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Journey Stars Through the The Process Book PROCESS BOOK | 1 SECTION ONE 4 SECTION TWO 6 Introduction Research SECTION THREE Target Audience SECTION FOUR 14 SECTION FIVE 16 SECTION SIX 21 Studies & Development Design Plan Final Products The M7 Open Star Cluster in Scorpius PROCESS BOOK | 2 2 9 PROCESS BOOK | 3 SECTION ONE: INTRO The goal of this project is to inform the people with facts of space to better inform them about the 9 planets, the stars and the solar system. My methods are simple, there will be questions asked to know what people know of the solar system then show diagrams and infographics to support facts about other knowledge. Resources backing up information given will be based a scolarly recorses online, such as Space.com and NASA. By the end, I want people who are interested, to benefit from this project by knowing a little more about the great wonders above. Mission Statement Journey through the Stars mission statement is to inform, education and to satisfy the curiosity of those people about space. Vision Statement Through a series of images and infographics, will lay out and show you in detail more about space. Questions and assumptions Thesis Statement Ever since the Babylonians, people have wondered and stared up at the sky. With the advances of technologies and new advances in knowledge, we have discovered much more of what is above and around us. Purpose/ Goal: The goal is to inform the people with facts of space to better inform them about the 9 planets, the stars and the solar system. Research: I will as questions to know what people know of the solar system then show diagram and infographics to support facts about other knowledge. Resources: The insight of people on campus, a telescope, NASA Benefits: PROCESS BOOK | 4 People whow want to learn more or those who are interested in learning something new about space PROCESS BOOK | 5 SECTION TWO: RESEARCH T he knowledge of outer space and the solar system has come a long way of understanding though out years. Long before time, our ancestors used to tell stories about the night sky, and they followed the wonders, also known today as the planets and stars. The Babylonians also thought certain objects in the night sky meant unfortunate events would soon happen to their lives. For example, if they saw a comet fly across the sky, they knew someone was going to die and if it was an eclipse, it was known that many people in the village where going to be dead by sunrise. But over time, technology has advanced and key figures have rose to the surface in the science field, to educate the public more about what’s up there, in outer space and how it all works (Stander). As of today, we technically have eight planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. I believe and was raised on there being nine planets, this included Pluto at the end of the line of planets, but in August 2006 NASA ruled it out for numerous reasons and called it a dwarf planet. Beyond our solar system, there’s a whole lot of other stars and other galaxies just waiting to be discovered and more to be learned about what lies in our night sky. Starting around the time of 427-150BC there were many Astronomers and men of science trying to figure out space and how it works before we had a better understanding because it was during the time before technology. Names such as Plato, Aristotle, Aristarchus, and Ptolemy (as seen in pictures above, in order) are noted as men who made great discoveries during this time period. Plato was the first to suggest that our planets might be round. Then Aristotle came in around 200 BC, adding that the planets in fact are round and that Earth could be what is in the middle and all the other planets revolve around it. Before this conclusion, people believed that hell was in the center and Earth and other planets just revolved around it. Aristotle’s evidence to as why he thought PROCESS BOOK | 6 the Earth didn’t move is because he said, look around, does it feel like we’re moving? He also said birds would fly off the planet because if the planet did move it would be moving too fast and he said the planet is too heavy to move, therefore Earth did not move, it was stationary and all the other planets revolved around the Earth. Then around the time, 100AD Ptolemy studied the sky more in depth. He noticed that sometimes planets moved faster and slower and once in a while they seemed to stop and go backwards of the course of days or even months. This would soon be come to known as retrogrades motion. Sometime later, in 1543AD, Nicolas Copernicus wrote a book, stating that the sun might be the center and that Earth was just another planet that went around. This book was not published until he thought he was dying because of his close relationship with the church. During those times, you could not act or think against the church and what it believes. So just shortly before this time all the planets had to be thought as made of perfect circles, made from perfect materials and the Earth had to be the center because of God and they believed everything had to be made perfectly because why would God ever mess up (Stander). Around the year 1546AD, better technology slowly started to be created to better understand the cosmos. A man by the name of Tycho Brahe was the first to develop better instruments to view the planets and stars. He used a tube with wires attached to it to use this tool as a measurer. He was the first to see the birth of a new star, a comet and he was the first to conclude that the sun was in fact in the middle and the earth revolved around it. To help him in his discoveries, he hired many mathematics and astronomers, one of these astronomers was a man named Johann Kepler. Kepler, a man from Germany inherited Brahe’s research ten days before he passed away and with this information he came up with the three laws of planetary motion: 1. Planets move in elliptical movements around the sun, 2. Planets closer to the sun will move faster, and 3. Planets farther away from the sun will move slower than the closer ones (“A Comprehensive Gide to the Universe”). His research proves this point; one example is Kepler found it takes Earth 365 days to orbit the sun but it takes Pluto 294 years to make that same trip around the sun. Better technology really came in the year, 1603 when Galileo created the first telescope. With this Galileo found new things out about space such as, the moon was not smooth, it had valleys and craters, the milky way was made up of more stars than they originally thought, just most of them are too dim to see with the naked eye, Jupiter had moons orbiting around it and the sun had sunspots on it. Due to his findings, he was put under house arrest for two years because the Pope did not agree with his research. The last scientist who is credited with major findings that help us with what we know about the solar system in Isaac Newton. His biggest theory he is known for is Newton’s law of motion, stating that particles in motion stay in motion and particles at rest will stay at rest unless an external force interacts with it. Today we have more knowledge on the solar system, what’s with in it and how it came to be. Depending on a person’s knowledge and or beliefs, how our solar system came to be is debatable. One of the strongest theories on it is called The Solar Nebula Theory; Our solar system was probably formed out of a spinning ball of gas (Stander). When this ball became bright enough, it exploded and blew dust and gases into space, leaving gravity to work for the dust and gas to form together to create the planets you see today, in time to rotated counterclock wise around the sun. This all happened PROCESS BOOK | 7 SECTION 3 4.5 billion years ago. The first four planets closest to the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called the inner planets, also known as the terrestrial planets. They are mostly made up of dirt and rocks. These planets are denser the closer you get to the sun because of the gravitational force. Then in between Mars and Jupiter, separating the inner planets from the outer is the asteroid belt. It’s said that it’s the remains of planets that failed to form, there are about 200 asteroids larger than 60 miles in diameter, about 200 asteroids larger than 6 miles and 500,000 larger than .6 miles (“Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets”). Then after the belt comes the outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, also known as the gas giants of the solar system. Jupiter and Saturn are mostly made up of Hydrogen and helium gases. Whereas the farther you go out, away from the sun, the last three planets are made up of ice and water because the sun’s rays can’t reach out that far to warm them. Therefore, these planets are also lighter in weight. Beyond Pluto comes the Kuiper Belt, that extends 30-50AU away that contains many clusters of ice and dwarf planets. AU stands for Astronomical Units, its used in space to measure the length between objects, 1AU is roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun (Stander). The second largest dwarf planet outside of Pluto is (in size order) Eris, Haumea and Makemake, these dwarf planets are located in Kuiper’s belt. All of this is wrapped up in a sphere called the Oort cloud: a cloud of icy material and rock where most comets come from. TARGET AUDIENCE A - Persona - person of the age of 20 years old or older who is really interested in space and a person who wants to know more about the unknown. My work will be half, a base education that my persona should know and the other half, will go more in depth where more people wouldn’t know the information. This idea, will widen the range of people I will connect to. Also someone who is open minded, curious about science, willing to ask questions and wants to know more. Location wise, most of the people would come from a suburban area or a city to be able to see expositions around them. PROCESS BOOK | 8 PROCESS BOOK | 9 PARTICIPATION Who is allowed to participate? The people who are interested in the topic of space are allowed to participate along with anyone who wants to know more. Most people would be over the age of 18, to comprehend the vocabulary and to grasp the bigger picture. How do they participate? They will participate by walking up to an infographic and learning more, all they would have to do is be able to read. They can also participate by answering some questions on what they already know about space, then later they can see more about what they did or didn’t know. There will also be a book that they can read to participate that way. Is participation meaningful? It is meaningful, because by the end they will walk away with a better understanding about a piece of space. They can then know a little more knowledge then what they already knew. Is participation voluntary? wYes, it is voluntary because you have to walk up to the exposition or buy/ look at the book. In other ways, no it is not voluntary because say if you’re just walking buy you could see something that catches your eye that you will in turn learn something as well. PROCESS BOOK | 10 PROCESS BOOK | 11 POSITIONING MATRIX & STATEMENT Showing Educational what other companies are in the field Younger Older People People Exploratory PROCESS BOOK | 12 PROCESS BOOK | 13 SECTION FOUR: STUDIES & DEVELOPMENT This Part of the Process Book features the beginning of the creative process of how my Senior the-sis will come together. It includes the color study, type study, along with logo studies and logo de-velopment. To wrap it all up there will be a list to show where I see my project heading in the fol-lowing months to come. Color Study All other photos beside mine are brought to you by NASA Type Study Futura Medium Baskerville Univers C PROCESS BOOK | 14 PROCESS BOOK | 15 2’’ 2’’ 2’’ 2’’ Old Gym Layout Young Adults, male and female from the ages of 16 to 30 that are interested in space. 15.5’’ MERCURY MERCURY VENUS Messenger of of the the Roman Roman Gods Gods Messenger THIN ATMOSPERE ATMOSPERE THIN Mercuryhas hasaasolid solidiron iron Mercury coreof ofmolten. molten.ItItmakes makes core up42% 42%of ofits itsvolume, volume, up whileEarths Earthscore coremakes makes while up17%. 17%. up ICEAT ATTHE THEPOLES POLES ICE Despitethe theplanets planetshot hottemperatures, temperatures,some somesunlight sunlight Despite neverreaches reacheswithin withinthe thedeep deepcraters cratersof ofMercury. Mercury. never Clostest to to Clostest the Sun Sun the The The Red Red Planet Planet Mars Marswas wasgiven givenits itsname namebecause becausethe the planet planethas hasaabloodlike bloodlikecolor, color,the thecolor colorof of war. war.The Thered redcomes comesfrom fromMars’ Mars’surface surface material, material,iron ironoxide oxide(rust). (rust). Mars Marsand and Earth Earthshare sharemany manysimilarities, similarities,they theyboth both have haveseasons, seasons,canyons, canyons,volcanoes, volcanoes,polar polar ice icecaps capsand andweather. weather.On Onthe theother otherhand, hand, Mars Marsisisjust justaabit bitsmaller, smaller,drier drierand andcolder colder than thanEarth. Earth.The Themajor majordifference differencethe the two, two,isisMars Marsdoes doesnot nothave havewater. water.But But recently recentlyscientist scientistare areproving provingthere theremight might be betraces tracesof ofititsomewhere somewhereon onthe theplanet. planet. Unlike every every other other planet planet that that Unlike is named named after after aa Roman Roman God God or or is Goddess, Earth Earth is is named named after after an an Goddess, English word, word, that that means means the the ground. ground. English Our home, home, is is the the only only planet planet in in the the Our solar system system with with LIFE LIFE on on it. it. This This is is solar because of of the the following following factors: factors: because Mariner 10 10 Mariner 1. Water Water 1. is the the only only NASA NASA is spacecraft that that has has spacecraft visited Mercury Mercury in in visited 1974 and and 1975. 1975. ItIt 1974 took this this image. image. took 70.8% of of the the Earth’s Earth’s surface surface is is 70.8% covered in in water. water. H2O H2O makes makes itit so so the the covered planet does does not not burn burn up up and and itit cleans cleans planet the atmosphere atmosphere of of dust. dust. the Roman Goddess Goddess of of Love Love Roman and Beauty Beauty and 2’’ MARS Our OurHome HomePlanet Planet Our Home Home Planet Planet Our Both planets planets are are terrestrial terrestrial planets. planets. Both Venus and and Earth Earth are are also also located located within within Venus the Sun’s Sun’s Goldilocks Goldilocks Zone. Zone. Therefore, Therefore, the it’s not not to to close close to to the the sun sun and and not not it’s too far far from from itit either. either. The The two two are are too very similar similar in in size, size, mass, mass, density density and and very volume. volume. METAL CORE CORE METAL Thisallows allowsthe theplanet planetto to This keepbeing beinghit hitby byother otherrocks rocks keep anddebris. debris.Here Herethere thereis isno no and protection. protection. EARTH EARTH Earth’s Sister Sister Earth’s Mercury is is the the messenger messenger of of the the Gods Gods Mercury because itit is is the the fastest fastest moving moving planet planet because in the the solar solar system. system. ItIt takes takes the the planet planet in 88 days days to to go go around around the the sun. sun. 88 2’’ was given given this this ItIt was name because because of of its its name brightness, beauty beauty brightness, and mystery mystery about about and in the the night night sky. sky. itit in Venus is is the the brightest brightest Venus object in in the the sky sky object after our our moon. moon. This This after is due due to to the the sun sun is hitting off off the the white white hitting clouds surrounding surrounding clouds the planet. planet. The The dense dense the cloud coverage coverage also also cloud makes itit aa hard hard planet planet makes to study. study. to Hottest Hottest Planet Planet Missions Missions to to the the Planet Planet 2. Atmosphere Atmosphere 2. Seven miles miles up up from from where where you you stand, stand, Seven the atmosphere atmosphere is is also also busy busy helping helping the the planet planet regulate regulate its its temperature, temperature, the protecting us us from from solar solar radiation, radiation, protecting rocks and and allows allows us us to to breathe. breathe. rocks 2’’ 3. Tilt Tilt 3. Earth has has aa tilt tilt of of 23.4°, 23.4°, this this causes causes Earth the planet planet to to have have seasons, seasons, meaning meaning the never gets gets too too hot hot or or cold cold to to not not itit never sustain life. life. The The tilt tilt also also gives gives the the sustain planet its its winds, winds, another another way way to to cool cool planet the planet planet down. down. the Only Planet Planet Only with Life Life with There Therehave havebeen been43 43missions missionsto toMars, Mars, only only23 23them themwere weresuccessful. successful.Out Outof of those thosesuccesses, successes,Russia Russiahas hasfour fourand and Europe Europeand andIndia Indiahave haveone oneeach. each. 2’’ 2’’ 1965 1965 All formats will be shown at expositions for space in museums. Posters and infographics will be hung on the walls, where as the other martials will be spread out on a table for display. Booklets and other merchandise will be sold in bookstores, other museums, and science expositions. Firstpicture pictureof ofMars Marsfrom fromNASA’s NASA’s First Mariner44 Mariner 2012 2012 Infographics/ Poster Business Cards Booklet Web Site Labels for Water bottles First idea & Final AUDIENCE VENUES 24’’ FORMAT S Second Best Best Second Known Planet Planet Known Moon Moon DESIGN PLAN layout plan for the semester Class Days for Due Dates Assignments Design Plan Monday Posters #3, #4 Feb. 20 Feb. 22 Feb. 27 March 1 March 6 March 8 Website March 13 March 15 Book March 20 March 22 March 27 March 29 April 3 April 5 April 10 April 12 Wrapping things up April 17 April 19 Cutting Infographics April 24 April 26 Mounting May 1 May 3 Senior Seminar Show May 8 May 10 Business cards/ h20 Labels PROCESS BOOK | 16 1 Number of of Moons: Moons: 11 (Moon) (Moon) Number Surface Temperature: Temperature: 57°F/14°C 57°F/14°C Surface Oribit Period Period (a (a year): year): 365.25 365.25 days days Oribit Atmosphere: Nitrogen Nitrogen 78%, 78%, Oxygen Oxygen 21%, 21%, Atmosphere: Argon 0.9% 0.9% Argon Mercury Mercury Mars Mars Jupiter Jupiter 2 ND ND Planetary Hot Hot Spot Spot Planetary NEPTUNE URANUS URANUS The rings rings on on average average are are 30 30 feet feet The thick and and 175,000 175,000 miles miles wide wide with with thick all of of them them put put together. together. all 19 -- 311 311 19 miles miles wide wide 15,845 15,845 9,134 9,134 miles wide wide miles miles wide wide miles 10,874 10,874 F F 5,282 5,282 miles miles wide wide C C D miles D miles wide wide B B Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration A A ringswas wastaken taken rings 2001 0 300,000,000 900,000,000 1,500,000,000 2,100,000,000 2,700,000,000 Many Many Rings Rings I AU Number of of Moons: Moons: 67 67 Number Surface Temperature: Temperature: -234°F/-145°C -234°F/-145°C Surface Oribit Period Period (a (a year): year): 12 12 Earth Earth years years Oribit Atmosphere: Hydrogen Hydrogen 90%, 90%, Helium Helium 10% 10% Atmosphere: Man weighs weighs Man 200lb on on 200lb Earth, that that Earth, same guy guy will will same weigh 480lb 480lb weigh on Jupiter Jupiter on The 44 biggest biggest moons moons to to Jupiter Jupiter The are called called the the Galilean Galilean are moons because because they they were were moons seen by by Galileo. Galileo. Most Most of of the the seen other moons moons are are named named after after the the other Roman God’s God’s lovers. lovers. But But these these are are Roman the best best known. known. the Furthest to Appears to Appears Planeton rotate on Its Its side side rotate 0 TH 5TH TH 5TH Number of of Moons: Moons: 62 62 Number Surface Temperature: Temperature: -288°F/-178°C -288°F/-178°C Surface Oribit Period Period (a (a year): year): 29 29 Earth Earth years years Oribit Atmosphere: Hydrogen Hydrogen 75%, 75%, Helium Helium 25%, 25%, & & small small Atmosphere: traces of of water water ice ice and and methane methane traces Titan Titan Titan is is Saturn’s Saturn’s largest largest moon moon and and Titan the second second largest largest moon moon in in the the the solar system. system. ItIt is is also also the the only only moon moon solar that is is so so similar similar to to Earth. Earth. Titan Titan has has that lakes and and seas seas made made up up of of methane methane and and lakes ethane, this this moon moon also also has has rain rain and and wind. wind. ethane, Galileo Galilei Galilei Galileo was the first to discover Saturns Saturns discover great rings. rings. great TH 6TH 55 2001 300,000,000 Uranus www.nasa.gov 7TH 900,000,000 1,500,000,000 2,100,000,000 2,700,000,000 3,300,000,000 3,900,000,000 Numberof ofMoons: Moons:27 13 Number of Moons: 27 Number SurfaceTemperature: Temperature:-357°F/-216°C -346°F/-201°C Surface Temperature: -357°F/-216°C Surface OribitPeriod Period(a (ayear): year):84 165 Earth years Oribit Period (a year): 84 Earth years Oribit Earth years Atmosphere:Composed Consists of hydrogen and Atmosphere: Composed primarily of hydrogen hydrogen Atmosphere: primarily of helium, with trace amounts of methane, and and helium and helium other ices 3,900,000,000 2002 2003 4,500,000,000 2004 5,100,000,000 2005 2006 5,700,000,000 2001 2007 0 kilometers 4,500,000,000 2003 2004 5,100,000,000 2006 5,700,000,000 Triton Neptune’s largest moon; it is Unlike allis the other planets, planets, that Unlike all the other that big as Pluto. It isand the Roman only moon out areas named after Greek and Roman are named after Greek of the 13Uranus’ others that goes backwards as Mythology. Uranus’ moons are named Mythology. moons are named well. Triton was plays founded 14 days after the after Shakespeare’s plays or or characters. characters. after Shakespeare’s planet was discovered. These satellites where discovered discovered in in the the These satellites where ‘90s and and they they are are mostly mostly made made up up of of Ice Ice ‘90s because itit is is so so far far from from our our sun. sun. because 2,700,000,000 3,300,000,000 3,900,000,000 2002 2003 4,500,000,000 2004 5,100,000,000 2005 2006 5,700,000,000 Pluto Pluto 2007 kilometers Union(IAU) (IAU)is isaaworldwide worldwide society Union society 3 - Uranus’ moon ofastronomers astronomersand and isconsidered considered of is Miranda as seen by theauthority authorityfor forassigning assigning names the Voyagernames 2 tocelestial celestialobjects, objects,whether whetherthey they to areplanets planetsor ormoons moonsor orother other are - This Hubble typesof ofworlds, worlds,as as4well well assurface surface types as composite image featureson onthem. them.The The IAUalso also features IAU two very provides definitionsshows for different faint outer typesof ofobjects, objects,such such as “whatis is types as “what rings revealed in planetvs. vs.aadwarf dwarf planet.” aaplanet planet.” 2003 -space.com -space.com AU I AU 0 kilometers TH TH 78TH 2,100,000,000 5 2001 2007 would be be would the size size of of aa the softball softball Floating Ice IceTriton Chunks Floating Chunks 1,500,000,000 3 Furthest to Furthest Appears Planeton Its side Planet rotate Photographed howUranus Uranusand andby: how Voyager 2. On itsrings ringschanged, changed, its asviewed viewed from as from Aug. 26, 1989. Earth Earth Showing Neptune’s rings, here you can see 2 but the planet has 13 faint Earth was was aa rings made of ice IfIf Earth nickel, Uranus Uranusparticles. nickel, 2005 900,000,000 www.nasa.gov Imagesshow show 55--Images 2002 300,000,000 The TheLargest LargestDwarf DwarfPlanet: Planet: Pluto Plutowas wasconsidered consideredaaplanet planetbut butas asof of 2006 2006scientist scientistfound foundititto tonot notmeet meetthe the criteria criteriato tobe beaaplanet, planet,ititthen thenbecame became the first of the dwarf planets. Pluto was wasnamed namedby byan an11-year-old 11-year-oldgirl girlfrom from England. England.Charon Charonis isthe thename nameof ofPluto’s Pluto’s largest largestmoon. moon. Uranus Union (IAU) is a worldwide society of astronomers and is considered Uranus’ moon 33--Uranus’ moon the authority for Miranda assigning names Mirandaas as seenby by seen Voyager Voyager 22 they to celestial objects, whether are planets or moons or other types of worlds, 4 as well surface 4--This Thisas Hubble Hubble features on them. The IAU also composite image composite image provides definitions for different shows twovery very shows two types of objects,faint suchouter as “what is faint outer a planet vs. a dwarf planet.” rings revealedin in rings revealed -space.com 2003 2003 33 GiantRed RedSpot Spot Giant hurricanethat thathas hasbeen beenstorming stormingfor for300+ 300+ AAhurricane years.ItItis isthe thesize sizeof of33Earths Earthsbut butgrows grows years. andshrinks shrinksover overtime. time. and OneHuge HugeGas GasGiant Giant One youhappen happento toget getto toJupiter, Jupiter,you youcan cannever neverland landon on IfIfyou theplanet planetitself itselfbecause becausethere thereis isno nosolid solidmaterial materialto to the landon. on.ItItis ismade madeup upof ofgas gasand andliquids. liquids.Its Itsatmosphere atmosphere land ismade madeup upjust justlike likeour oursun, sun,with withhaving havingmostly mostlyhelium helium is andhydrogen. hydrogen. and 3,300,000,000 No Nomoons moons National Aeronautics and Space Administration Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov Largest Largest Planet Planet Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ceres Ceres - -InInorder orderclosest closestto tothe thesun sun- - The TheClosest ClosestDwarf DwarfPlanet: Planet: Ceres Ceresis isthe thelargest largestobject objectin inthe the asteroid asteroidbelt beltbetween betweenMars Marsand andJupiter Jupiter and andthe theonly onlydwarf dwarfplanet planetlocated locatedin in the theinner innersolar solarsystem. system.Ceres Ceresis isnamed named for forthe theRoman RomanGoddess Goddessof ofharvests. harvests. The Theword wordcereal cerealcomes comesfrom fromthe thesame same name. name. This astronomer Neptune was was Neptune was the first the first planet to see the discoveredplanet by discovered by with mathematics mathematics the use of a because of oftelescope. its because its Uranus distance. ItItwas wasthe first planet distance. was also going going found to also to with the help of named after after Lenew invention. named Le this Verrier, the the man man Verrier, who did did the the who 1 - image of the 4 1 calculations to calculations to dark side of the rings was taken find the planet. by the Keck But itit was was not not But Observatory in ‘07 accepted by by the the International International Astronomical Astronomical accepted 2 - Uranus’ moon 2 community. Instead they they named named afterdot) theand community. Instead itit (white after the Ariel Roman God God of of the the sea sea because because of its dark dark Roman its itsof shadow (black dot) blue color. color. blue TheInternational InternationalAstronomical Astronomical The But it was not bythe theKeck Keck by Observatory in‘07 ‘07 in accepted by the InternationalObservatory Astronomical community. Instead they named it after the Uranus’ moon 22--Uranus’ moon 22 Arielof (white dot) and Ariel (white and Roman God of the sea because its dot) dark itsshadow shadow(black (black its blue color. dot) The Internationaldot) Astronomical Uranus DWARF PLANETS The Planet TheSideways Windiest Planet Planet The Windiest William Herschel Discoveries Discoveries Neptune was This astronomer astronomer This the first planet was the first discovered toby see the the to see mathematics planet with with planet because of itsuse the use of of aa the distance. telescope. It was telescope. Uranus Uranus also goingwas to the first planet named after Le with found with the the help help of of found Verrier, the man this new invention. invention. this new who did the calculations to imageof ofthe the 11--image 44 11 darkside sideof ofthe the dark find the planet. They are are named named alphabetically alphabetically in in order order They of their their discovery discovery (outwards (outwards from from of Saturn) D,C,B,A,F,G,E D,C,B,A,F,G,E Saturn) TH 4TH Phobos •• Deimos Deimos Phobos Uranus has 13 faint rings that lie vertical Our last last planet planet of of the the solar solar system system is is 2.8 2.8 Our on the plane of the planet. It also is the billion miles miles away away from from the the sun, sun, and and still, still, billion only other planet that spins clockwise, is known known as as the the windiest windiest planet. planet. Its Its itit is making a whole bunch of winds causing winds are are 3X 3X stronger stronger than than the the wind wind on on winds it to be a cold dark planet. Jupiter and and 9X 9X the the wind wind on on Earth. Earth. Jupiter Discoveries William Herschel Herschel William These rings rings are are divided divided up up These into 7 7 groups groups into Jupiter spins spins so so fast fast itit takes takes 10 10 hours hours to to Jupiter turn on on its its axis, axis, where where as as itit takes takes Earth Earth turn 24 hours. hours. The The upper upper atmosphere atmosphere moves moves 24 at about about 400 400 mph, mph, faster faster than than any any other other at planet. This This then, then, causes causes the the planet planet to to planet. stretch out and flatten at the poles. NASA’sMars Marsrover rover NASA’s Curiositylands landsin in Curiosity GaleCrater Craterand and Gale finds conditions oncesuited suitedfor forlife life once onMars. Mars. on Numberof ofMoons: Moons:22 Number SurfaceTemperature: Temperature:68°F/20°C 68°F/20°C Surface OribitPeriod Period(a(ayear): year):687 687Earth Earthdays days Oribit Atmosphere:Carbon Carbondioxide: dioxide:95.3%, 95.3%, Atmosphere: Nitrogen:2.7% 2.7% Nitrogen: URANUS NEPTUNE The Windiest Planet The Sideways Sideways The Planet Sideways Planet Planet The The Planet Sideways Our last planet of the solar system is 2.8 Uranus hasaway 13 faint faint rings that lie vertical Uranus has 13 rings vertical billion miles from thethat sun,lie and still, on the plane plane of the planet. It It also also is is the the the planet. the iton is known asof the windiest planet. Its only other other planet that spins spinsthe clockwise, only planet that clockwise, winds are 3X stronger than wind on making whole bunch of winds causing making aa whole bunch Jupiter and 9X the windof onwinds Earth.causing to be be aa cold cold dark dark planet. planet. itit to Saturn’s known known as as the the jewel jewel of of our our Saturn’s solar system system because because of of its its 30+ 30+ rings. rings. solar It’s made made up up of of billions billions of of particles, particles, It’s ranging from from the the smallest smallest dust dust particle particle ranging to aa large large mountain. mountain. to 3 3 RD RD Phobosmeans means Phobos fear,and andDeimos Deimos fear, means flight. These two are one of thesmallest smallestmoons moonsin inthe thesolar solarsystem. system. the Phobosisisaalittle littlelarger largerthan thanDeimos, Deimos,both both Phobos fly around the planet 3x a day. In 50 mill yrs.,Phobos Phoboswill willcrash crashinto intoMars Marsbecause becauseititis is yrs., movinginward. inward. moving Earth is is the the only only terrestrial terrestrial planet planet with with Earth moon. Our Our moon moon is is 30 30 Earth-size Earth-size aa moon. planets away away from from us us and and was was formed formed planets 4.6 billion years ago. 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Just Justlike likePluto Plutoand andHaumea, Haumea,Makemake Makemake is islocated locatedin inthe theKuiper KuiperBelt. Belt.Named Named 3.3.Has Hasnot notcleared clearedthe theneighborhood neighborhood around aroundits itsorbit. orbit. after afterthe theGod Godof offertility fertilityin inRapanui Rapanui mythology. mythology.ItIttakes takes310 310Earth Earthyears years for forthis thisdwarf dwarfplanet planetto tomake makeone oneorbit orbit around aroundour ourSun. Sun. 4.4.IsIsnot notaamoon. moon. 11moon: moon:S/2015 S/2015(136472) (136472)11 15.5’’ 15.5’’ PROCESS BOOK | 17 MERCURY VENUS EARTH EARTH Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, Our Our Home Home Planet Planet Named After: Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, Planetary Hot Spot 33RDRD MARS 4TH Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, The Red Planet Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Orbit: 1.88years Surface Temperature: -225 to +70 °F 5TH 5TH Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, King King of the of the Planets Planets JUPITER JUPITER Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Surface Temperature: -234 °F PRINTING & CUTTING OF INFOGRAPHICS Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Surface Temperature: -288 °F SATURN Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, Jewel of Our Solar System 6TH 7TH 7TH Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, TheThe Sideways Sideways Planet Planet URANUS URANUS Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Surface Temperature: -357 °F 8TH Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, The Windiest Planet NEPTUNE Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Surface Temperature: -360 °F 1ST Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Surface Temperature: PLUTO Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, Dwarf Planet PROCESS BOOK | 19 PROCESS BOOK | 18 Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Surface Temperature: -126/136 (min/max) °F Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Surface Temperature: -279/801 °FZZ 2ND Why is it red... Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera nuntrarit aute, Mass:797234,342 Number of Moons: 2 Surface Temperature: 864 °F Messenger of the Roman gods Messenger of the Roman gods 1ST MERCURY ORIGINAL TEMPLATES: TO START THE DESIGN PROCESS OF ADDING INFORMATION Mars, our second closest neighboring planet and the fourth planet in the solar system is named after the god of war because of its blood red color. It’s a cold desert world, that is very similar to Earth: they both have seasons, canyons, weather, volcanoes, and polar ice caps but what Mars is lacking is Earths size (its half the size of Earth) and water (“A Comprehensive Gide to the Universe”). Mars is currently lacking water because its atmosphere is too thin, but there’s evidence that a few billion years ago, there was water on the planet, because we can see dried-out river canals on the surface. The surface of Mars is also very thick; it’s crust is 100 miles thick. This makes up a few of Mars’ features, one of them being, a volcano. The planet has the largest volcano in the solar system, its name is Olympus Mons. The base of the volcano is about the size of Missouri and twice as tall at the tallest volcano on Earth. Mars also has two small moons orbiting, Phobos (fear) and Deimos (Panic) (“Nine Planets - Solar System Tour”). Mars only takes one more year than Earth does to orbit around the sun. It’s the most traveled to planet as well and are always finding out more things about Mars. Journey Stars MARS Through the Photos taken from Mars - NASA Journey Stars Through the JUPITER Jupiter, the first of the gas giants, is the fifth planet from our sun and the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is named after the roman king of the gods, because of its size. Its twice as massive as any two other planets in the solar system put together and you could fit 315 Earths within it. To get a better idea of the size, if you had a nickel representing Earth, Jupiter would be a basketball (“Solar System Exploration.”). Its size also makes it the fourth brightest object in the sky, after the sun, moon, and Venus. This massive planet has 53 confirmed moons orbiting it as well. Scientists are most interested in the “Galilean satellites”, the four largest moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: Europa, Callisto, Ganymede and Io (“A Comprehensive Gide to the Universe”). Jupiter has the shortest day in the solar system. One day on Jupiter takes only about 10 hours and Jupiter makes a complete orbit around the sun in around 12 Earth years. The planet is composed like the sun, mostly hydrogen and helium. The pressure and increasing temperature turns the hydrogen gas into a liquid, making it the planet with the largest ocean. Only instead of being made of water it’s made of hydrogen (Stander). The whole planet is made up of swirling gases and liquids, it doesn’t really have a true hard surface. Jupiter’s giant red spot can be seen on its surface. It’s a giant ragging hurricane with strong winds, three Earths wide. Asteroid Belt, Located between Mars and Jupiter. Home to about 200 asteroids larger than 60 miles in diameter, about 200 asteroids larger than 6 miles and 500,000 larger than .6 miles. Created By: Chelsea Valentine SPACE | 1 SPACE | 14 SPACE | 15 4 1546-1603 6 MERCURY 11 VENUS 12 EARTH 13 MARS 14 JUPITER 15 SATURN 18 URANUS 19 NEPTUNE 20 PLUTO 21 AND BEYOND 24 SPACE | 2 Quasar INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION SECTION 6 SPACE | 16 SPACE | 3 The knowledge of outer space and the solar system has come a long way of understanding though out years. Long before time, our ancestors used to tell stories about the night sky, and they followed the wonders, also known today as the planets and stars. The Babylonians also thought certain objects in the night sky meant unfortunate events would soon happen to their lives. For example, if they saw a comet fly across the sky, they knew someone was going to die and if it was an eclipse, it was known that many people in the village were going to be dead by sunrise. Over time, technology has advanced and key figures have rose to the surface in the science field, to educate the public more about what’s up there, in outer space and how it all works (Stander). As of today, we technically have eight planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. I believe and was raised on there being nine planets. This included Pluto at the end of the line of planets, but in August 2006 NASA ruled it out for numerous reasons and called it a dwarf planet. Beyond our solar system, there’s a whole lot of other stars and other galaxies just waiting to be discovered, and more to be learned about what lies in our night sky. Starting around the time of 427-150BC there were many astronomers and men of science trying to figure out space and how it works before we had a better understanding because it was during the time before technology. Names such as Plato, Aristotle, Aristarchus, and Ptolemy are noted as men who made great discoveries during this time period. Plato was the first to suggest that our planets might be round. Then Aristotle came in around 200 BC, adding that the planets are in fact round and that Earth could be what is in the middle, with all the other planets revolve around it. Before this conclusion, people believed that hell was in the center and Earth and other planets just revolved around it. Aristotle’s evidence to as why he thought the Earth didn’t move is because he said, “look around, does it feel like we’re moving?”. He also said birds would fly off the planet because if the planet did move it would be moving too fast and he said the planet is too heavy to move. Therefore, Earth did not move, it was stationary and all the other planets revolved around the Earth. Then around the time 100AD, Ptolemy studied the sky more in depth. He noticed that sometimes planets moved faster and slower and once in a while they seemed to stop and go backwards over the course of days or even months. This would soon come to be known as retrogrades motion. Sometime later, in 1543AD, Nicolas Copernicus wrote a book, stating that the sun might be the center and that Earth was just another planet that went around. This book was not published until he thought he was dying because of his close relationship with the church. During those times, you could not act or think against the church and what it believes. So just shortly before this time all the planets had to be thought as made of perfect circles, made from perfect materials and the Earth had to be the center because of God and they believed everything had to be made perfectly because why would God ever mess up (Stander). SPACE | 4 SPACE | 17 FINAL PRODUCTS JOURNEY THROUGH THE STARS BOOK SPACE | 5 2 Today we have more knowledge on the solar system, what’s within it and how it came to be. Depending on a person’s knowledge and or beliefs, how our solar system came to be is debatable. One of the strongest theories on it is called The Solar Nebula Theory; which states our solar system was probably formed out of a spinning ball of gas (Stander). When this ball became bright enough, it exploded and blew dust and gases into space, leaving gravity to work for the dust and gas to form together to create the planets you see today, in time to rotated counter-clock wise around the sun. This all happened 4.5 billion years ago. The first four planets closest to the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called the inner planets, also known as the terrestrial planets. They are mostly made up of dirt and rocks. These planets are denser the closer you get to the sun because of the gravitational force. Then in between Mars and Jupiter, separating the inner planets from the outer is the asteroid belt. It’s said that it’s the remains of planets that failed to form. There are about 200 asteroids larger than 60 miles in diameter, about 200 asteroids larger than 6 miles and 500,000 larger than .6 miles (“Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets”). Then after the belt comes the outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, also known as the gas giants of the solar system. Jupiter and Saturn are mostly made up of Hydrogen and helium gases. Whereas the farther you go out, away from the sun, the last three planets are made up of ice and water because the sun’s rays can’t reach out that far to warm them. Therefore, these planets are also lighter in weight. Beyond Pluto comes the Kuiper Belt, that extends 30-50AU away that contains many clusters of ice and dwarf planets. AU stands for Astronomical Units, its used in space to measure the length between objects, 1AU is roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun (Stander). The second largest dwarf planet outside of Pluto is (in size order) Eris, Haumea and Makemake, these dwarf planets are located in Kuiper’s belt. All of this is wrapped up in a sphere called the Oort cloud: a cloud of icy material and rock where most comets come from. 1546AD Around the year 1546AD, better technology slowly started to be created to better understand the cosmos. A man by the name of Tycho Brahe was the first to develop better instruments to view the planets and stars. He used a tube with wires attached to it to use this tool as a measurer. He was the first to see the birth of a new star, a comet and he was the first to conclude that the sun was in fact in the middle and the Earth revolved around it. To help him in his discoveries, he hired many mathematicians and astronomers. One of these astronomers was a man named Johann Kepler. Kepler, a man from Germany inherited Brahe’s research ten days before he passed away and with this information he came up with the three laws of planetary motion: 1. Planets move in elliptical movements around the sun, 2. Planets closer to the sun will move faster, and 3. Planets farther away from the sun will move slower than the closer ones (“A Comprehensive Gide to the Universe”). His research proves this point; one example is Kepler found it takes Earth 365 days to orbit the sun, but it takes Pluto 294 years to make that same trip around the sun. Better technology really came in the year. 1603, when Galileo created the first telescope. With this Galileo found new things out about space such as the moon was not smooth, but had valleys and craters. The milky way was made up of more stars than they originally thought, just most of them are too dim to see with the naked eye. Jupiter had moons orbiting around it, and the sun had sunspots on it. Due to his findings, he was put under house arrest for two years because the Pope did not agree with his research. The last scientist who is credited with major findings that help us with what we know about the solar system is Isaac Newton. His biggest theory he is known for is Newton’s law of motion, stating that particles in motion stay in motion and particles at rest will stay at rest unless an external force interacts with it. Galileo 1603AD SPACE | 6 SPACE | 7 SPACE | 8 SPACE | 9 MERCURY URANUS Another unique planet is Saturn, the next gas giant in the solar system. Named after the roman god of harvest, this planet is best known for its rings. Roughly 120’ thick and 120,000 miles wide, the rings are not solid but made mostly from pieces of ice and rock (“Universe Today - Space and Astronomy News”). Scientist have discovered 53 confirmed moons. Titan being close to Mercury’s size, is the largest of Saturn’s moons. Titian also is only one of two moons in the whole solar system to have an atmosphere. Based on its overall size, and what it’s made of its very similar to Jupiter, other than the fact that it has less mass. Saturn is the flattest planet because of its mass and it spins so fast, almost flattening the planet out more than others. You can also see Saturn in the night sky without an instrument, making it the fifth brightest in the nights’ sky. It takes this planet 29.5 Earth years to orbit around the sun (“Solar System Exploration”). The second to last planet in the solar system, Uranus, also known as the ice giant, is named after the roman god of sky. This cold, blue planet was first spotted with the help of a telescope, you can’t see it without it. Scientists have found out that this planet is the only other planet that spins clockwise, one of two planets that don’t spin counter-clockwise around the sun (Stander). Uranus takes 84 Earth years to orbit around. If Earth was a nickel in size, Uranus would be compared to a softball, to better understand the size ratio. The planet has 27 know moons and 13 faint rings (“Planet Facts - Interesting Facts about the Planets”). Unlike the other moons in the solar system which have names from classical mythology, Uranus’ moons take their SPACE | 18 NEPTUNE names from the writings of Shakespeare and Pope. Uranus is slightly larger in diameter than its neighbor Neptune, yet smaller in mass. It is the second least dense planet; Saturn is the least dense of all the planets. Only one spacecraft has flown by Uranus. In 1986, the Voyager 2 spacecraft swept past the planet and it returned with the first close-up images of the planet, its moons, and rings. The spacecraft also had no possible way of landing because its surface is made of swirling liquids, ones that don’t freeze either, and its atmosphere would destroy the spacecraft if it got close enough because of the temperature and the amount of pressure (“Solar System Exploration”). SPACE | 19 The last gas planets, just like Uranus, is a dark, cold one with super fierce winds, and the fastest in the solar system. This planet we’re speaking about is Neptune. The eighth planet of the solar system got its name from the Roman god of the sea, this is due to the planet’s color. Its color is a bright blue, resulting from the amount of methane in the atmosphere. To this day, scientists are still unsure why the planet’s color is so vivid though, they believe there has to be another component to the atmosphere giving the planet this characteristic. Neptune’s two largest moons, Triton and Nereiod, are named based around the sea. Triton means merman and Nereiod is the name for mermaids. Neptune orbits around the sun every 165 years. In other words, their one year is equivalent to roughly 60,1900 Earth days (“Solar System Exploration”). The planet also is the fourth largest planet in the solar system, but the smallest of PLUTO the gas giants. It’s so far from Earth you can see it with your bare eyes, the planet had to be discovered with the help of a telescope. Neptune’s climate is a very active one, storms are always swirling upon its upper atmosphere. The high winds keep fueling these storms, the largest storm ever recorded was in 1989, it was called the Great dark spot. This spot can be seen on its surface, just like Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. Although Neptune’s storm only lasted five years, because you can no longer see it. What you can still see today is it’s 5 known rings and it’s 14 moons around its big blue body. Neptune’s rings are thin clumps of dust, called arcs (“Universe Today - Space and Astronomy News”). These rings are thought to be young and short lived, though with an unknown composition. Neptune also has many moons, six of which were discovered by Voyager 2. Actually, most of what we know comes from this one exposition in 1989, and it happens to be the only VENUS Craters on the surface Our closest neighbor, Venus is the second planet, named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. Its size is the closest to that of Earth, just a bit smaller, and has been even been named Earth’s sister. Venus is the hottest and brightest planet in our solar system. The heat is because of the thick layer of clouds surrounding the planet. The atmosphere is made from carbon dioxide, and this creates a greenhouse effect on the planet causing it to be compared to the biblical notion of hell (“Solar System Exploration”). These clouds also bounce the sun’s light off of the planet, so from Earth other than our Moon and sun, it is the brightest white object in the night sky. You can often see Venus in the morning and evening, naming it the morning and evening “star”. Venus is a unique planet because unlike every other planet, but one, it spins clock-wise around the sun in 225 days whereas other planets spin counter-clockwise. The planet also spins in a perfect circle whereas most planets spin in more of an oval around the sun. Venus is one of the more different planets. SPACE | 11 SPACE | 12 Our home planet is the third planet, and the only planet to have life on it. Earth is also the only planet not named after a Greek Roman God or Goddess, instead Earth is an English/German word, that means ground. The blue planet take 365.25 days to orbit the sun, giving us our year. That .25 though gives us a problem when sorting out our calendars though, so every four years we add another day to keep our calendar in line with the Earth’s orbit around the sun. That extra day happens in February, called leap day. On Earth, we have seasons, because its tilted just right at 23.4 degrees to sustain life. So, it never gets too cold or hot at one point on the planet for so long that life cannot continue. Earth’s average temperature is at 57 degrees Fahrenheit. The hottest temperature every recorded was 159 degrees Fahrenheit in Iran and the coldest the planets has ever reached was at the Antarctic Plateau, marked at -129 degrees Fahrenheit (“Universe Today - Space and Astronomy News”). Our Atmosphere is also a big part to as why we’re here and it too helps regulate the exposition that traveled out that far into the solar system. Triton, Neptune’s largest moon orbits in the opposite direction compared to all its other moons. Its surface temperature is on average -391 degrees Fahrenheit (“Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets”). Triton is also the only other moon in the solar system, other than Saturn’s moon, Titan, to have its own atmosphere as well. The next “Planet” after Neptune comes Pluto. Pluto used to be considered our ninth plant, but as of August 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) classified it as a dwarf planet, leaving us with eight planets to our solar system. A dwarf planet is a small planet that doesn’t meet the necessary requirements and criteria that it needs to be classified as such (Stander). A planet needs to be able to orbit around the sun, have enough mass to assume a round shape, have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit and it cannot be a moon. Pluto is named after the roman God of the underworld and its biggest moon, Charon is named after the guy who was the ferryman to the river Styx (the name of the river to the underworld) (“A Comprehensive Gide to the Universe”). Both Charon and Pluto orbit one another, versus the moon just orbiting its planet. Pluto is so far from the light of the sun that it is a freezing ball of ice. One third of the planet is made up of water and it has the same consistency as steel on Earth. Around the dwarf planet there are five moons. SPACE | 20 SPACE | 21 EARTH After the sun, the first planet to our solar system is Mercury. Named after the Roman messenger of the Gods, this is because it moves so quickly acrossed the night sky. Mercury is the fastest moving planet, moving at nearly 31 miles per second and going around the sun in 88 days. It also happens to be our smallest planet; its size is in between the size of Earth and the moon (“Nine Planets Solar System Tour”). Speaking of moons, Mercury has no satellites, this is because of how close it is to the sun. The planet is constantly getting beaten up by meteoroids, comets and debris. Mercury has so many craters from the collisions it looks like the moon. Due to this fact, the planet does not have an atmosphere, because it can’t keep one up without something puncturing it (Stander). This causes Mercury not to hold its heat as well as others because the heat can’t be trapped. Mercury is the second hottest planet, heated to 800 degrees Fahrenheit, even though it’s the closest to the sun, it would seem to be hotter (“Planet Facts - Interesting Facts about the Planets”). SPACE | 10 SATURN Bibliography temperature. Our atmosphere has five layers to it, those layers put together are made of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% of other gasses. The atmosphere also helps us with protecting us from solar radiation, protects us from rocks, moderates the climate, and lets us breath. Another thing that makes life possible on earth is that it has water. In fact, 70.8% of the surface is covered with water. Water is just another thing to regulate the temperature and it keeps the atmosphere clean by getting rid of the dust in the air. With humans inhabiting the earth, we have also put artificial things into our orbit with us as well, used for telecommunications, research, military, and global positioning satellites (GPS). All this adds up to be 300,000 pieces of space debris (“Universe Today - Space and Astronomy News”). The largest artificial satellite in orbit is the International space station. Earth is the only terrestrial planet with a moon. Our moon is 30 Earth-size planets away from us (“Planet Facts Interesting Facts about the Planets”). “A Comprehensive Gide to the Universe.” Quick Study: Astonomy n.d.: n. pag. Print. “Nine Planets - Solar System Tour.” The Nine Planets Solar System Tour. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2016. Crab Nebula AT THE EDGE... Eye Nebula, Named: NGC 7293, seen through several visible filters by Hubble Space Telescope. SPACE | 13 SPACE | 22 SPACE | 23 “Planet Facts - Interesting Facts about the Planets.” Space Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2016. “Solar System Exploration.” NASA. Ed. Phillips Davis. NASA, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. It takes Pluto 246 years to orbit around the sun and its orbit isn’t round like the others it has more of an oval orbit. This is because it is 17 degrees off the ecliptic (“Solar System Exploration”). This means at times it is closer to Neptune then it should be, but will never collide. In July of 2015, a spacecraft called New Horizons just made a journey out that way sending Earth new pictures of the surface and we learned that Pluto has a bunch of mountains and through this we are continually learning about what used to be our ninth planet. “Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets.” Space.com. Ed. Tariq Malik. Purch, n.d. Web. 7 At the edge of the solar system and after the eight planets you start to enter Kepler’s Belt. Kepler’s Belt is made up of million and millions icy bodies, including dwarf planets such as Pluto and others. Comets also come from this Belt. Longer lasting comets can also come from the Oort cloud. The Oort cloud is just outside of Kepler’s belt (Stander). This cloud is made of particles and its theorized to be the remains of the disc of material that formed the Sun and planets. The Oort cloud is the outer most part of our solar system. Beyond this point, you go into outer space. Where you see other galaxies and stars that may even have their own solar systems... Scientists and astrologists are continually searching for new information about space. Images: NASA.com Stander, Edward J. “Astonomy.” PSCI 101 Astronomy. SUNY Cobleskill, Cobleskill. Spring 2015. Lecture. “Universe Today - Space and Astronomy News.” Universe Today. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2016. SPACE | 24 PROCESS BOOK | 20 PROCESS BOOK | 21 Chelsea Valentine Mission Specialist CONTACTS • 917-239-8425 • journeythroughthestars.com SECTION 6 FINAL PRODUCTS BUSINESS CARD, LAYOUT & DISPLAY The process book of Journey Through the Stars was created in senior seminar, a graphic design class at SUNY Cobleskill. Throughout, the course of two semesters, a group of seniors put together exhibits showing off their presentations. This book shows you the steps and the thought process that went into my own show. I created a book, 9 infographics, business cards and stickers, to teach others more about space and the planets. People should have a better understanding of what surrounds them and how all of it made it possible for life. PROCESS BOOK | 22 PROCESS BOOK | 23 PROCESS BOOK | 24