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C1 Topic 1 Fundamental Ideas and The Earth REVISION Elements and compounds 1. What is an element made up of? 2. What is a compound made up of? 3. What is a mixture made up of? 4. What is a molecule made up of? 5. Which type of bond is made by sharing electrons? 6. Which type of bond is made when 1 atom gives electrons to the other? 7. Which type of bond do a metal and non-metal make? 8. Which type of bond do 2 non-metals make? A substance made up of only one type of atom A substance made up of 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded Two or more different types of atoms not chemically joined Two or more atoms. They could be the same or different types Covalent Ionic Ionic Covalent Symbols 9. The atomic number shows the number of …. Protons 10.The mass number shows the number of …… 11.The number of electrons in the outer shell is the …….. the group number on the Periodic Table 12. The number of protons is the same as the number of …………….. in an atom 13. To calculate the number of neutrons we do the mass number take away the ……….. 14. The mass number of Magnesium Protons and neutrons 15. The number of protons in a Nitrogen atom 7 16. The number of electrons in a Fluorine atom 9 17. The number of neurons in a Lithium atom 4 Same as Electrons Atomic number 24 SKILLS – WORKING OUT THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES Atoms and subatomic particles 18.What is the centre of the atom called? Nucleus 19.What is the charge on a proton? +1 20.What is the charge on an electron? -1 21.What is the charge on a neutron? 0 22.Where are electrons found? In the shells, orbiting the nucleus 23.What is found in the centre of the atom? Protons and neutrons 24. How many atoms can go in the first shell? 25. How many electrons can go in the 2nd and onwards shells Groups 2 8 26. What are the elements in Group 0 called? Noble gases 27. Why are the elements in group 0 unreactive? Full outer shell 28. What are the elements in group 7 called? 29. What is the word equation for the reaction of sodium with water? 30. What is the word equation for the reaction of potassium with oxygen? Higher Tier 31. What is the balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sodium with water? 32.What is the balanced symbol equation for the reaction of potassium with oxygen? Halogens Sodium + water sodium hydroxide + hydrogen Potassium + Oxygen SKILLS – WRITING potassium oxide EQUATIONS 2Na + 2H2O 4K + O2 2NaOH + H2 2K2O Earth’s Structure (and rocks) 1. List the 4 layers of the Earth Atmosphere, Core, mantle, crust 2. What is the crust broken into? Tectonic plates 3. Name 2 events that occur at plate boundaries 4. Which is the largest/thickest layer of the earth? 5. Which is the smallest/thinnest layer of the earth? Volcanoes, earthquakes 6. Which layers make up tectonic plates? 7. Why don’t governments always act upon to scientist’s predictions of earthquakes? The mantle The crust The crust and upper part of the mantle They can’t predict exactly when it will happen, it costs a lot of money and takes a lot of time to evacuate everyone Continental Drift 8. Name Wegener’s theory 9. What causes the plates to move and where do they occur? 10. What type of process releases heat? Continental drift 11. How far do the plates move each year? A few cm Convection currents, in the mantle Radioactive Earth’s Atmosphere 12. List the gases which make up the Nitrogen 80% oxygen 20% carbon atmosphere, with their percentages 13. What made the first atmosphere? 14. Where did the oceans come from? 15. State 2 ways plants and algae have changed the atmosphere 16. What happens to carbon dioxide in the oceans? 17. How are humans increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Higher Only 18. Why did Miller and Urey use methane, ammonia and hydrogen for the earth’s early experiment? 19. Why does Miller and Urey’s experiment only provide weak evidence? 20. Miller and Urey’s experiment suggested how ………….. …………….. were formed 21. What theory did the Miller and Urey experiment support? 22. What did the primordial soup theory require to produce amino acids? 23. What is the process called of how we can separate air and why is this method possible? dioxide less than 1% Volcanoes Condensation of water vapour Increase oxygen, decrease CO2 Dissolves Burning fossil fuels increases CO2 It is what they thought was present in the early atmosphere We don’t know for sure what gases were present, no one was there to see what happened Amino acids The primordial soup theory Hydrocarbons, ammonia and lightning Fractional distillation. The gases in the air have different boiling points