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Unit 3: Testing the New Nation 1820-1877 • • • • Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860 Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy, 1841-1848 Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854 Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861 • Exam: Chapters 16-19 – December 9th • Chapter 20: Girding for War – The North and the South, 1861-1865 • Chapter 21: The Furnace of the Civil War, 1861-1865 • Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 • Exam: Chapters 20-22 – December 23rd • NO UNIT ESSAY Chapter 20 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861-1865 “I consider the central idea pervading this struggle is the necessity that is upon us, of proving that popular government is not an absurdity. We must settle this question now, whether in a free government the minority have the right to break up the government whenever they choose. If we fail it will go far to prove the incapability of the people to govern themselves.” Abraham Lincoln, 1861 I. The Menace of Secession • Lincoln’s inaugural address: there would be no conflict unless provoked by the South. • Concession would create new controversies: • What share of the federal debt should the South be forced to take with it? • What portion of the jointly held federal territories should the Confederate states be allotted? • How would the fugitive slave issue be resolved? • If the U.S. broke into two hostile parts, European powers could play “divided and conquer.” The inauguration of President Lincoln, 1861 Lincoln can be seen 84th from the left. II. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter • Violence would break out over a vital issue: federal property. • Fort Sumter, a federal fort in Charleston harbor • Lincoln notified South Carolinians that an expedition would be sent to provision the garrison, not to reinforce it. • April 12, 1861: South opened fire. • The fort was lost, but the attack caused many northerners to want a fight. • Lincoln’s “Aggression” • Lincoln (April 15) issued a call to the states for 75,000 militiamen and thousands volunteered. • Lincoln blockaded the south. • Four states joined the original Confederacy (11 total states seceded). • Southern capital was moved to Richmond, VA Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 1861 At 4:30 the morning of April 12, a Confederate battery at Fort Johnson opened fire on the Union Forces at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. III. Brothers’ Blood and Border Blood • Border states: the only slave states left were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and later West Virginia. • They contained manufacturing, supplies, high population, Ohio River. • Lincoln needed those states, so he: • Declared martial law in Maryland • Deployed Union troops to western Virginia and Missouri • Declared he was not fighting to free blacks (appeal to Butternut Region) • Meanwhile, in the West: • Many Native American territories and tribes sided with Confederacy – a new beginning? • Some Cherokees—mostly Plain Indians—sided with the Union, and were rewarded with further persecution. Frenemies - The man on the right is George Armstrong Custer. The man on the left is a Southern soldier and prisoner of war. He and Custer had been classmates at West Point. Seceding States (with dates and order of secession) IV. The Balance of Forces • Southern Advantages: • • • • • • Could fight defensively while the North had to invade and conquer All the South needed was a draw South fought for self-determination and preservation – high morale Militarily the South had the most talented officers, especially Lee & Jackson Ordinary Southerners were bred to fight South had few factories, but was able to secure enough weaponry • Southern Drawbacks: • • • • • Shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets Economics: the North was both a farm and factory Economics: North held the wealth and the railways North controlled the seas (naval blockade) The North’s population dwarfed that of the south (22:9, 22:12 w/slaves) IV. The Balance of Forces(cont.) • The “might-have-beens”: • • • • If the Border States had seceded If the Butternut Region had turned against the Union If a wave of Northern defeatism had demanded an armistice If Britain and/or France had broken the Union’s naval blockade of Southern ports V. Dethroning King Cotton • The South needed foreign intervention. • Europe’s ruling classes were openly sympathetic to the Confederate cause because it would end the American experiment in democracy. • South predicted intervention because Britain needed cotton. • British workers sided with the North. • They had read Uncle Tom’s Cabin and saw the wage slavery connection. • The British textile mills depended on the American South for 75% of their cotton supplies. • Why did King Cotton fail the South? • Britain had stores of cotton from the 1850s. • Britain looked elsewhere (Egypt, India). • King Corn and King Wheat couldn’t be ignored by Europeans. Don’t mess with King Corn. Seriously. He’s in everything today. EVERYTHING. VI. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy • Foreign powers wanted to take advantage of the U.S. during its time of weakness, but what was the best way to do so? • Trent affair— Union warship in Cuban waters forced Confederate diplomats off a British steamer, the Trent (1861) • Alabama— the not-so-neutral building of commerce-raiders by British for the South • Alabama was actually manned by British sailors and helped to disrupt Union trade. • It was destroyed in 1864. • American minister Charles Francis Adams convinced Britain that someday this tactic could be used against them by their enemies. • Many Americans wanted to invade Canada as a result. VII. Foreign Flare-ups • Third and final Anglo-American crisis: Laird rams • Two Confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons in Great Britain. • Designed to destroy Union wooden ships with their iron rams and large-caliber guns • GB was warned “this means war”, so they relented. • Dominion of Canada (1867): organized to protect Canada from Americans – began a new Canadian nationalism. • Emperor Napoleon III sent his army to occupy Mexico City (1861) under the puppet – Maximilian. • Maximilian would be abandoned and eventually executed following the Civil War. Napoleon III of France Maximilian, Emperor? of Mexico (Insert Facial Hair Joke Here) VIII. President Davis Versus President Lincoln • The Confederate government weakness: it could not deny secession or states’ rights. • President Davis wanted a strong central government, but could not have it. • President Davis never enjoyed popularity and was often at odds with his congress. • President Lincoln had his troubles too. • More experienced but less flexible than Davis. • He developed a genius for interpreting and leading a public opinion. President Abraham Lincoln & President Jefferson Davis IX. Limitations on Wartime Liberties • Lincoln, during the war, was willing to do what was necessary. • Controversy: blockade, increased size of army, spent money, suspended writ of habeas corpus • He did all of this without Congress. • Davis was less able than Lincoln to exercise arbitrary power, mainly because of states’ righters. • Both claimed they would have laid down these expanded powers after the war. Are you going to tell him there are limits to his power?? X. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South • Northern armies first manned solely by volunteers • 1863 Congress passed the first conscription law • The provisions were grossly unfair to the poor – HOW SO? • Draft Riots did occur, but 90% of the northern army was volunteers. • The South too relied mainly on volunteers. • Less populous, they robbed both “cradle and grave.” • There were ways out in the south as well. XI. The Economic Stresses of War • Northern economies held most of the wealth. • For the war, excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol were increased and an income tax was levied for the first time. • Congress 1861 passed the Morrill Tariff Act: increased duties 5 to 10 percent. • Greenbacks: Washington Treasury issued paper money, totaling nearly $450 million at face value • Bonds: government netted $2,621,916,786 from the sale of bonds through “drives.” • National Banking System: Authorized by Congress in 1863, lasted until 1913 • Launched as a stimulant to the sale of government bonds • Also designed to establish a standard bank-note currency • Banks that joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them • Southern financial woes: • • • • Custom duties were cut off by Union blockade Confederate bonds sold amounting to $400 million Increased taxes sharply and imposed a 10% levy on farm produce The war inflicted a 9,000% inflation rate on the Confederacy, contrasted with 80% for the Union. XII. The North’s Economic Boom • New factories, sheltered by the new protective tariffs, grew quickly. • Soaring prices pinched the day laborer and the white-collar worker to some extent • But the manufacturers and businesspeople raked in “the fortunes of war” through continued Industrial Revolution. • Other industries were booming: • Discovery of petroleum (1859) in PA • Pioneers continued to push westward (Homestead Act of 1862). • Women expanded into the workplace to take the jobs of their fathers, husbands, and brothers. While most women took to the factories to support the war, some took to the front lines. To pass as a man, Union soldier Frances Louisa Clayton, who enlisted with her husband in 1861 as 'Jack Williams,' took up gambling, cigar-smoking, and swearing. XIII. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom • The South fought invasion to the point of exhaustion. • Possessing 30% of the national wealth (1860), the South claimed only 12% in 1870. • Infrastructure completely collapsed. • South committed “economic cannibalism” in order to survive. • Remarkably, southern spirit remained until the end. • Women became pillars on which the men supported themselves. • Women took pride in denying themselves the silks and satins worn by the Northerners. • In the end: Industry conquered the Plantation. Richmond, VA near the end of the war.