Download Key Questions - Caggia Social Studies

Part 1: Prehistory
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
Key Questions:
“Team History”
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Archaeologists
Anthropologists
Geographers
Forensic Scientists
Historians
Lifestyles
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Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age
Neolithic (New Stone) Age
Characteristics of Civilization
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cities *
organized governments
complex religions
job specialization
social classes
arts & architecture
public works
writing
1) How does each member of “Team History” contribute to the
discovery of early peoples?
2) What was the Neolithic revolution?
3) What role do historians play in the discovery of history?
4) Describe early governments of the Neolithic Era.
5) Describe each of the features of civilization.
6) Why was writing important to early civilization?
7) Describe the lifestyles of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras.
8) How was history kept before the invention of writing?
Part 2: Ancient Era - Unit 2A: River Valley Civilizations
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
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Geography of Mesopotamia
Fertile Crescent
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Anatolia (Asia Minor)
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Black Sea
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Mesopotamia
Sumerians
Akkadians
Old Babylonians
Hittites
Assyrians
New Babylonians
Persians
Phoenicians
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Important Mesopotamians
Gilgamesh
Sargon
Hammurabi
Assurbanipal
Nebuchadnezzar
Darius
Zoroaster
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Important Mesopotamian Contributions
writing
ziggurats
Epic of Gilgamesh
Hammurabi’s Code
iron
empires
money economy
Zoroastrianism
alphabet
the Hanging Gardens
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Geography of Egypt
Nile River
Nile Delta
cataracts
Libyan Desert
Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Nubia
Egypt
Old Kingdom
• King Narmer
• unification
• pharaohs
• pyramids
• mummification
 Middle Kingdom
• Hyksos
 New Kingdom
• Hatshepsut
• King Tut
• Ramses the Great
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Important Artifacts
Palette of Narmer
Step Pyramid of King Djoser
Rosetta Stone
“King Tut’s” Tomb
Key Questions
1) What were the writing systems of Egypt and
Mesopotamia each called? Why was there a need for
writing?
2) What was the Code of Hammurabi and why was it
important?
3) What was cultural diffusion and how does it occur?
4) From evidence found at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro,
archaeologists have concluded that Indus Valley cities
5) Which people were responsible for spreading Middle
Eastern civilization throughout the Mediterranean?
6) What is a Golden Age?
7) Describe government according to Confucius.
8) Who was Siddhartha Gautama and what did he
accomplish?
9) What is believed to be the oldest organized religion in the
world?
10) What is the Diaspora and why is it an important event?
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Geography of India
monsoons
Indus River
Ganges River
Hindustan (Indo-Gangetic Plain)
Hindu Kush
Himalayas
Eastern & Western Ghats
Coastal Plains
Deccan Plateau
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Geography of China
Yellow River (Huange He)
Yangtze River
Himalayas
Gobi Desert
Mongolia
loess
Dynasties
Shang
• bronze working
• oracle bones
• sericulture (cultivation of silk)
 Zhou
• Mandate of Heaven
• dynastic cycle
• feudalism
• Era of Warring States
 Qin
• Shi Huangdi
• Legalism
• Great Wall
• unified China
• single monetary system
• improved roads and waterways
 Han
• Confucianism
• Wudi
• civil service system
• acupuncture
• seismograph
• paper
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People of India
Indus Valley
• Harappa
• Mohenjo-Daro
• polytheistic
• central government
 Aryans
• Vedic Age
• polytheistic
• decentralized government
• caste
• Mahabharata
• Bhagavad-Gita
• Ramayana
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Golden Age of India
Maurya Dynasty
• Chandragupta
• Asoka
Gupta Dynasty
• universities
• Arabic Numerals
• decimal system
• Kalidasa
Hinduism
oldest religion
Aryans
polytheistic
caste
• Brahmins (priests)
• Kshatriyas
(warriors/nobles)
• Vaisyas (herders, farmers,
artisans, merchants)
• Sudras (farmworkers,
servants, laborers)
reincarnation
karma
dharma
moksha
ahimsa
atman
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Judaism
Abraham
monotheistic
ethical religion
Torah
Moses
David
Solomon
the Ten Commandments
prophets
judges
Temple of Solomon
Diaspora
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Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path
no caste
reincarnation
karma
dharma
moksha
ahimsa
nirvana
Enlightenment
Part 2: Ancient Era - Unit 2B: the Americas & Africa
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
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Americas Geography
Caribbean Sea
Mississippi River
Amazon River
Gulf of Mexico
Bering Strait
Rocky Mountains
Sierra Madre Mountains
Andes Mountains
Mesoamerica
Olmec
“Big Head” People
“mother culture” of Mesoamerica
cities
• religious centers
 calendar
 writing
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Maya
Independent City-states
• religious centers
• organized / planned government
• trade
 calendars
• priestly time-keepers
• excelled in astronomy
 Decline
• Mayans just leave their cities
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Aztec
Empire
• central government
• elected emperor
 writing
 engineering
• chinampas
• causeways
• sea walls
 decline
• conquered by Spain
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Inca
South America
empire
• Sapa Inca
• Chosen Women
• controlled people’s lives
• arranged marriages
• imposed a common language
• 14,000 miles of roads
 technology
• roads
• quipu
• terraced farming
• metal working
 decline
• conquered by Spain
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Africa Geography
Sahara Desert
Kalahari Desert
Congo River
Nile River
Niger River
Great Rift Valley
monsoons
cataracts
desertification
Sahel
savannas
West Africa
Early
• Nok
• Bantu Migrations
 Ghana
• gold-salt trade
• cultural diffusion
 adopted Islam
• decline
 defeated by the Almoravids
 Mali
• Mansa Musa
 hajj
 rebuilt Timbuktu
 made Timbuktu a cultural center
• decline
 weak leadership
 Songhai
• Sonni Ali
• Askia Muhammad
 hajj
• decline
• defeated by Morocco
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East Africa
coastal cities
• trade centers
• adopt Islam
• Swahili
• “middle men” between interior traders
and foreign merchants
• monsoons
 Axum & Ethiopia
• convert to Christianity
• trade with Muslim lands declines
 Great Zimbabwe
• “Great Stone House”
• were likely middle men linking interior
traders and foreign merchants
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KEY QUESTIONS:
1) What commodities dominated trade in West Africa?
2) How did the city of Djenne-Djeno benefit from its
location?
3) How did East African city-states benefit from monsoons?
4) What impact did Mansa Musa’s hajj have on West Africa?
5) Who were the Swahili?
6) How did the first people get to the Americas?
7) How did archaeologists use artifacts to learn about the
Olmec?
8) What were the Bantu Migrations?
9) How did each of the following civilizations end? (Maya,
Aztec, Inca, Ghana, Mali, Songhai)
10) Why did the Maya develop an accurate calendar?
Part 3: Classical Era - Unit 3A: Greece
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
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Geography of Greece
Aegean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Dardanelles
Bosporus
Crete
Peloponnesus
Attica
Macedon
Early Greeks
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Minoans
Myceneans
Dorians
Ionians
Greek City-States
Polytheistic
common language
arête
Athens
• civic participation
• tyrants
 Draco
 Solon
 Pisistratus
 Cleisthenes
 Pericles
• direct democracy
 Sparta
• military training
• physical strength
• helots
• dual monarchy
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Greek Conflict
1st Persian War
• Battle of Marathon
 2nd Persian War
• Greek League
• Themistocles
• Leonidas
• Battle of Thermopolae
• Battle of Salamis
 Peloponnesian War
• Delian League
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Alexander the Great
Phillip II of Macedon
Battle of Chaeronea
Battle of Issus
Egypt
India
Alexandria
Greek Culture/Contributions
Homer
Sophists
Philosophers
• Socrates
 Socratic Method
• Plato
 Academy
 The Republic
• Aristotle
 Lyceum
Writing/Literature
• Drama
 tragedy
o Sophocles
 comedy
 history
o Herodotus
Science & Math
• Hippocrates
• Archimedes
• Pythagoras
• Aristarchus
 heliocentric
idealism
architecture
• Parthenon
logic
Hellenistic
KEY QUESTIONS:
1) Where did theater originate?
2) How did Athens rise to power after the Persian Wars?
3) What was the Peloponnesian War?
4) What is Alexander’s the Great most lasting legacy?
5) What was the focus of Spartan life?
6) Who was Homer?
7) What were the Iliad and the Odyssey?
8) Who were the first mainland Greeks? In what legendary war
did they fight?
9) Describe the political organization of Greece.
10) According to Socrates, how should learning take place?
11) What is the difference between tragedy and comedy?
Part 3: Classical Era - Unit 3B: Rome
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
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Geography of Rome
peninsula
Adriatic Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Tiber River
Alps
Apennine Mountains
Sicily
Corsica
Sardinia
Growth and Rise of Rome
Remus & Romulus
Etruscans
Latin League
Punic Wars
• Hannibal
• Scipio Africanus
 Gladiator Revolt
• Sparticus
• Crassus
• Pompey
 First Triumvirate
• Julius Caesar
• Crassus
• Pompey
 Second Triumvirate
• Octavian (Augustus Caesar)
• Marc Antony
• Lepidus
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Decline of Rome
Pax Romana
bread & circuses
Bad Emperors
• Caligula
• Nero
Military Causes
Political Causes
Economic Causes
Social Causes
KEY QUESTIONS:
1) What followed the death of the Gracchus Brothers?
2) What culture most influenced the Romans?
3) What events led to the fall of Rome?
4) Culturally, what role did the Byzantine Empire play?
5) Who was Justinian? What was his greatest legacy?
6) Describe Roman government during the republic.
7) Who was the first pope?
8) Describe the social classes of Rome.
9) What is the punishment imposed by the church that kicks a person out
of the congregation?
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Government & Society
res publica
patricians
plebeians
Senators
Consuls
Dictator
Praetors
Quaestors
Aediles
Censors
Tribunes
civil law
Law of Nations
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Roman Achievement
Greco-Roman Culture
Literature
• Virgil
satire
• Juvenal
• Martial
History
• Livy
• Tacitus
stoicism
• Marcus Aurelius
Art & Architecture
mosaics
Coloseum
Pantheon
arches
domes
grandeur
realism
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Christianity
Jesus
apostles
Peter
Paul
martyrs
Constantine
Theodosius
clergy
pope
bishops
patriarchs
heresies
Augustine of Hippo
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Part 4: Medieval Era - Unit 4A: Byzantine and Muslim Empires
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
Byzantine Empire
 Accomplishments of Justinian
• rebuilt Constantinople
 made it the capital of the
Byzantine Empire
• created a legal code - Justinian’s Code
 main body of laws
 legal precedents from Roman Law
 textbooks and hand books for law
students
 The Great Schism
 Bubonic Plague
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Geography of the Muslim World
Arabian Peninsula
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Nile River
Spain
Mecca
Medina
Damascus
Baghdad
Jerusalem
Tours
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Rise of the Muslim Empire
Bedouins
Muhammad
Kadijah
Fatima
Abu Bakr
Ali
Rightly Guided Caliphs
Umayyad
Battle of Tours
Abbasids
Main Ideas of Islam
monotheism
Quran
Five Pillars
• declaration of faith
• daily prayer
• alms
• fasting
• hajj
 mosques
 jihad
 caliph
 Sharia
 Sunni
 Shia
 Sufi
 Allah
 prophets
• Abraham
• Moses
• Jesus
• Muhammad
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Advances
Economics
• sakk
• caravans
• camels
 Art
• arabesque
• calligraphy
• religious art
 Literature
• Arabian Nights
• Firdawsi
• Omar Khayyam
 Education/Knowledge
• Ibn Rushd
• Ibn Khaldun
• al-Khwarizmi
• Muhammad al-Rasi
• Ibn Sina
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KEY QUESTIONS:
1) After Muhammad’s death, what happened to the Muslim
empire? Why?
2) Explain the importance of the Quran in daily life.
3) Why is the hajj an important expression of a Muslim’s faith?
4) What innovations and discoveries did Muslims make in
medicine?
5) Describe each of the Five Pillars.
Part 4: Medieval Era - Unit 4B: Middle Ages
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
Franks
major domo
Merovingians
• Clovis
• Charles Martel
 Battle of Tours
 Carolingians
• Charlemagne
 Treaty of Verdun
 Vikings
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Church Power
Holy Roman Empire
lay investiture
• Henry IV
• Gregory VII
• Concordat of Worms
 Papal Supremacy
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Economic Revival
agricultural revolution
• three-field system
• iron plow
• windmills
• horse harness
 trade
• new trade routes
• charters and towns
• trade fairs
 commerce
• partnerships
• insurance
• bills of exchange
 industry
• guilds
 apprentice
 journeyman
 guild master
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Feudalism
lord-vassal relationship
manor
• self-sufficient
• serfs
 fief
 knights
• chivalry
• tournaments
• troubadours
 castles
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The Church
sacraments
priests
monasteries
• monks
• Benedict
canon law
• excommunication
• interdict
papal supremacy
friars
Francis of Assisi
anti-Semitism
Crusades
Pope Urban II
1st Crusade
2nd Crusade
3rd Crusade
4th Crusade
Children’s Crusade
Reconquista
• Inquisition
 Albigensian Crusade
 Economic Impact
 Social Impact
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Cultural Revival
Universities
New Learning
• scholasticism
• Thomas Aquinas
 Literature
• vernacular
• Song of Roland
• Divine Comedy
• Canterbury Tales
 Art & Architecture
• Gothic Cathedral
 stained glass
 flying buttresses
 sculpture
• illuminated texts
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Setbacks
Bubonic Plague
Papal Controversy
• John Wycliffe
• Jan Hus
 Hundred Years’ War
• longbow men
• Joan of Arc
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KEY QUESTIONS:
1) What role did Christianity play in the daily lives of
Europeans?
2) What role did Christianity play in the Frankish
unification of Gaul?
3) What impact did the Viking invasions have on
Europe?
4) Why was the Battle of Tours significant?
5) Describe the lord-vassal relationship.
6) Describe the self-sufficient system of a manor.
Part 5: Renaissance Era – Unit 5A: Mongol & Ming Dynasties, Renaissance & Reformation
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
China
Mongol Dynasty
• Yuan Dynasty
• Genghis Khan
• Kublai Kahn
 tolerant ruler
 Marco Polo
 Pax Mongolica
 contact with Europe increases
• decline
 overthrown by the Chinese
 Ming Dynasty
• restores civil service
• economy based on agriculture and
industry
• Emperor Zhu Di
 China at its height
 build the Forbidden City
 repairs the Great Wall
 increased trade on the Silk Road
 largest naval fleet
 Zheng He
o admiral of fleet
o explores the world
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Renaissance
Humanism
• Petrarch
 patrons
• Medici
 New techniques in Art
• perspective
• da Vinci
• Michelangelo
• Raphael
• Durer
 Literature
• Castiglione
 The Book of the Courtier
• Machiavelli
 The Prince
• Erasmus
• Thomas More
 Utopia
• Shakespeare
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KEY QUESTIONS:
1) What impact did Mongol conquest have on Europe?
2) Why was Marco Polo’s writings important?
3) What did the Reconquista accomplish?
4) What effect did the Papal Controversy have on the
authority of the Church in Medieval life?
5) What were the results of the Crusades?
6) What was the major conflict between the popes and the
Holy Roman Emperors?
7) Why was Germany unable to unify into a single kingdom?
8) What was the main focus of Renaissance artists?
9) What were the results of the Catholic Reformation?
10) What impact did the printing revolution have on Europe?
11) What was the primary goal of the Crusades?
12) What was Martin Luther’s biggest criticism of the Catholic
Church?
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Reformation
indulgences
secularism
Martin Luther
• 95 Theses
• diet of Worms
John Calvin
• predestination
• Geneva
Anglican Church
• Henry VIII
• Act of Supremacy
Catholic Reformation
• Council of Trent
• inquisition
• Index of Forbidden Books
• Jesuits
 Ignatius of Loyola
Intolerance
• witch hunts
• anti-Semitism
 ghettos
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Scientific Revolution
Astronomy
• Copernicus
• Brahe
• Kepler
• Galileo
Scientific Method
• Bacon
• Descartes
Medicine
• Vesalius
• Pare
• William Harvey
• Leeuwenhoek
Chemistry
• Boyle
Science & Math
• Isaac Newton
Part 5: Renaissance Era - Unit 5B: Exploration
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
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Geography
Strait of Malacca
Strait of Magellan
Cape of Good Hope
Philippines
Portugal
Netherlands
Technology
Caravel
• combination of sails
• deeper keels
• chain & rudder
astrolabe
cartographers
Europeans
Portugal
• Henry the Navigator
• Bartholomeu Dias
 Cape of Good Hope
• Vasco da Gama
• Afonso de Albuquerque
 Mughal Empire
 Goa
 Malacca
Spain
• Christopher Columbus
 West Indes
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa
 Pacific Ocean
• Ferdinand Magellan
 civcumnavigate the globe
 Philippines
• spread Christianity
• encomienda
• Bartolome de Las Casas
 History of the Indes
• social structure in Americas
 Peninsulares
 creoles
 mestizos & mulattos
 peons & slaves
England
• John Cabot
 Newfoundland
• British East India Company
• sepoys
• Seven Years’ War
France
• Jacques Cartier
 St. Lawrence River
• French East India Company
• sepoys
• Seven Years’ War
Netherlands
• Henry Hudson
 Hudson River
Dutch East India Company
succeeds Portugal in Indian Ocean
Asians
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India
• Mughal Dynasty
 allowed British and French
trade outposts
 made profit from trade
China
• had superior products than
Europeans
• limited trade with Europeans
Korea
• The “Hermit Kingdom”
• rejected ALL Europeans
Japan
• originally allowed trade
• welcomed missionaries
• Tokugawa Shogunate
 expelled ALL Europeans
 only 2 Dutch ships allowed
per year
Native Americans
 Aztecs
• Tenochtitlan
• Moctezuma
• Cortes
 divide & conquer
 Malinche
 disease
 Inca
• Atalhuapa
• Pizarro
 divide & conquer
 disease
West Africans
 Slave Trade
• triangular trade
• “Middle Passage”
• decimation of population
 cultural changes
• fear & insecurity
• distrust
 outcomes
• loss of hundreds of thousands of
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people
religious intolerance
racism
Columbian Exchange
New foods improved nutrition around
the world
new technologies were shared
new cultures emerged
mercantilism
• “putting-out” system
• tariffs
KEY QUESTIONS:
1) Why did European nations encourage ocean
exploration?
2) What role did Portugal play in European
exploration?
3) What was China’s view on European trade?
4) What was the Columbian Exhange? What
were ther results?
5) Describe the result of Spanish encounters
with Native Americans.
6) Explain the relationship of the slave trade to
mercantilism.
7) What was the Middle Passage?
Part 6: Industrial Era - Unit 6A: Government, Absolutism & Enlightenment
Remember to review your VOCABULARY!
French Monarchy
 Louis XIII
• Cardinal Richelieu
 persecuted Hugenots
 eliminated independence of nobles
and Hugenots
 Louis XIV
• ideal monarch
• “I am the State”
• intendants
• strongest army in Europe
• levee
• Versailles
• revoked Edict of Nantes
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert
 mercantilist policies
 encouraged basic industries
 tariffs
England
 James I
• clashes with Parliament
• practiced divine right monarchy
 Charles I
• divine right monarchy
• signed but did not follow the Petition of
Right
“Long Parliament”
English Civil War
Cavaliers
Roundheads
executed
The Commonwealth
• Oliver Cromwell
• Puritan society
• closed taverns, theatres
• forbade gambing, dancing
• intolerant of Catholics
• tolerant of other religions
Charles II
• The Restoration
• accepted Petition of Right
• reopened taverns and theatres
• dealt better with Parliament
James II
• openly practiveed Catholicism
• ignored Petition of Right
• was forced to flee England
Glorious Revolution
• William & Mary invited to rule
• accepted the English Bill of Rights
 power of the purse
 habeas corpus
 limited monarchy
Constitutional Government
• political parties
• cabinet
 prime minister
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Age of Reason
 Natural Law
 Thomas Hobbes
• Leviathan
• social contract
 John Locke
• Two Treatises on Government
• natural rights
• right to revolution
 Chalres Montesquieu
• The Spirit of the Laws
• separation of powers
• checks and balances
 Voltaire
• free speech
 Diderot
• Encyclopedia
 Jean Jacques Rousseau
• The Social Contract
• social contract
 Mary Wollstonecraft
• A Vindication of the Rights of Women
 Adam Smith
• The Wealth of Nations
• laissex-faire economics
• the “Invisible Hand”
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The Arts
baroque
rococo
ballet
opera
Composers
• Johann Sebastian Bach
• George Frideric Handel
• Franz Joseph Haydn
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Enlightened Despots
 Frederick the Great (Prussia)
 Joseph II (Austria)
 Catherine the Great (Russia)
KEY QUESTIONS:
1) What made Louis XIV the ideal monarch?
2) Explain the symbolism of the palace of Versailles.
3) Why was the change that bought William and Mary to rule England
called the “Glorious Revolution?
4) Which Enlightenment ideas became part of English government?
5) What traditions from English government became part of the new
American government?
6) Explain the economic ideas put forth by Adam Smith.
7) The idea “no taxation without representation” was based on what
Enlightenment idea from which philosophe?
8) What was the cause of the English Civil War?