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Journey
Stars
Through the
The Process Book
PROCESS BOOK | 1
SECTION ONE
4
SECTION TWO
6
Introduction
Research
SECTION THREE
Target Audience
SECTION FOUR
14
SECTION FIVE
16
SECTION SIX
21
Studies & Development
Design Plan
Final Products
The M7 Open Star Cluster in Scorpius
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2
9
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SECTION ONE:
INTRO
The goal of this project is to inform the people with facts of space to
better inform them about the 9 planets, the stars and the solar system. My methods are simple, there will be questions asked to know
what people know of the solar system then show diagrams and infographics to support facts about other knowledge. Resources backing
up information given will be based a scolarly recorses online, such as
Space.com and NASA. By the end, I want people who are interested,
to benefit from this project by knowing a little more about the great
wonders above.
Mission Statement
Journey through the Stars mission statement is
to inform, education and to satisfy the curiosity
of those people about space.
Vision Statement
Through a series of images and infographics,
will lay out and show you in detail more about
space.
Questions and
assumptions
Thesis Statement
Ever since the Babylonians, people have wondered
and stared up at the sky. With the advances of technologies and new advances in knowledge, we have
discovered much more of what is above and around us.
Purpose/ Goal:
The goal is to inform the people with facts of space to better inform them about the 9 planets, the stars and the solar system.
Research:
I will as questions to know what people know of the solar system then show diagram and infographics to support facts about other knowledge.
Resources:
The insight of people on campus, a telescope, NASA
Benefits:
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People whow want to learn more or those who are interested in learning something
new about space
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SECTION TWO:
RESEARCH
T
he knowledge of outer space and the solar system has come a long way of understanding
though out years. Long before time, our ancestors used to tell stories about the night sky,
and they followed the wonders, also known today as the planets and stars. The Babylonians
also thought certain objects in the night sky meant unfortunate events would soon happen to their
lives. For example, if they saw a comet fly across the sky, they knew someone was going to die and
if it was an eclipse, it was known that many people in the village where going to be dead by sunrise.
But over time, technology has advanced and key figures have rose to the surface in the science field,
to educate the public more about what’s up there, in outer space and how it all works (Stander). As
of today, we technically have eight planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
and Neptune. I believe and was raised on there being nine planets, this included Pluto at the end of
the line of planets, but in August 2006 NASA ruled it out for numerous reasons and called it a dwarf
planet. Beyond our solar system, there’s a whole lot of other stars and other galaxies just waiting to
be discovered and more to be learned about what lies in our night sky.
Starting around the time of 427-150BC there were many Astronomers and men of science trying
to figure out space and how it works before we had a better understanding because it was during
the time before technology. Names such as Plato, Aristotle, Aristarchus, and Ptolemy (as seen in
pictures above, in order) are noted as men who made great discoveries during this time period.
Plato was the first to suggest that our planets might be round. Then Aristotle came in around 200
BC, adding that the planets in fact are round and that Earth could be what is in the middle and all
the other planets revolve around it. Before this conclusion, people believed that hell was in the
center and Earth and other planets just revolved around it. Aristotle’s evidence to as why he thought
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the Earth didn’t move is because he said, look
around, does it feel like we’re moving? He also
said birds would fly off the planet because if the
planet did move it would be moving too fast and
he said the planet is too heavy to move, therefore
Earth did not move, it was stationary and all the
other planets revolved around the Earth. Then
around the time, 100AD Ptolemy studied the
sky more in depth. He noticed that sometimes
planets moved faster and slower and once in a
while they seemed to stop and go backwards of
the course of days or even months. This would
soon be come to known as retrogrades motion.
Sometime later, in 1543AD, Nicolas Copernicus
wrote a book, stating that the sun might be the
center and that Earth was just another planet that
went around. This book was not published until
he thought he was dying because of his close
relationship with the church. During those times,
you could not act or think against the church
and what it believes. So just shortly before this
time all the planets had to be thought as made of
perfect circles, made from perfect materials and
the Earth had to be the center because of God
and they believed everything had to be made
perfectly because why would God ever mess up
(Stander).
Around the year 1546AD, better technology
slowly started to be created to better understand
the cosmos. A man by the name of Tycho Brahe
was the first to develop better instruments to view
the planets and stars. He used a tube with wires
attached to it to use this tool as a measurer. He
was the first to see the birth of a new star, a comet
and he was the first to conclude that the sun was
in fact in the middle and the earth revolved
around it. To help him in his discoveries, he
hired many mathematics and astronomers, one
of these astronomers was a man named Johann
Kepler. Kepler, a man from Germany inherited
Brahe’s research ten days before he passed
away and with this information he came up with
the three laws of planetary motion: 1. Planets
move in elliptical movements around the sun, 2.
Planets closer to the sun will move faster, and
3. Planets farther away from the sun will move
slower than the closer ones (“A Comprehensive
Gide to the Universe”). His research proves
this point; one example is Kepler found it takes
Earth 365 days to orbit the sun but it takes Pluto
294 years to make that same trip around the
sun. Better technology really came in the year,
1603 when Galileo created the first telescope.
With this Galileo found new things out about
space such as, the moon was not smooth, it had
valleys and craters, the milky way was made up of
more stars than they originally thought, just most
of them are too dim to see with the naked eye,
Jupiter had moons orbiting around it and the
sun had sunspots on it. Due to his findings, he
was put under house arrest for two years because
the Pope did not agree with his research. The
last scientist who is credited with major findings
that help us with what we know about the solar
system in Isaac Newton. His biggest theory he is
known for is Newton’s law of motion, stating that
particles in motion stay in motion and particles
at rest will stay at rest unless an external force
interacts with it.
Today we have more knowledge on the solar
system, what’s with in it and how it came to
be. Depending on a person’s knowledge and
or beliefs, how our solar system came to be is
debatable. One of the strongest theories on it
is called The Solar Nebula Theory; Our solar
system was probably formed out of a spinning
ball of gas (Stander). When this ball became
bright enough, it exploded and blew dust and
gases into space, leaving gravity to work for
the dust and gas to form together to create the
planets you see today, in time to rotated counterclock wise around the sun. This all happened
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SECTION 3
4.5 billion years ago. The first four planets closest to the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
are called the inner planets, also known as the terrestrial planets. They are mostly made up of
dirt and rocks. These planets are denser the closer you get to the sun because of the gravitational
force. Then in between Mars and Jupiter, separating the inner planets from the outer is the
asteroid belt. It’s said that it’s the remains of planets that failed to form, there are about 200
asteroids larger than 60 miles in diameter, about 200 asteroids larger than 6 miles and 500,000
larger than .6 miles (“Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets”). Then after the belt
comes the outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, also known as the gas
giants of the solar system. Jupiter and Saturn are mostly made up of Hydrogen and helium gases.
Whereas the farther you go out, away from the sun, the last three planets are made up of ice
and water because the sun’s rays can’t reach out that far to warm them. Therefore, these planets
are also lighter in weight. Beyond Pluto comes the Kuiper Belt, that extends 30-50AU away that
contains many clusters of ice and dwarf planets. AU stands for Astronomical Units, its used in
space to measure the length between objects, 1AU is roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun
(Stander). The second largest dwarf planet outside of Pluto is (in size order) Eris, Haumea and
Makemake, these dwarf planets are located in Kuiper’s belt. All of this is wrapped up in a sphere
called the Oort cloud: a cloud of icy material and rock where most comets come from.
TARGET AUDIENCE
A
- Persona -
person of the age of 20 years old or older who is really
interested in space and a person who wants to know
more about the unknown. My work will be half, a
base education that my persona should know and the other
half, will go more in depth where more people wouldn’t know
the information. This idea, will widen the range of people I will
connect to. Also someone who is open minded, curious about
science, willing to ask questions and wants to know more.
Location wise, most of the people would come
from a suburban area or a city to
be able to see expositions
around them.
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PARTICIPATION
Who is allowed to participate?
The people who are interested in the topic of space are
allowed to participate along with anyone who wants to know more.
Most people would be over the age of 18, to comprehend the
vocabulary and to grasp the bigger picture.
How do they participate?
They will participate by walking up to an infographic and
learning more, all they would have to do is be able to read. They can
also participate by answering some questions on what they already
know about space, then later they can see more about what they
did or didn’t know. There will also be a book that they can read to
participate that way.
Is participation meaningful?
It is meaningful, because by the end they will walk away with a better understanding about
a piece of space. They can then know a little more knowledge then what they already knew.
Is participation voluntary?
wYes, it is voluntary because you have to walk up to the exposition or buy/ look at the
book. In other ways, no it is not voluntary because say if you’re just walking buy you could see
something that catches your eye that you will in turn learn something as well.
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POSITIONING MATRIX & STATEMENT
Showing
Educational
what other companies are in the field
Younger
Older
People
People
Exploratory
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SECTION FOUR:
STUDIES & DEVELOPMENT
This Part of the Process Book features the beginning of the creative process of how
my Senior the-sis will come together. It includes the color study, type study, along
with logo studies and logo de-velopment. To wrap it all up there will be a list to show
where I see my project heading in the fol-lowing months to come.
Color Study
All other photos beside mine
are brought to you by NASA
Type Study
Futura Medium
Baskerville
Univers
C
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2’’
2’’
2’’
2’’
Old Gym Layout
Young Adults, male and female
from the ages of 16 to 30 that
are interested in space.
15.5’’
MERCURY
MERCURY
VENUS
Messenger of
of the
the Roman
Roman Gods
Gods
Messenger
THIN ATMOSPERE
ATMOSPERE
THIN
Mercuryhas
hasaasolid
solidiron
iron
Mercury
coreof
ofmolten.
molten.ItItmakes
makes
core
up42%
42%of
ofits
itsvolume,
volume,
up
whileEarths
Earthscore
coremakes
makes
while
up17%.
17%.
up
ICEAT
ATTHE
THEPOLES
POLES
ICE
Despitethe
theplanets
planetshot
hottemperatures,
temperatures,some
somesunlight
sunlight
Despite
neverreaches
reacheswithin
withinthe
thedeep
deepcraters
cratersof
ofMercury.
Mercury.
never
Clostest to
to
Clostest
the Sun
Sun
the
The
The Red
Red Planet
Planet
Mars
Marswas
wasgiven
givenits
itsname
namebecause
becausethe
the
planet
planethas
hasaabloodlike
bloodlikecolor,
color,the
thecolor
colorof
of
war.
war.The
Thered
redcomes
comesfrom
fromMars’
Mars’surface
surface
material,
material,iron
ironoxide
oxide(rust).
(rust). Mars
Marsand
and
Earth
Earthshare
sharemany
manysimilarities,
similarities,they
theyboth
both
have
haveseasons,
seasons,canyons,
canyons,volcanoes,
volcanoes,polar
polar
ice
icecaps
capsand
andweather.
weather.On
Onthe
theother
otherhand,
hand,
Mars
Marsisisjust
justaabit
bitsmaller,
smaller,drier
drierand
andcolder
colder
than
thanEarth.
Earth.The
Themajor
majordifference
differencethe
the
two,
two,isisMars
Marsdoes
doesnot
nothave
havewater.
water.But
But
recently
recentlyscientist
scientistare
areproving
provingthere
theremight
might
be
betraces
tracesof
ofititsomewhere
somewhereon
onthe
theplanet.
planet.
Unlike every
every other
other planet
planet that
that
Unlike
is named
named after
after aa Roman
Roman God
God or
or
is
Goddess, Earth
Earth is
is named
named after
after an
an
Goddess,
English word,
word, that
that means
means the
the ground.
ground.
English
Our home,
home, is
is the
the only
only planet
planet in
in the
the
Our
solar system
system with
with LIFE
LIFE on
on it.
it. This
This is
is
solar
because of
of the
the following
following factors:
factors:
because
Mariner 10
10
Mariner
1. Water
Water
1.
is the
the only
only NASA
NASA
is
spacecraft that
that has
has
spacecraft
visited Mercury
Mercury in
in
visited
1974 and
and 1975.
1975. ItIt
1974
took this
this image.
image.
took
70.8% of
of the
the Earth’s
Earth’s surface
surface is
is
70.8%
covered in
in water.
water. H2O
H2O makes
makes itit so
so the
the
covered
planet does
does not
not burn
burn up
up and
and itit cleans
cleans
planet
the atmosphere
atmosphere of
of dust.
dust.
the
Roman Goddess
Goddess of
of Love
Love
Roman
and Beauty
Beauty
and
2’’
MARS
Our
OurHome
HomePlanet
Planet
Our Home
Home Planet
Planet
Our
Both planets
planets are
are terrestrial
terrestrial planets.
planets.
Both
Venus and
and Earth
Earth are
are also
also located
located within
within
Venus
the Sun’s
Sun’s Goldilocks
Goldilocks Zone.
Zone. Therefore,
Therefore,
the
it’s not
not to
to close
close to
to the
the sun
sun and
and not
not
it’s
too far
far from
from itit either.
either. The
The two
two are
are
too
very similar
similar in
in size,
size, mass,
mass, density
density and
and
very
volume.
volume.
METAL CORE
CORE
METAL
Thisallows
allowsthe
theplanet
planetto
to
This
keepbeing
beinghit
hitby
byother
otherrocks
rocks
keep
anddebris.
debris.Here
Herethere
thereis
isno
no
and
protection.
protection.
EARTH
EARTH
Earth’s Sister
Sister
Earth’s
Mercury is
is the
the messenger
messenger of
of the
the Gods
Gods
Mercury
because itit is
is the
the fastest
fastest moving
moving planet
planet
because
in the
the solar
solar system.
system. ItIt takes
takes the
the planet
planet
in
88 days
days to
to go
go around
around the
the sun.
sun.
88
2’’
was given
given this
this
ItIt was
name because
because of
of its
its
name
brightness, beauty
beauty
brightness,
and mystery
mystery about
about
and
in the
the night
night sky.
sky.
itit in
Venus is
is the
the brightest
brightest
Venus
object in
in the
the sky
sky
object
after our
our moon.
moon. This
This
after
is due
due to
to the
the sun
sun
is
hitting off
off the
the white
white
hitting
clouds surrounding
surrounding
clouds
the planet.
planet. The
The dense
dense
the
cloud coverage
coverage also
also
cloud
makes itit aa hard
hard planet
planet
makes
to study.
study.
to
Hottest
Hottest
Planet
Planet
Missions
Missions
to
to the
the Planet
Planet
2. Atmosphere
Atmosphere
2.
Seven miles
miles up
up from
from where
where you
you stand,
stand,
Seven
the atmosphere
atmosphere is
is also
also busy
busy helping
helping
the
the planet
planet regulate
regulate its
its temperature,
temperature,
the
protecting us
us from
from solar
solar radiation,
radiation,
protecting
rocks and
and allows
allows us
us to
to breathe.
breathe.
rocks
2’’
3. Tilt
Tilt
3.
Earth has
has aa tilt
tilt of
of 23.4°,
23.4°, this
this causes
causes
Earth
the planet
planet to
to have
have seasons,
seasons, meaning
meaning
the
never gets
gets too
too hot
hot or
or cold
cold to
to not
not
itit never
sustain life.
life. The
The tilt
tilt also
also gives
gives the
the
sustain
planet its
its winds,
winds, another
another way
way to
to cool
cool
planet
the planet
planet down.
down.
the
Only Planet
Planet
Only
with Life
Life
with
There
Therehave
havebeen
been43
43missions
missionsto
toMars,
Mars,
only
only23
23them
themwere
weresuccessful.
successful.Out
Outof
of
those
thosesuccesses,
successes,Russia
Russiahas
hasfour
fourand
and
Europe
Europeand
andIndia
Indiahave
haveone
oneeach.
each.
2’’
2’’
1965
1965
All formats will be shown
at expositions for space in
museums. Posters and
infographics will be hung on
the walls, where as the other
martials will be spread out on
a table for display.
Booklets and other
merchandise will be sold in
bookstores, other museums,
and science expositions.
Firstpicture
pictureof
ofMars
Marsfrom
fromNASA’s
NASA’s
First
Mariner44
Mariner
2012
2012
Infographics/ Poster
Business Cards
Booklet
Web Site
Labels for Water bottles
First idea
&
Final
AUDIENCE
VENUES
24’’
FORMAT
S
Second Best
Best
Second
Known Planet
Planet
Known
Moon
Moon
DESIGN PLAN
layout plan for the semester
Class Days for Due Dates 
Assignments 
Design Plan
Monday
Posters #3, #4
Feb. 20
Feb. 22
Feb. 27
March 1
March 6
March 8
Website
March 13
March 15
Book
March 20
March 22
March 27
March 29
April 3
April 5
April 10
April 12
Wrapping things up
April 17
April 19
Cutting Infographics
April 24
April 26
Mounting
May 1
May 3
Senior Seminar Show
May 8
May 10
Business cards/ h20 Labels
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1
Number of
of Moons:
Moons: 11 (Moon)
(Moon)
Number
Surface Temperature:
Temperature: 57°F/14°C
57°F/14°C
Surface
Oribit Period
Period (a
(a year):
year): 365.25
365.25 days
days
Oribit
Atmosphere: Nitrogen
Nitrogen 78%,
78%, Oxygen
Oxygen 21%,
21%,
Atmosphere:
Argon 0.9%
0.9%
Argon
Mercury
Mercury
Mars
Mars
Jupiter
Jupiter
2
ND
ND
Planetary Hot
Hot Spot
Spot
Planetary
NEPTUNE
URANUS
URANUS
The rings
rings on
on average
average are
are 30
30 feet
feet
The
thick and
and 175,000
175,000 miles
miles wide
wide with
with
thick
all of
of them
them put
put together.
together.
all
19 -- 311
311
19
miles
miles
wide
wide
15,845
15,845
9,134
9,134
miles wide
wide
miles
miles wide
wide
miles
10,874
10,874
F
F
5,282
5,282
miles
miles
wide
wide
C
C
D miles
D
miles wide
wide
B
B
Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
A
A
ringswas
wastaken
taken
rings
2001
0
300,000,000
900,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,100,000,000
2,700,000,000
Many
Many
Rings
Rings
I AU
Number of
of Moons:
Moons: 67
67
Number
Surface Temperature:
Temperature: -234°F/-145°C
-234°F/-145°C
Surface
Oribit Period
Period (a
(a year):
year): 12
12 Earth
Earth years
years
Oribit
Atmosphere: Hydrogen
Hydrogen 90%,
90%, Helium
Helium 10%
10%
Atmosphere:
Man weighs
weighs
Man
200lb on
on
200lb
Earth, that
that
Earth,
same guy
guy will
will
same
weigh 480lb
480lb
weigh
on Jupiter
Jupiter
on
The 44 biggest
biggest moons
moons to
to Jupiter
Jupiter
The
are called
called the
the Galilean
Galilean
are
moons because
because they
they were
were
moons
seen by
by Galileo.
Galileo. Most
Most of
of the
the
seen
other moons
moons are
are named
named after
after the
the
other
Roman God’s
God’s lovers.
lovers. But
But these
these are
are
Roman
the best
best known.
known.
the
Furthest to
Appears
to
Appears
Planeton
rotate
on Its
Its side
side
rotate
0
TH
5TH
TH
5TH
Number of
of Moons:
Moons: 62
62
Number
Surface Temperature:
Temperature: -288°F/-178°C
-288°F/-178°C
Surface
Oribit Period
Period (a
(a year):
year): 29
29 Earth
Earth years
years
Oribit
Atmosphere: Hydrogen
Hydrogen 75%,
75%, Helium
Helium 25%,
25%, &
& small
small
Atmosphere:
traces of
of water
water ice
ice and
and methane
methane
traces
Titan
Titan
Titan is
is Saturn’s
Saturn’s largest
largest moon
moon and
and
Titan
the second
second largest
largest moon
moon in
in the
the
the
solar system.
system. ItIt is
is also
also the
the only
only moon
moon
solar
that is
is so
so similar
similar to
to Earth.
Earth. Titan
Titan has
has
that
lakes and
and seas
seas made
made up
up of
of methane
methane and
and
lakes
ethane, this
this moon
moon also
also has
has rain
rain and
and wind.
wind.
ethane,
Galileo Galilei
Galilei
Galileo
was the first to
discover Saturns
Saturns
discover
great rings.
rings.
great
TH
6TH
55
2001
300,000,000
Uranus
www.nasa.gov
7TH
900,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,100,000,000
2,700,000,000
3,300,000,000
3,900,000,000
Numberof
ofMoons:
Moons:27
13
Number
of
Moons:
27
Number
SurfaceTemperature:
Temperature:-357°F/-216°C
-346°F/-201°C
Surface
Temperature:
-357°F/-216°C
Surface
OribitPeriod
Period(a
(ayear):
year):84
165
Earth
years
Oribit
Period
(a
year):
84
Earth
years
Oribit
Earth
years
Atmosphere:Composed
Consists of
hydrogen
and
Atmosphere:
Composed
primarily
of hydrogen
hydrogen
Atmosphere:
primarily
of
helium,
with trace amounts of methane, and
and
helium
and
helium
other ices
3,900,000,000
2002
2003
4,500,000,000
2004
5,100,000,000
2005
2006
5,700,000,000
2001
2007
0
kilometers
4,500,000,000
2003
2004
5,100,000,000
2006
5,700,000,000
Triton
Neptune’s
largest
moon; it is
Unlike
allis
the
other planets,
planets,
that
Unlike
all
the
other
that
big as
Pluto.
It isand
the Roman
only
moon out
areas
named
after
Greek
and
Roman
are
named
after
Greek
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Union(IAU)
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Ceres
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isthe
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andthe
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name.
This astronomer
Neptune was
was
Neptune
was the first
the first planet
to see the
discoveredplanet
by
discovered
by
with
mathematics
mathematics
the use of a
because of
oftelescope.
its
because
its
Uranus
distance. ItItwas
wasthe first planet
distance.
was
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named after
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this
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calculations
to
dark side of the
rings was taken
find the planet.
by the Keck
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by the
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accepted
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theand
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itit (white
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dark
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blue color.
color.
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in‘07
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in
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moon
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(white
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its
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Uranus
DWARF
PLANETS
The
Planet
TheSideways
Windiest Planet
Planet
The
Windiest
William Herschel
Discoveries
Discoveries
Neptune was
This astronomer
astronomer
This
the first planet
was the first
discovered
toby
see the
the
to
see
mathematics
planet with
with
planet
because of
itsuse
the
use of
of aa
the
distance. telescope.
It
was
telescope.
Uranus
Uranus
also goingwas
to the first planet
named after
Le with
found
with the
the help
help of
of
found
Verrier, the
man
this
new invention.
invention.
this
new
who did the
calculations to
imageof
ofthe
the
11--image
44
11
darkside
sideof
ofthe
the
dark
find the planet.
They are
are named
named alphabetically
alphabetically in
in order
order
They
of their
their discovery
discovery (outwards
(outwards from
from
of
Saturn) D,C,B,A,F,G,E
D,C,B,A,F,G,E
Saturn)
TH
4TH
Phobos •• Deimos
Deimos
Phobos
Uranus has 13 faint rings that lie vertical
Our last
last planet
planet of
of the
the solar
solar system
system is
is 2.8
2.8
Our
on the plane of the planet. It also is the
billion miles
miles away
away from
from the
the sun,
sun, and
and still,
still,
billion
only other planet that spins clockwise,
is known
known as
as the
the windiest
windiest planet.
planet. Its
Its
itit is
making a whole bunch of winds causing
winds are
are 3X
3X stronger
stronger than
than the
the wind
wind on
on
winds
it to be a cold dark planet.
Jupiter and
and 9X
9X the
the wind
wind on
on Earth.
Earth.
Jupiter
Discoveries
William Herschel
Herschel
William
These rings
rings are
are divided
divided up
up
These
into 7
7 groups
groups
into
Jupiter spins
spins so
so fast
fast itit takes
takes 10
10 hours
hours to
to
Jupiter
turn on
on its
its axis,
axis, where
where as
as itit takes
takes Earth
Earth
turn
24 hours.
hours. The
The upper
upper atmosphere
atmosphere moves
moves
24
at about
about 400
400 mph,
mph, faster
faster than
than any
any other
other
at
planet. This
This then,
then, causes
causes the
the planet
planet to
to
planet.
stretch out and flatten at the poles.
NASA’sMars
Marsrover
rover
NASA’s
Curiositylands
landsin
in
Curiosity
GaleCrater
Craterand
and
Gale
finds conditions
oncesuited
suitedfor
forlife
life
once
onMars.
Mars.
on
Numberof
ofMoons:
Moons:22
Number
SurfaceTemperature:
Temperature:68°F/20°C
68°F/20°C
Surface
OribitPeriod
Period(a(ayear):
year):687
687Earth
Earthdays
days
Oribit
Atmosphere:Carbon
Carbondioxide:
dioxide:95.3%,
95.3%,
Atmosphere:
Nitrogen:2.7%
2.7%
Nitrogen:
URANUS
NEPTUNE
The Windiest Planet
The Sideways
Sideways
The
Planet
Sideways Planet
Planet
The
The
Planet
Sideways
Our last planet of the solar system is 2.8
Uranus
hasaway
13 faint
faint
rings
that
lie
vertical
Uranus
has
13
rings
vertical
billion
miles
from
thethat
sun,lie
and
still,
on
the plane
plane
of
the
planet. It
It also
also is
is
the
the
the
planet.
the
iton
is known
asof
the
windiest
planet.
Its
only other
other
planet
that spins
spinsthe
clockwise,
only
planet
that
clockwise,
winds
are 3X
stronger
than
wind on
making
whole
bunch
of
winds
causing
making
aa whole
bunch
Jupiter
and
9X the
windof
onwinds
Earth.causing
to be
be aa cold
cold dark
dark planet.
planet.
itit to
Saturn’s known
known as
as the
the jewel
jewel of
of our
our
Saturn’s
solar system
system because
because of
of its
its 30+
30+ rings.
rings.
solar
It’s made
made up
up of
of billions
billions of
of particles,
particles,
It’s
ranging from
from the
the smallest
smallest dust
dust particle
particle
ranging
to aa large
large mountain.
mountain.
to
3
3
RD
RD
Phobosmeans
means
Phobos
fear,and
andDeimos
Deimos
fear,
means flight. These two are one of
thesmallest
smallestmoons
moonsin
inthe
thesolar
solarsystem.
system.
the
Phobosisisaalittle
littlelarger
largerthan
thanDeimos,
Deimos,both
both
Phobos
fly around the planet 3x a day. In 50 mill
yrs.,Phobos
Phoboswill
willcrash
crashinto
intoMars
Marsbecause
becauseititis
is
yrs.,
movinginward.
inward.
moving
Earth is
is the
the only
only terrestrial
terrestrial planet
planet with
with
Earth
moon. Our
Our moon
moon is
is 30
30 Earth-size
Earth-size
aa moon.
planets away
away from
from us
us and
and was
was formed
formed
planets
4.6 billion years ago. The first man to set
foot on
on the
the Moon
Moon was
was in
in 1969
1969 with
with Neil
Neil
foot
Armstrong on
on the
the Apollo
Apollo 11
11 mission,
mission, since
since then
then
Armstrong
12 other
other people
people have
have walked
walked on
on the
the moon
moon (all
(all
12
being American
American males).
males).
being
Venus’s atmosphere
atmosphere is
is made
made
Venus’s
up of
of 96.5%
96.5% of
of carbon
carbon dioxide,
dioxide,
up
Sideways Planet
Jewel of
of Our
Our Solar
Solar The
System
Jewel
System
3
RD
RD
The Moon
Moon
The
causing aa thick
thick layer
layer of
of clouds
clouds
causing
around the
the planet.
planet. This
This creates
creates aa
around
greenhouse gas
gas effect
effect also
also making
making
greenhouse
Venus the
the hottest
hottest planet
planet in
in the
the solar
solar
Venus
system.
system.
URANUS
SATURN
King of
of the
the Planets
Planets
King
King of
of the
the Planets
Planets
King
Jupiter is
is named
named after
after the
the king
king of
of
Jupiter
the Gods
Gods in
in Roman
Roman mythology,
mythology, Zeus,
Zeus,
the
fittingly because it is the largest planet
in the solar system. You could fit 1,300
Earths inside
inside of
of the
the planet.
planet.
Earths
Io •• Europa
Europa •• Ganymede
Ganymede •• Callisto
Callisto
Io
Posters #7, #8,
Number of
of Moons:
Moons: 00
Number
Avg Surface
Surface Temperature:
Temperature: 864°F/462°C
864°F/462°C
Avg
Oribit Period
Period (a
(a year):
year): 225
225 Earth
Earth days
days
Oribit
Atmosphere: 78%
78% nitrogen,
nitrogen, 21%
21% oxygen,
oxygen, 0.9%
0.9% argon
argon
Atmosphere:
ST
ST
Photos
Photos from
from
NASA’s
NASA’s Cassini
Cassini
mission
mission
Feb. 15
1
ST
ST
With the
the planet
planet being
being
With
so close
close to
to the
the sun,
sun, itit is
is
so
constantly getting
getting bombarded
bombarded
constantly
by rocks.
rocks. Mercury
Mercury gets
gets hit
hit more
more
by
often than
than any
any other
other planet.
planet. The
The
often
largest crater
crater is
is called
called the
the Caloris
Caloris Basin.
Basin.
largest
JUPITER
Feb.8
Feb. 13
Venus
Venus
ARIES
ARIES
26’ Jump
Jump on
on
26’
Mercury
Mercury
Photographedby
bythe
theMESSENGER
MESSENGERprobe
probein
in‘08
‘08
Photographed
Wednesday
Posters #1, #2
10’ Jump
Jump ==
10’
on Earth
Earth
on
On the
the Surface
Surface
On
Also the
the Fastest
Fastest Moving
Moving
Also
Feb. 6
Posters #5, #6
Through
thethe
Stars
A Journey
Journey
Through
Stars
24’’
A
Curiositytook
tookphotos
photosininsections,
sections,then
thenputs
putsthem
them
Curiosity
togetherto
tocreate
createan
animage,
image,as
assee
seeabove
above
together
PISCES
PISCES
Number of
of Moons:
Moons: 00
Number
Avg Surface
Surface Temperature:
Temperature: 800°F/430°C
800°F/430°C
Avg
Oribit Period
Period (a
(a year):
year): 88
88 Earth
Earth days
days
Oribit
Atmosphere: Small
Small amounts
amounts of
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hydrogen,
Atmosphere:
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and oxygen
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300,000,000
Uranus
www.nasa.gov
TH
7TH
900,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,100,000,000
2,700,000,000
3,300,000,000
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5 - Images show
2002
4,500,000,000
Numberof
ofMoons:
Moons:27
13
Number
of
Moons:
13
Number
SurfaceTemperature:
Temperature:-357°F/-216°C
-346°F/-201°C
Surface
Temperature:
-346°F/-201°C
Surface
OribitPeriod
Period(a
(ayear):
year):84
165
Earth
years
Oribit
Period
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year):
165
Earth
years
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Earth
years
Atmosphere:Composed
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hydrogen
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primarily
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hydrogen
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2003
2004
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how Uranus and
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Voyager
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as viewed from
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26, 1989.
1989.
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Triton
is
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largest
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is
Triton
Neptune’s
largest
moon;
Unlike
allis
the
other planets,
that
as
big as
asafter
Pluto.
is the
the only
only
moon out
out
big
Pluto.
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moon
areas
named
Greek
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of the
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others that
that
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of
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Mythology.
moons
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named as
well.
Triton was
was founded
founded
14
days after
after the
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well.
Triton
days
after
Shakespeare’s
plays or 14
characters.
planet
was discovered.
discovered.
planet
was
These
satellites
where discovered in the
The
TheFastest
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Moving:
2007
Haumea
Haumeais
isone
oneof
ofthe
thefastest
fastestrotating
rotating
large
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objectsin
inour
oursolar
solarsystem.
system.
kilometers
would be
the size of a
softball
Triton
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‘90s and they are mostly made up of Ice
because it is so far from our sun.
2006
5,700,000,000
TH
8
7TH
Haumea
Haumeawas
wasdiscovered
discoveredin
inMarch
March2003
2003
and
andititis
isroughly
roughlythe
thesize
sizeof
ofPluto.
Pluto.
22Moons:
Moons:Hi’aka
Hi’akaand
andNamaka
Namaka
According
Accordingto
tothe
theIAU,
IAU,aadwarf
dwarf
planet
planetisisaacelestial
celestialbody
bodythat:
that:
Makemake
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1.1.Orbits
Orbitsthe
thesun.
sun.
(mah-kee-mah-kee):
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2.2.Has
Hasenough
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masstotoassume
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round
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shape.
Just
Justlike
likePluto
Plutoand
andHaumea,
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is
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inthe
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3.3.Has
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after
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inRapanui
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mythology.ItIttakes
takes310
310Earth
Earthyears
years
for
forthis
thisdwarf
dwarfplanet
planetto
tomake
makeone
oneorbit
orbit
around
aroundour
ourSun.
Sun.
4.4.IsIsnot
notaamoon.
moon.
11moon:
moon:S/2015
S/2015(136472)
(136472)11
15.5’’
15.5’’
PROCESS BOOK | 17
MERCURY
VENUS
EARTH
EARTH
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
Our
Our
Home
Home
Planet
Planet
Named After:
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
Planetary Hot Spot
33RDRD
MARS
4TH
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
The Red Planet
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Orbit: 1.88years
Surface
Temperature: -225 to +70 °F
5TH
5TH
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
King
King
of the
of the
Planets
Planets
JUPITER
JUPITER
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Surface Temperature: -234 °F
PRINTING & CUTTING OF INFOGRAPHICS
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Surface Temperature: -288 °F
SATURN
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
Jewel of Our Solar System
6TH
7TH
7TH
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
TheThe
Sideways
Sideways
Planet
Planet
URANUS
URANUS
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Surface Temperature: -357 °F
8TH
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
The Windiest Planet
NEPTUNE
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Surface Temperature: -360 °F
1ST
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Surface Temperature:
PLUTO
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
Dwarf Planet
PROCESS BOOK | 19
PROCESS BOOK | 18
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Surface Temperature: -126/136 (min/max) °F
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Surface Temperature: -279/801 °FZZ
2ND
Why is it red...
Os ocrem mus consilicavo, sertion
dit, urorsullem qui sus, patuid num
iaecridemur. Gra rem Romnemus
nonsultum sendam nostilicame nera
nuntrarit aute,
Mass:797234,342
Number of Moons: 2
Surface Temperature: 864 °F
Messenger of the Roman gods
Messenger of the Roman gods
1ST
MERCURY
ORIGINAL TEMPLATES: TO START THE DESIGN PROCESS OF ADDING INFORMATION
Mars, our second closest neighboring planet and the fourth
planet in the solar system is named after the god of war because
of its blood red color. It’s a cold desert world, that is very similar
to Earth: they both have seasons, canyons, weather, volcanoes,
and polar ice caps but what Mars is lacking is Earths size (its
half the size of Earth) and water (“A Comprehensive Gide to the
Universe”). Mars is currently lacking water because its atmosphere
is too thin, but there’s evidence that a few billion years ago, there
was water on the planet, because we can see dried-out river canals
on the surface. The surface of Mars is also very thick; it’s crust
is 100 miles thick. This makes up a few of Mars’ features, one of
them being, a volcano. The planet has the largest volcano in the
solar system, its name is Olympus Mons. The base of the volcano
is about the size of Missouri and twice as tall at the tallest volcano
on Earth. Mars also has two small moons orbiting, Phobos (fear)
and Deimos (Panic) (“Nine Planets - Solar System Tour”). Mars
only takes one more year than Earth does to orbit around the sun.
It’s the most traveled to planet as well and are always finding out
more things about Mars.
Journey
Stars
MARS
Through the
Photos taken from Mars - NASA
Journey
Stars
Through the
JUPITER
Jupiter, the first of the gas giants, is the fifth planet from our
sun and the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is named
after the roman king of the gods, because of its size. Its twice as
massive as any two other planets in the solar system put together
and you could fit 315 Earths within it. To get a better idea of the
size, if you had a nickel representing Earth, Jupiter would be a
basketball (“Solar System Exploration.”). Its size also makes it
the fourth brightest object in the sky, after the sun, moon, and
Venus. This massive planet has 53 confirmed moons orbiting it
as well. Scientists are most interested in the “Galilean satellites”,
the four largest moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610:
Europa, Callisto, Ganymede and Io (“A Comprehensive Gide to
the Universe”).
Jupiter has the shortest day in the solar system. One day on Jupiter
takes only about 10 hours and Jupiter makes a complete orbit
around the sun in around 12 Earth years. The planet is composed
like the sun, mostly hydrogen and helium. The pressure and
increasing temperature turns the hydrogen gas into a liquid,
making it the planet with the largest ocean. Only instead of being
made of water it’s made of hydrogen (Stander). The whole planet
is made up of swirling gases and liquids, it doesn’t really have
a true hard surface. Jupiter’s giant red spot can be seen on its
surface. It’s a giant ragging hurricane with strong winds, three
Earths wide.
Asteroid Belt, Located between Mars and Jupiter. Home to
about 200 asteroids larger than 60 miles in diameter, about 200
asteroids larger than 6 miles and 500,000 larger than .6 miles.
Created By: Chelsea Valentine
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4
1546-1603
6
MERCURY
11
VENUS
12
EARTH
13
MARS
14
JUPITER
15
SATURN
18
URANUS
19
NEPTUNE
20
PLUTO
21
AND BEYOND
24
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Quasar
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
SECTION 6
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The knowledge of outer space and the solar system has come
a long way of understanding though out years. Long before
time, our ancestors used to tell stories about the night sky, and
they followed the wonders, also known today as the planets and
stars. The Babylonians also thought certain objects in the night
sky meant unfortunate events would soon happen to their lives.
For example, if they saw a comet fly across the sky, they knew
someone was going to die and if it was an eclipse, it was known
that many people in the village were going to be dead by sunrise.
Over time, technology has advanced and key figures have rose to
the surface in the science field, to educate the public more about
what’s up there, in outer space and how it all works (Stander).
As of today, we technically have eight planets, Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. I believe and
was raised on there being nine planets. This included Pluto at the
end of the line of planets, but in August 2006 NASA ruled it out
for numerous reasons and called it a dwarf planet. Beyond our
solar system, there’s a whole lot of other stars and other galaxies
just waiting to be discovered, and more to be learned about what
lies in our night sky.
Starting around the time of 427-150BC there
were many astronomers and men of science
trying to figure out space and how it works
before we had a better understanding because
it was during the time before technology.
Names such as Plato, Aristotle, Aristarchus,
and Ptolemy are noted as men who made great
discoveries during this time period. Plato was
the first to suggest that our planets might be
round. Then Aristotle came in around 200 BC,
adding that the planets are in fact round and
that Earth could be what is in the middle, with
all the other planets revolve around it. Before
this conclusion, people believed that hell was
in the center and Earth and other planets just
revolved around it. Aristotle’s evidence to
as why he thought the Earth didn’t move is
because he said, “look around, does it feel like
we’re moving?”. He also said birds would fly
off the planet because if the planet did move it
would be moving too fast and he said the planet
is too heavy to move. Therefore, Earth did not
move, it was stationary and all the other planets
revolved around the Earth. Then around the
time 100AD, Ptolemy studied the sky more
in depth. He noticed that sometimes planets
moved faster and slower and once in a while
they seemed to stop and go backwards over
the course of days or even months. This would
soon come to be known as retrogrades motion.
Sometime later, in 1543AD, Nicolas Copernicus
wrote a book, stating that the sun might be the
center and that Earth was just another planet
that went around. This book was not published
until he thought he was dying because of his
close relationship with the church. During
those times, you could not act or think against
the church and what it believes. So just shortly
before this time all the planets had to be thought
as made of perfect circles, made from perfect
materials and the Earth had to be the center
because of God and they believed everything
had to be made perfectly because why would
God ever mess up (Stander).
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FINAL PRODUCTS
JOURNEY THROUGH THE STARS BOOK
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2
Today we have more knowledge on the solar system,
what’s within it and how it came to be. Depending on a
person’s knowledge and or beliefs, how our solar system
came to be is debatable. One of the strongest theories on
it is called The Solar Nebula Theory; which states our
solar system was probably formed out of a spinning ball
of gas (Stander). When this ball became bright enough,
it exploded and blew dust and gases into space, leaving
gravity to work for the dust and gas to form together
to create the planets you see today, in time to rotated
counter-clock wise around the sun. This all happened
4.5 billion years ago. The first four planets closest to
the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called the
inner planets, also known as the terrestrial planets. They
are mostly made up of dirt and rocks. These planets
are denser the closer you get to the sun because of the
gravitational force. Then in between Mars and Jupiter,
separating the inner planets from the outer is the
asteroid belt. It’s said that it’s the remains of planets that
failed to form. There are about 200 asteroids larger than
60 miles in diameter, about 200 asteroids larger than 6
miles and 500,000 larger than .6 miles (“Solar System
Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets”). Then after the
belt comes the outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune and Pluto, also known as the gas giants of the
solar system. Jupiter and Saturn are mostly made up of
Hydrogen and helium gases. Whereas the farther you go
out, away from the sun, the last three planets are made
up of ice and water because the sun’s rays can’t reach out
that far to warm them. Therefore, these planets are also
lighter in weight. Beyond Pluto comes the Kuiper Belt,
that extends 30-50AU away that contains many clusters
of ice and dwarf planets. AU stands for Astronomical
Units, its used in space to measure the length between
objects, 1AU is roughly the distance from Earth to the
Sun (Stander). The second largest dwarf planet outside
of Pluto is (in size order) Eris, Haumea and Makemake,
these dwarf planets are located in Kuiper’s belt. All of this
is wrapped up in a sphere called the Oort cloud: a cloud
of icy material and rock where most comets come from.
1546AD
Around the year 1546AD, better technology
slowly started to be created to better understand
the cosmos. A man by the name of Tycho Brahe
was the first to develop better instruments
to view the planets and stars. He used a tube
with wires attached to it to use this tool as a
measurer. He was the first to see the birth of
a new star, a comet and he was the first to
conclude that the sun was in fact in the middle
and the Earth revolved around it. To help him in
his discoveries, he hired many mathematicians
and astronomers. One of these astronomers
was a man named Johann Kepler. Kepler, a
man from Germany inherited Brahe’s research
ten days before he passed away and with this
information he came up with the three laws of
planetary motion: 1. Planets move in elliptical
movements around the sun, 2. Planets closer to
the sun will move faster, and 3. Planets farther
away from the sun will move slower than the
closer ones (“A Comprehensive Gide to the
Universe”). His research proves this point; one
example is Kepler found it takes Earth 365
days to orbit the sun, but it takes Pluto 294
years to make that same trip around the sun.
Better technology really came in the year. 1603,
when Galileo created the first telescope. With
this Galileo found new things out about space
such as the moon was not smooth, but had
valleys and craters. The milky way was made
up of more stars than they originally thought,
just most of them are too dim to see with the
naked eye. Jupiter had moons orbiting around
it, and the sun had sunspots on it. Due to his
findings, he was put under house arrest for two
years because the Pope did not agree with his
research. The last scientist who is credited with
major findings that help us with what we know
about the solar system is Isaac Newton. His
biggest theory he is known for is Newton’s law
of motion, stating that particles in motion stay
in motion and particles at rest will stay at rest
unless an external force interacts with it.
Galileo
1603AD
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MERCURY
URANUS
Another unique planet is Saturn, the next gas giant in the solar system. Named after the roman
god of harvest, this planet is best known for its rings. Roughly 120’ thick and 120,000 miles wide,
the rings are not solid but made mostly from pieces of ice and rock (“Universe Today - Space and
Astronomy News”). Scientist have discovered 53 confirmed moons. Titan being close to Mercury’s
size, is the largest of Saturn’s moons. Titian also is only one of two moons in the whole solar system
to have an atmosphere. Based on its overall size, and what it’s made of its very similar to Jupiter,
other than the fact that it has less mass. Saturn is the flattest planet because of its mass and it spins
so fast, almost flattening the planet out more than others. You can also see Saturn in the night
sky without an instrument, making it the fifth brightest in the nights’ sky. It takes this planet 29.5
Earth years to orbit around the sun (“Solar System Exploration”).
The second to last planet in the solar system,
Uranus, also known as the ice giant, is named
after the roman god of sky. This cold, blue planet
was first spotted with the help of a telescope, you
can’t see it without it. Scientists have found out
that this planet is the only other planet that spins
clockwise, one of two planets that don’t spin
counter-clockwise around the sun (Stander).
Uranus takes 84 Earth years to orbit around.
If Earth was a nickel in size, Uranus would be
compared to a softball, to better understand the
size ratio. The planet has 27 know moons and
13 faint rings (“Planet Facts - Interesting Facts
about the Planets”). Unlike the other moons
in the solar system which have names from
classical mythology, Uranus’ moons take their
SPACE | 18
NEPTUNE
names from the writings of Shakespeare and
Pope. Uranus is slightly larger in diameter than
its neighbor Neptune, yet smaller in mass. It is
the second least dense planet; Saturn is the least
dense of all the planets. Only one spacecraft
has flown by Uranus. In 1986, the Voyager 2
spacecraft swept past the planet and it returned
with the first close-up images of the planet, its
moons, and rings. The spacecraft also had no
possible way of landing because its surface is
made of swirling liquids, ones that don’t freeze
either, and its atmosphere would destroy the
spacecraft if it got close enough because of the
temperature and the amount of pressure (“Solar
System Exploration”).
SPACE | 19
The last gas planets, just like
Uranus, is a dark, cold one
with super fierce winds, and
the fastest in the solar system.
This planet we’re speaking
about is Neptune. The eighth
planet of the solar system got
its name from the Roman
god of the sea, this is due to
the planet’s color. Its color is
a bright blue, resulting from
the amount of methane in
the atmosphere. To this day,
scientists are still unsure why
the planet’s color is so vivid
though, they believe there has
to be another component to the
atmosphere giving the planet
this characteristic. Neptune’s
two largest moons, Triton and
Nereiod, are named based
around the sea. Triton means
merman and Nereiod is the
name for mermaids. Neptune
orbits around the sun every
165 years. In other words,
their one year is equivalent to
roughly 60,1900 Earth days
(“Solar System Exploration”).
The planet also is the fourth
largest planet in the solar
system, but the smallest of
PLUTO
the gas giants. It’s so far from
Earth you can see it with your
bare eyes, the planet had to be
discovered with the help of a
telescope. Neptune’s climate is
a very active one, storms are
always swirling upon its upper
atmosphere. The high winds
keep fueling these storms, the
largest storm ever recorded was
in 1989, it was called the Great
dark spot. This spot can be seen
on its surface, just like Jupiter’s
Great Red Spot. Although
Neptune’s storm only lasted
five years, because you can no
longer see it. What you can still
see today is it’s 5 known rings
and it’s 14 moons around its
big blue body. Neptune’s rings
are thin clumps of dust, called
arcs (“Universe Today - Space
and Astronomy News”). These
rings are thought to be young
and short lived, though with
an unknown composition.
Neptune also has many moons,
six of which were discovered
by Voyager 2. Actually, most
of what we know comes from
this one exposition in 1989,
and it happens to be the only
VENUS
Craters on the surface
Our closest neighbor, Venus is the second planet, named after the
Roman goddess of love and beauty. Its size is the closest to that
of Earth, just a bit smaller, and has been even been named Earth’s
sister. Venus is the hottest and brightest planet in our solar system.
The heat is because of the thick layer of clouds surrounding the
planet. The atmosphere is made from carbon dioxide, and this
creates a greenhouse effect on the planet causing it to be compared
to the biblical notion of hell (“Solar System Exploration”). These
clouds also bounce the sun’s light off of the planet, so from Earth
other than our Moon and sun, it is the brightest white object
in the night sky. You can often see Venus in the morning and
evening, naming it the morning and evening “star”. Venus is a
unique planet because unlike every other planet, but one, it spins
clock-wise around the sun in 225 days whereas other planets
spin counter-clockwise. The planet also spins in a perfect circle
whereas most planets spin in more of an oval around the sun.
Venus is one of the more different planets.
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Our home planet is the third planet, and the only
planet to have life on it. Earth is also the only
planet not named after a Greek Roman God or
Goddess, instead Earth is an English/German
word, that means ground. The blue planet take
365.25 days to orbit the sun, giving us our year.
That .25 though gives us a problem when sorting
out our calendars though, so every four years
we add another day to keep our calendar in line
with the Earth’s orbit around the sun. That extra
day happens in February, called leap day. On
Earth, we have seasons, because its tilted just
right at 23.4 degrees to sustain life. So, it never
gets too cold or hot at one point on the planet
for so long that life cannot continue. Earth’s
average temperature is at 57 degrees Fahrenheit.
The hottest temperature every recorded was 159
degrees Fahrenheit in Iran and the coldest the
planets has ever reached was at the Antarctic
Plateau, marked at -129 degrees Fahrenheit
(“Universe Today - Space and Astronomy
News”). Our Atmosphere is also a big part to
as why we’re here and it too helps regulate the
exposition that traveled out that far into the solar system. Triton, Neptune’s largest moon orbits in
the opposite direction compared to all its other moons. Its surface temperature is on average -391
degrees Fahrenheit (“Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets”). Triton is also the only
other moon in the solar system, other than Saturn’s moon, Titan, to have its own atmosphere as
well.
The next “Planet” after Neptune comes Pluto. Pluto used to be considered our ninth plant, but as
of August 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) classified it as a dwarf planet, leaving
us with eight planets to our solar system. A dwarf planet is a small planet that doesn’t meet the
necessary requirements and criteria that it needs to be classified as such (Stander). A planet needs
to be able to orbit around the sun, have enough mass to assume a round shape, have cleared the
neighborhood around its orbit and it cannot be a moon. Pluto is named after the roman God of
the underworld and its biggest moon, Charon is named after the guy who was the ferryman to the
river Styx (the name of the river to the underworld) (“A Comprehensive Gide to the Universe”).
Both Charon and Pluto orbit one another, versus the moon just orbiting its planet. Pluto is so far
from the light of the sun that it is a freezing ball of ice. One third of the planet is made up of water
and it has the same consistency as steel on Earth. Around the dwarf planet there are five moons.
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EARTH
After the sun, the first planet to our solar system is Mercury. Named after the Roman messenger of
the Gods, this is because it moves so quickly acrossed the night sky. Mercury is the fastest moving
planet, moving at nearly 31 miles per second and going around the sun in 88 days. It also happens
to be our smallest planet; its size is in between the size of Earth and the moon (“Nine Planets Solar System Tour”). Speaking of moons, Mercury has no satellites, this is because of how close it
is to the sun. The planet is constantly getting beaten up by meteoroids, comets and debris. Mercury
has so many craters from the collisions it looks like the moon. Due to this fact, the planet does not
have an atmosphere, because it can’t keep one up without something puncturing it (Stander). This
causes Mercury not to hold its heat as well as others because the heat can’t be trapped. Mercury is
the second hottest planet, heated to 800 degrees Fahrenheit, even though it’s the closest to the sun,
it would seem to be hotter (“Planet Facts - Interesting Facts about the Planets”).
SPACE | 10
SATURN
Bibliography
temperature. Our atmosphere has five layers to
it, those layers put together are made of 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% of other gasses.
The atmosphere also helps us with protecting
us from solar radiation, protects us from rocks,
moderates the climate, and lets us breath.
Another thing that makes life possible on earth
is that it has water. In fact, 70.8% of the surface is
covered with water. Water is just another thing
to regulate the temperature and it keeps the
atmosphere clean by getting rid of the dust in the
air. With humans inhabiting the earth, we have
also put artificial things into our orbit with us
as well, used for telecommunications, research,
military, and global positioning satellites (GPS).
All this adds up to be 300,000 pieces of space
debris (“Universe Today - Space and Astronomy
News”). The largest artificial satellite in orbit is
the International space station. Earth is the only
terrestrial planet with a moon. Our moon is 30
Earth-size planets away from us (“Planet Facts Interesting Facts about the Planets”).
“A Comprehensive Gide to the Universe.” Quick Study: Astonomy n.d.: n.
pag. Print.
“Nine Planets - Solar System Tour.” The Nine Planets Solar System Tour.
N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2016.
Crab Nebula
AT THE EDGE...
Eye Nebula, Named: NGC 7293, seen through
several visible filters by Hubble Space Telescope.
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“Planet Facts - Interesting Facts about the Planets.” Space Facts. N.p., n.d.
Web. 7 Nov. 2016.
“Solar System Exploration.” NASA. Ed. Phillips Davis. NASA, n.d. Web. 07
Nov. 2016.
It takes Pluto 246 years to orbit around the sun and its orbit isn’t
round like the others it has more of an oval orbit. This is because
it is 17 degrees off the ecliptic (“Solar System Exploration”). This
means at times it is closer to Neptune then it should be, but will
never collide. In July of 2015, a spacecraft called New Horizons
just made a journey out that way sending Earth new pictures of
the surface and we learned that Pluto has a bunch of mountains
and through this we are continually learning about what used to
be our ninth planet.
“Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets.” Space.com. Ed. Tariq
Malik. Purch, n.d. Web. 7
At the edge of the solar system and after the eight planets you
start to enter Kepler’s Belt. Kepler’s Belt is made up of million and
millions icy bodies, including dwarf planets such as Pluto and
others. Comets also come from this Belt. Longer lasting comets
can also come from the Oort cloud. The Oort cloud is just outside
of Kepler’s belt (Stander). This cloud is made of particles and its
theorized to be the remains of the disc of material that formed
the Sun and planets. The Oort cloud is the outer most part of
our solar system. Beyond this point, you go into outer space.
Where you see other galaxies and stars that may even have their
own solar systems... Scientists and astrologists are continually
searching for new information about space.
Images: NASA.com
Stander, Edward J. “Astonomy.” PSCI 101 Astronomy. SUNY Cobleskill,
Cobleskill. Spring 2015. Lecture.
“Universe Today - Space and Astronomy News.” Universe Today. N.p., n.d.
Web. 7 Nov. 2016.
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Chelsea Valentine
Mission Specialist
CONTACTS
• 917-239-8425
• journeythroughthestars.com
SECTION 6
FINAL PRODUCTS
BUSINESS CARD, LAYOUT & DISPLAY
The process book of Journey Through the Stars was created in senior
seminar, a graphic design class at SUNY Cobleskill. Throughout, the
course of two semesters, a group of seniors put together exhibits showing
off their presentations. This book shows you the steps and the thought
process that went into my own show. I created a book, 9 infographics,
business cards and stickers, to teach others more about space and the
planets. People should have a better understanding of what surrounds
them and how all of it made it possible for life.
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