming open/
closed visuals, sweating/chills/flushing, difficulty speaking,
motor impairment, vasoconstriction/ increased blood
pressure and elevated heart rate.
Why is it used?
References
How it is used?
Intense hallucinogenic, psychedelic, entheogenic
effects, open eye and closed-eye visuals.
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=37905
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cp/2cp_effects.shtml
http://chemicals-trade.com/31-2c-p.html
http://fox-chem.com/chemicals/oganic/researchchemicals/2c-p.html
2C-T-2 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine
What is it?
Side effects
How it is used?
References
2C-T-2 is a substance of the Phenethylamine
chemical class. Is a strong psychedelic and
entactogenic drug of the of the 2C family.
Insufflation, orally consumed, rectally inserted
and smoked are the most common routes of
administration. Sometimes it is injected, however
this is not common.
Why it is used?
For visual hallucinations that are similar to LSD.
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Nausea, restlessness and a cold feeling of the body, effects
can be unpredictable even for ‘experienced’ users. Effects
can last up to 16 hours from dosing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-T-2
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ct7/article1/survey.
shtml
http://www.mdma.net/uk/
http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/
pihkal040.shtml
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ct2/2ct2.shtml
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
AL-LAD 6-allyl-6-nor-LSD
What is it?
AL-LAD is a substance of the Tryptamine and
Lysergamide classes. It is a derivative of LSD. While
AL-LAD has subtle differences to LSD, its ‘high’ is
shorter lasting however the potencies are similar.
How is it used?
Orally consumed.
Why is it used?
Open and closed eye visuals, euphoria and perceived
time distortion.
References
Shulgin, Alexander; Ann Shulgin (September 1997).
TiHKAL: The Continuation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-LAD
https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/
tihkal01.shtml
http://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_ALLAD.
shtml
http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/679138-The-Bigamp-Dandy-AL-LAD-Thread-Part-1
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=227737
Side effects
Nausea, vasoconstriction, facial flushing, chills,
goosebumps, slight increase in heart rate, difficulty
focusing.
MEPHEDRONE 4-methylmethcathinone
What is it?
Mephedrone is a substance of the Cathinone and
Amphetamine chemical classes.
How it is used?
Orally, insufflated, injected and rectally inserted.
Why it is used?
Euphoria, stimulation, enhanced appreciation for
music, elevated mood, decreased hostility, improved
mental function and mild sexual stimulation. Has a
similar effect to Cocaine, Amphetamines and MDMA.
Side effects
Loss of appetite nausea, vomiting, stomach pains
light-headedness, dizziness , distorted perception of
time, intense connection with music, dilated pupils,
blurred vision, dry mouth/thirst, sweating , insomnia,
memory loss, nose bleeds from snorting the drug, anxiety,
paranoia, insomnia, fatigue, low mood, memory loss,
increase in heart rate, blood pressure, chest pains, tremors
or convulsions, bruxism, skin rashes.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephedrone
http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/
ephedrone?gclid=CLCNxciA8q4CFWhKpgodUgjmHQ
http://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/
exp_4Methylmethcathinone.shtml
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184233.php
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=Mephedrone http://www.urban75.com/Drugs/
mephedrone-meph-mcat-miaow-miaow.html
*There are many other derivatives/analogues of some of the substances that are contained in this booklet. Some
substances stated in this booklet are currently in the process of being phased out but are still available on through
street dealers.
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MXE Methoxetamine
What is it?
MXE is a substance of the Arylcyclohexylamine
(Dissociative) chemical class. MXE is classed as a
depressant and is a hallucinogen. It is a derivative of
Ketamine.
How it is used?
Orally consumed, insufflated, rectally inserted,
injected.
Why is it used?
It has psychedelic properties that have been
reported to have a similar effect to ketamine and
to DMT but with the ability to move around. This
includes mild to moderate euphoria, antidepressant
type effects, feelings of calmness, reduction in
anxiety, sociability (in lower doses), therapeutic
self-reflection, insight into personal issues including
behaviours and thinking patterns, increased clarity of
thought and/ or complexity of thoughts. Some users
report telepathic communication with those around
them to be a part of the ‘trip’. MXE has a dissociative/
anaesthetic effects that can create feelings of
physical weightlessness. It increases conscious
awareness and a sense of connectedness and unity, open
and closed eye visuals and audial enhancement of music
or sounds of nature.
Side effects
Risk of psychological dependency, nasal discomfort when
insufflated, blacking out and forgetting one has taken a
drug, discomfort, pain or numbness at site of injection,
severe confusion, disorganised thinking, vertigo, spinning
sensations, nausea, vomiting, loss of sensory perception,
susceptibility to accidents (from incoordination), changes
in perception of ones’ body, time distortion, severe
dissociation, depersonalisation, decreased heart rate and
respiration (risk of this increases with increased dose or
when combined with depressant drugs).
References
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=Methoxetamine
http://www.bunkpolice.org/methoxetamine-information/
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/methoxetamine/
methoxetamine_effects.shtml
https://www.buzz-wholesale.com/chems/Methoxetamine
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=Methoxetamine#ixzz391ZbKyux
MXP Methoxphenidine
1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]piperidine
What is it?
Side effects
How is it used?
References
MXP is a hallucinogenic dissociative substance of
the Piperidine chemical class. It has similar effects
to substances of the Arylcyclohexylamine class.
Consumed orally.
Why is it used?
MXP is coming into play as a replacement to MXE
however users have reported that the effects are
closer to that of DXM. MXP induces dissociative
anaesthesia and most commonly used recreationally.
Very little is known about this substance at this
time however as usage becomes more wide spread
literature will become available.
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Dissociation from reality or self, numbness of limbs and
body, loss of balance, decreased fine and gross motor
skills, dizziness and time distortion.
https://www.google.com.au/?gws_
rd=ssl#q=methoxphenidine
http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/700834-The-Bigamp-Dandy-Methoxphenidine-(MXP-2-MeO-Diphenidine)Thread
http://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/File:Methoxphenidine.png
http://www.ukchemicalresearch.org/ThreadMethoxphenidine-Well-that-was-a-pleasant-surprise
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
AMT A-Methyltryptamine
What is it?
AMT is a psychedelic stimulant substance of
the Tryptamine chemical class. It was originally
developed as an antidepressant in the 1960s.
How it is used?
Smoked, most commonly consumed orally.
Why is it used?
Euphoria, increased empathy, open and closed eye
visuals, altered state of consciousness similar to LSD,
Psilocybin, DMT and MDMA.
Side Effects
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine
http://plantfoodpalace.co.uk/amt.html
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/amt/amt.shtml
Arai, Y.; Toyoshima, Y.; Kinemuchi, H. (1986). “Studies of
monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine
oxidase. II. Inhibition by .ALPHA.-methylated substrateanalogue monoamines, .ALPHA.-methyltryptamine,
.ALPHA.-methylbenzylamine and two enantiomers of
.ALPHA.-methylbenzylamine”. The Japanese Journal of
Pharmacology 41 (2): 191.
Shulgin, A (1997) ‘’TIHKAL’’”. Erowid.org.
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/5meo_amt/5meo_amt_
law.shtml
Delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, restlessness,
muscle tension, bruxism, dilated pupils, tachycardia,
headaches, nausea and vomiting.
DXM Dextromethorphan
What is it?
DXM is an antitussive (cough suppressant) drug that
was originally formulated to be a cough suppressant
during the 1950’s. However DXM gained popularity
for its recreational use in later decades. DXM is
classed as a ‘dissociative hallucinogen’.
Side effects
How is it used?
Orally consumed.
References
Why it is used?
With effects similar to Ketamine and Phencyclidine
DXM produces visual distortions, closed eye visuals,
dissociation, excitement and time distortion. Some
users report a ‘stimulant-like’ euphoria and audial
enhancement. It has become a popular brew known
as ‘Drank’ in the southern states of the USA where
DXM is mixed with other specific ingredients.
Body rashes and itching, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness,
dizziness, constipation/ diarrhoea, sedation, confusion,
blurred vision and/or double vision, bloodshot eyes,
sweating, fever, bruxism, hypotension, hypertension,
tachycardia, shallow breathing and anxiety.
http://dextroverse.org/whatis.html
http://www.enotes.com/dextromethorphan-reference/
dextromethorphan#what-made
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan
http://www.hipforums.com/newforums/showthread.
php?t=228286
http://www.dancesafe.org/dxm/
http://www.webmd.com/parenting/teen-abuse-coughmedicine-9/teens-and-dxm-drug-abuse
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N-BOMe N-methoxybenzyl
What is it?
N-BOMe is a substance of the of psychedelic Phenethylamine class.
Most commonly used for recreation NBOMes are of the 2C family.
Commonly used NBOMes are 25I-NBOMe (25I) and 25C-NBOMe (25C),
and 25B-NBOMe (25B).
Why it is used?
Strong open and closed eye visuals, euphoria, mental and physical
stimulation, creative thinking, increased awareness, audial
enhancement, life-changing spiritual experiences, erotic sexual
thoughts and sensations, feelings of love, empathy and an altered state
of consciousness.
How it is used?
Most commonly is administered buccally (held in the mouth, not
swallowed) and sometimes insufflated in liquid form.
Side effects
Pupil dilation, facial flushing, body chills, goosebumps, time distortion
and dilation, slight increase in heart rate, confusion, repetitive thought
patterns, scrambled communication, nausea, insomnia, paranoia,
fear, and panic, unwanted or unexpected life-changing spiritual
experiences, vasoconstriction, peripheral numbness, swelling of feet/
hands, increased blood pressure.
References
http://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-nbome-16950
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome_effects.
shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBOMe
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome_effects.
shtml
UK Home Office (2014-03-05). “The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
(Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014”. UK Government. Retrieved
2014-03-11. Ralf Heim PhD. (2010-02-28). “Synthese und Pharmakologie potenter
5-HT2A-Rezeptoragonisten mit N-2-Methoxybenzyl-Partialstruktur.
Entwicklung eines neuen Struktur-Wirkungskonzepts.” (in German).
diss.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 2013-05-10. Michael Robert Braden PhD. (2007). “Towards a biophysical
understanding of hallucinogen action.”. Purdue University.
“MOST COMMONLY IS ADMINISTERED BUCCALLY
AND SOMETIMES INSUFFLATED IN LIQUID FORM.”
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PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
NBOH 2-(2-(4-iodo-2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)
ethylamino)methyl)phenol
What is it?
NBOH is a derivative of the Phenethylamine
hallucinogen class. NBOH is similar in molecular
structure and effect as 25I-NBOMe. It seems this drug
will eventually replace the NOMBe compounds. There
is little literature and research on this substance.
However as use of this substance becomes wide
spread literature will become available.
How is it used?
Orally consumed and insufflated.
Why is it used?
The effects are very similar to a strong dose of LSD.
Users report open and closed eye visuals, geometric
patterns and diverse spectrum of false colours, audial
enhancement of music, a feeling of wonder/ awe,
euphoria and weightlessness.
References
Ettrup, A.; Hansen, M.; Santini, M. A.; Paine,
J.; Gillings, N.; Palner, M.; Lehel, S.; Herth, M.
M.; Madsen, J. (2010). “Radiosynthesis and
in vivo evaluation of a series of substituted
C-phenethylamines as 5-HT2A agonist PET
tracers”. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine
and Molecular Imaging 38
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25I-NBOH
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=95632#ixzz38uNRCRpH
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=95632
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=95632#ixzz38uOA8OiH
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=95632#ixzz38uOG59PP
Side effects
Anxiety, dilated pupils, bruxism, rapid heart rate,
aggression and paranoia.
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DOC 2, 5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine
What is it?
DOC is a psychedelic substance of the Phenethylamine
and Amphetamine chemical classes. There is little
literature and research on this substance. However as
use of this substance becomes wide spread literature
will become available.
How is it used?
Orally consumed.
Why is it used?
Increase in cognitive and perceptual thoughts, open
and closed eye visuals, increased awareness of sound
and movement, euphoria.
Side effects
Nausea, chest pains and vasoconstriction.
‘References
Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (September 1991).
PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. United States:
Transform Press. p. 978.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4chloroamphetamine
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/doc/doc_death.
shtml
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=DOC_psychedelic
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.
php?t=34462
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=DOC_psychedelic#ixzz38uRr494V
DOI 2, 5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine
What is it?
DOI is a substance of the psychedelic Phenethylamine
class. It is an Amphetamine substitute however, it is
not a stimulant.
How is it used?
Commonly administered sublingually, buccally or
orally consumed.
Why is it used?
Similar effects to LSD, increase in energy, creative/
abstract thinking, audial enhancement, euphoria, open
and closed eye visuals and time distortion.
Side effects
Difficulty sleeping which may persist for prolonged
periods of time, anxiety, paranoia, temptation to redose due to the amount of time it takes to come into
effect.
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References
Shulgin, A; Shulgin, A (1990). “#67 DOI”. PiHKAL: A
Chemical Love Story. Transform Press. ISBN 9780963009609.
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=DOI
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4iodoamphetamine
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/doi/doi.shtml
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=DOI#ixzz38uVZytAF
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=DOI#ixzz38uVhTXe9
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=DOI#ixzz38uVpOF5r
http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.
php?title=DOI#ixzz38uW7W6WM
http://www.talkingdrugs.org/a-new-hallucinogenicdrug-that-has-powerful-effects
http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/extra-strongnew-lsd-type-hallucinogenic-drug-hits-adelaidepolice-warn/story-e6freo8c-1225781932681?nk=c9e6
9b39929d7a7ad11fd94769dc667f
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
KETAMINE
(RS)-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone
What is it?
Ketamine is a derivative of the Cyclohexanone
chemical class that is used medically used as a
sedative in preparation of an anaesthesia.
How is it used?
Insufflated and injected.
Why is it used?
It is a popular drug in both human and veterinary
medicine. It is used as a sedative, pain killer, general
anaesthetic, has been clinically tested for treatmentresistant bipolar depression, major depressive
disorder, and people in a suicidal crisis. Ketamine
has become a popular psychedelic among the
psychonautic community. Users report experiences
ranging from being similar to LSD through to DMT.
Depending on the dosage Ketamine can be a mild
psychostimulant in lower doses but at higher doses
can be a dissociative anaesthetic, this experience is
referred to as a K-Hole where in which the user has
spiritual epiphanies/ journeys.
Side effects
Irregular and/ or rapid heart rate, hyper and/or
hypotension, intracranial pressure, skin rashes, anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, excessive saliva production, pain at
injection sites, increased muscular tone, nystagmus, airway
obstruction, sleep apnoea, increase in phlegm production,
shallow breathing, anaphylaxis, chemical dependence,
vivid dreams/ hallucinations and delirium.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine
https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ketamine/ketamine_
chemistry.shtml
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.
cgi?cid=3821
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01221
http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3689.
html
http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/prescription/
ketamine.html
http://ccac.ca/en_/education/niaut/vivaria/analgesia/
ketamine
http://www.drugs.com/cdi/ketamine.html
http://www.drugs.health.gov.au/internet/drugs/publishing.
nsf/Content/other4
CONCLUSION
The the Alcohol and Other Drug industry has
dealt with the introduction of new substances
on a regular basis. However, the emergence of so
many complex chemicals on such a regular basis
has never been seen before. Reports suggest that
there are approximately 100 new psychoactive
chemical compounds being developed weekly on
an international platform. At this rate it is virtually
impossible for legislation and medical research
to keep up with them. It is therefore imperative for
effective treatment and education for users seeking
help that the Alcohol and Other Drug industry is proactive in maintaining knowledge on the movements of
New Psychoactive Substances in our communities and
internationally.
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GLOSSARY
Psychonautics – (from the Greek ψυχή (psychē “soul/
spirit/mind”) and ναύτης (naútēs “sailor/navigator”)—a
sailor of the mind/soul) refers both to a methodology
for describing and explaining the subjective effects
of altered states of consciousness, including those
induced by meditation or mind altering substances,
and to a research paradigm in which the researcher
voluntarily immerses him/herself into an altered state
by means of such techniques, as a means to explore
human experience and existence.
Chemical compound - A chemical compound is a
pure chemical substance consisting of two or more
different chemical elements that can be separated
into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
Chemical compounds have a unique and defined
chemical structure; they consist of a fixed ratio of
atoms that are held together in a defined spatial
arrangement by chemical bonds.
Bruxism - is the excessive grinding of the teeth and/or
excessive clenching of the jaw.
Consciousness - the quality or state of being aware of
an external object or something within oneself. It has
been defined as: sentience, awareness, subjectivity, the
ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a
sense of selfhood, and the executive control system
of the mind. Despite the difficulty in definition, many
philosophers believe that there is a broadly shared
underlying intuition about what consciousness is.
Neuromodulator - can be conceptualized as a
neurotransmitter that is not reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron or broken down into a metabolite.
Such neuromodulators end up spending a significant
amount of time in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),
influencing (or “modulating”) the activity of several
other neurons in the brain. For this reason, some
neurotransmitters are also considered to be
neuromodulators, such as serotonin and acetylcholine.
Neurotransmitter - are endogenous chemicals that
transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a
synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic
vesicles clustered beneath the membrane in the axon
terminal, on the presynaptic side of a synapse. They
are released into and diffuse across the synaptic cleft,
where they bind to specific receptors in the membrane
on the postsynaptic side of the synapse.
Psychostimulant - are psychoactive drugs which
induce temporary improvements in either mental or
physical functions or both. Examples of these kinds of
effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness,
and locomotion, among others. Due to their effects
typically having an “up” quality to them, stimulants are
also occasionally referred to as “uppers”. Depressants
or “downers”, which decrease mental and/or physical
function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are
considered to be their functional opposites. Stimulants
are widely used throughout the world as prescription
medicines and as illicit substances of recreational use
or abuse.
Dopamine - is a neurotransmitter (or chemical in the
brain) that either increases or reduces the activity of
neurons (nerve cells).
Serotonin - a compound present in blood platelets
and serum, which constricts the blood vessels and acts
as a neurotransmitter.
Norepinephrine - is a neurotransmitter secreted by
neurons in the sympathetic nervous system. This
chemical is secreted in response to stress, which
triggers the ‘fight or flight’ response.
Synapses - a junction between two nerve cells,
consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass
by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.
Solvents - the liquid in which a solute is dissolved
to form a solution. A liquid, typically one other than
water, used for dissolving other substances.
Route of administration - is the path by which a drug,
fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact
with the body.
Aphrodisiac - a food, drink, or other thing that
stimulates sexual desire.
Street dealer – an illegal drug seller on the urban
streets.
Psychoactive effect - Affecting the mind or mental
processes. Psychoactive drugs in that it is a stimulant.
Nowadays treatment by medical doctors nearly always
means psychoactive drugs, that is, drugs that affect the
mental state.
Anecdotal - (of an account) not necessarily true or
reliable, because based on personal accounts rather
than facts or research.
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GLOSSARY
Hallucination - an experience involving the apparent
perception of something not present.
Seizure - a sudden attack of illness, especially a stroke
or an epileptic fit.
Entheogen - A chemical substance, typically of plant
Pharmacology - the branch of medicine concerned
origin, that is ingested to produce a non-ordinary state
of consciousness for religious or spiritual purposes.
Insufflated - blow or breathe (air, vapour, or a
powdered medicine) into or through a body cavity.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) - any of a group
of antidepressant drugs which inhibit the activity of
monoamine oxidase (so allowing accumulation of
serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain).
Ayahuasaca - a tropical vine of the Amazon
region, noted for its hallucinogenic properties. A
hallucinogenic drink prepared from the bark of
ayahuasca.
with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
Enactogen – empathogen and enactogen are used to
describe a class of psychoactive drugs that produce
distinctive emotional and social effects.
Psychedelic - of or noting a mental state characterized
by a profound sense of intensified sensory perception,
sometimes accompanied by severe perceptual
distortion and hallucinations and by extreme feelings
of either euphoria or despair.
Haemorrhaging - an escape of blood from a ruptured
blood vessel.
Pseudohallucination - is an involuntary sensory
Euphoria - a feeling or state of intense excitement and
happiness.
Trip - A noun that refers to a single complete
Cardiotoxicity - is the occurrence of heart
electrophysiology dysfunction or muscle damage.
The heart becomes weaker and is not as efficient in
pumping and therefore circulating blood.
experience vivid enough to be regarded as a
hallucination, but recognised by the patient not to be
the result of external stimuli.
experience of using a powerful hallucinogenic drug.
Stimulant - a substance that raises levels of
physiological or nervous activity in the body.
Depressant - a drug reducing functional or nervous
activity.
Empathogen –enactogen and empathogen a class of
psychoactive drugs that produce distinctive emotional
and social effects.
Tachycardia - an abnormally rapid heart rate.
Hypertension - abnormally high blood pressure.
Hypotension - abnormally low blood pressure.
Sleep deprivation - is the condition of not having
Nystagmus - rapid involuntary movements of the eyes.
Hydrochloride salt - a salt, especially of an alkaloid,
formed by the direct union of hydrochloric acid with
an organic base that makes the organic constituent
more soluble.
Free base - a water soluble salt so that they can be
orally or intranasally consumed.
Renal toxicity - a medical condition in which the
kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from
the blood.
Extrapyramidal - is a neural network that is part of
the motor system that causes involuntary reflexes
and movement, and modulation of movement (i.e.
coordination).
enough sleep; it can be either chronic or acute.
Psychosis - a severe mental disorder in which thought
and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with
external reality.
Hyperthermia - the condition of having a body
temperature greatly above normal.
Dystonia - a state of abnormal muscle tone resulting
in muscular spasm and abnormal posture, typically
due to neurological disease or a side effect of drug
therapy.
Akathisia - A movement disorder characterized by a
feeling of inner restlessness and a compelling need
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to be in constant motion, as well as by actions such as
rocking while standing or sitting, lifting the feet as if
marching on the spot, and crossing and uncrossing the
legs while sitting.
unconsciousness, characterized by catalepsy,
catatonia, and amnesia, especially that produced
by phenylcyclohexylamine compounds, including
ketamine.
Palpitations - a noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular
heartbeat due to agitation, exertion, or illness.
Phencyclidine - a synthetic compound derived from
Hyperventilation - a condition in which you suddenly
start to breathe very quickly.
Urine retention - the inability to completely or
partially empty the bladder.
Respiratory failure - inadequate gas exchange by
the respiratory system, with the result that levels of
arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide or both cannot be
maintained within their normal ranges.
Serotonin syndrome – is a potentially life-threatening
drug reaction that may occur following therapeutic
drug use, inadvertent interactions between drugs,
overdose of particular drugs, or the recreational use of
certain drugs.
Rhabdomyolysis - is the breakdown of muscle tissue
that leads to the release of muscle fiber contents into
the blood. These substances are harmful to the kidney
and often cause kidney damage.
Vasoconstriction - the constriction of blood vessels,
which increases blood pressure.
Convulsions - a sudden, violent, irregular movement of
the body, caused by involuntary contraction of muscles
and associated especially with brain disorders such as
epilepsy, the presence of certain toxins or other agents
in the blood, or fever in children.
Derivative - something which is based on another
source
Depersonalisation - a state in which one’s thoughts
and feelings seem unreal or not to belong to oneself.
Dissociative - wide array of experiences from mild
detachment from immediate surroundings to more
severe detachment from physical and emotional
experience.
Dissociative anaesthesia - a form of general
anaesthesia, but not necessarily complete
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piperidine, used as a veterinary anaesthetic and in
hallucinogenic drugs such as angel dust.
Time distortion - a form of perceptual distortion, at
times, experienced in modified states of awareness,
wherein time seems to pass either with extreme
quickness or with great slowness.
Sedation - a state of calm or sleep produced by a
sedative drug.
Audial enhancement - an enhancement of the
acuteness and clearness of sound. This results in
becoming extremely aware of all sounds around
oneself with an enhanced ability to comprehend
multiple layers of noise and to identify their precise
direction and location.
Altered state of consciousness - is any mental
state induced by physiological, psychological,
or pharmacological manoeuvres or agents,
which deviates from the normal waking state of
consciousness.
Buccally – administration of a substance on the inside
of the cheek, the surface of a tooth, or the gum beside
the cheek.
Peripheral numbness – aka Peripheral neuropathy.
Is a result of nerve damage, often causes weakness,
numbness and pain, usually in your hands and feet, but
it may also occur in other areas of your body.
Sublingually – aka. Sublingual administration. “under
the tongue”, refers to the pharmacological route of
administration by which drugs diffuse into the blood
through tissues under the tongue.
Abstract thinking - Thinking characterized by the
ability to use concepts and to make and understand
generalizations, such as of the properties or pattern
shared by a variety of specific items or events.
Re-dose – repetitive dosing of a particular substance.
REFERENCES
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Notes from the field: Severe illness associated with reported use
of synthetic marijuana.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6249a7.htm
National Cannabis Information Centre (2013). What are cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids?
http://ncpic.org.au/workforce/alcohol-and-other-drug-workers/cannabis-information/factsheets/article/syntheticcannabinoids
http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/legal-highs#sthash.tULPo9oN.dpuf
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UNODC, World Drug Report 2013 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.XI.6), pp. 62-63.
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http://psychedelic-information-theory.com/Psychedelic-Pharmacology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptamine
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_salts_(drug)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_cannabis
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http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9973
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https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/FACTSHEET_NPS.pdf
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